LIBRARY 


OF   THE 


University  of  California. 


GIFT    OF 


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'JU>    ^ V.'iiA'OMK.A^       U-A^A.'O-Ca^ «-i 


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Class 


A  Text-Book 


OF 


True  Temperance 


Edited  and  Compiled 

by 

M.  MONAHAN 

Second  Edition.     Revised   and  Enlarged. 


OF  THE 

i  UNIVEBSSTY  ]j 


NEW    YORK 
United  States  Brew^ers*  Association 

1911 


"The  weary  find  new  strength  in  generous  wine.' 
-HOMER  (B.  C.  800)— Iliaa,  took  vJ,  261. 


"Nothing  more  excellent  than  the  juice  of  the  grape 
was  ever  granted  hy  God  to  man."— PLATO.  B.  C.  400. 


"Wine  aiFords  more  nourishment  than  any  other 
thing  in  nature;  it  increases  radical  moisture  and 
prolongs  life."— GALEN.  A.  D.  161. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE 7 


WINE  IN  HISTORY. 


WHAT  BEER  IS  AND  HOW  IT  IS  MADE 13 

Bottling  Processes 15 

The  Wort  Process 17 

Fermentation 18 

Sanitary  Brewing  Methods 19 

Popularity  of  Beer 20 

Constituents  of  Beer 21 

Beer  as  Nourishment  (Authorities  Cited) 24 

English  Commission  on  Beer 26 

Beer  versus  Tea 28 

Favors  Free  Brewing 29 

Beverages  as  Foods 29 

Beer  in  the  Chronicles 30 

WHAT  THE  WORLD  DRINKS. 

Results  of  Dr.  Bowditch's  Inquiry 32-34 

The  Races  that  Go  Up 35 

Social  Drinking  Abroad 35 

American  Consul's  Report 36 

Swiss  Government  Favors  Beer 38 

Thrifty,  Beer-Drinking  Belgium 38 

OUR  SOBER  NATION. 

(How  Beer  Is  Aiding  Temperance) 42 

True  Temperance  Statistics 44 

WHO  PAYS  THE  TAXES? 

Congressman  Boutell's  Tribute  to  the 

Brewers 46 

A  LESSON  FROM  HISTORY. 

Beer  Favored  in  Early  American  Legislation  49 

Beer  in  Athletics 54 

Ale  for  Harvard  Athletes 55 

A  Canadian  Trainer's  Views 57 

"Drink  Beer,"  says  French  League 58 


Of  ^nrjq 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

TRUE  TEMPERANCE. 

How  Prohibition  Works  to  Increase  Drunken- 
ness   59 

A  Russian  Official's  Report 60 

How  to  Get  True  Temperance 62 

FOREIGN  REGULATION  SYSTEMS. 

Norway,  and  Sweden,  Holland  and  Denmark.  .66-68 

COMPENSATION. 

How  Switzerland  Indemnified  Absinthe  Dis- 
tillers, ETC 69 

The  Right  to  Compensation 71 

How  Belgium  Regards  Beer 71 

New  York  "Tribune's"  Plea  for  Beer 72 

Beer-Drinking  and  Cholera  Infection 73 

Hops  a  Remedy  for  Cholera 74 

VALUE  OF  THE  BREWING  INDUSTRY. 

Statistics   of   Production,   Capital    Invested, 

Wages,  etc 75 

Benefit  to  other  Industries 78 

Benefit  to  Agriculture 80 

How  Prohibition  Brings  Law  into  Contempt  82 

MENACE  TO  HONEST  LABOR. 

How  Prohibition  Threatens  the  Toilers 83 

Labor  Bodies  Denounce  Prohibition 84 

Shall  the  Workingman  Have  a  Keeper? 87 

What  Is  Labor's  Debt  to  Prohibition? 89 

How  TO  Get  Inferior  Workmen 91 

PROHIBITION. 

A  Menace  to  American  Liberties 93 

Prohibition  Record  Up  To  Date 97 

The  Reaction 98 

Settled  Forever  for  Missouri 99 

Is  Prohibition  Good  for  the  State? 101 

Prohibition  Keeps  Maine  Poor 105 

Figures  that  Speak 106 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Is    Prohibition    the    Remedy?     Dr.    Williams 

Concedes  Its  Complete  Failure 107 

Governor  Patterson  on  Prohibition Ill 

Eminent  Divines  Condemn  Prohibition 114 

President  Taft  on  Prohibition 118 

PROHIBITION  A  CRAZE. 

Colonel  Watterson  Diagnoses  This  and  Other 

Popular  Fanaticisms 119 

"A  Tree  Is  Known  by  Its  Fruits" 122 

Prohibition's  Disastrous  History 123 

Hearing  from  Maine 126 

Majority  Want  License. 128 

Maine's  Social  Revolution. 129 

Disrespect  for  Arbitrary  Laws 130 

RECORD  OF  FAILURE. 

The  Proof  that  Prohibition  Does   Not  Pro- 
hibit   132 

Theoretical  Prohibition 135 

As  the  "Sun"  Sees  It 136 

Dry  Laws  Favor  Drinking 137 

How  Prohibition  Helps  the  Moonshiner.  .  .  .  138 

Effect  of  Dry  Laws 139 

The  "Sun"  Answers  a  Question 140 

Jefferson's  Dictum  Recalled 141 

The  Shame  of  Maine 142 

Finnish  Commission  on  Maine 143 

Object  Lessons  for  the  Young 144 

Prohibition  in  Maine  Ports 144 

"Give  the  Facts,"  said  Roosevelt 145 

Prohibition    Repudiated    by    Governors    and 

Mayors 146 

Governor  Andrew  on  Prohibition 148 

AS  IS  MAINE  SO  IS  KANSAS. 

How  Statistics  are  Faked  to  Support  Prohibi- 
tion  , 151 

The  Poor  Farms  Fake 153 

Enlightened  Kansas 156 

Kansas  "Wet"  after  Thirty  Years 157 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Oklahoma's  Costly  Trial 159 

Giving  Judgment  Against  Themselvp:s 160 

Iowa's  Prohibition  Period 161 

Georgia's  Losing  Experiment 163 

The  Cocaine  Curse  in  the  South 165 

Opium  and  Prohibition 166 

Mortality  in  Maine 167 

THE  ANTI-SALOON  LEAGUE. 

Denounced  by  a  Southern  Journal 168 

Lutherans  Repudiate  Anti-Saloon  League.  . . .  170 

What  Appellate  Judges  Think  of  It 171 

An  Ohio  Pastor's  Criticism 172 

The  League's  Business  Methods 173 

Prohibition  Impossible 174 

Prohibitionists'    Tipple — ^Alcohol    in    Patent 

Medicines 175 

Prohibition  and  Drugs 176 

Maine's  Divorces 178 

Virginia  Needs  no  Prohibition 179 

MORALITY— "WET"  AND  "DRY." 

Statistics  of  Arrests  for  Drunkenness......  181 

License  vs.  Prohibition 183 

"Wet"  AND  "Dry"  in  Virginia 184 

Crime  and  Total  Abstinence , 187 

How  Dry  Communities  Affect  Near-by  License 

Cities 188 

Drunkenness  in  No-License  Towns 189 

Worcester  as  a  Terrible  Example 191 

New  Jersey's  Excise  Commission 192 

To  Punish  the  Drinker 194 

Alcohol  and  Civilization 194 

Eminent  Thinkers  Condemn  Prohibition 196 

mijnsterberg  on  folly  of  prohibition 199 

How  Liberty  Sobers 199 

MORALITY,  POVERTY,  INSANITY  AND  DRINK. 

Some  Prohibition  Fallacies  Refuted 201 

Gluttony  a  Probable  Cause 209 

Distress  in  Chicago  Families 211 


Text-Book  oj  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Alcohol,  Longevity  and  Disease 211 

Abstinence  and  Life  Insurance 213 

Drinking  and  Longevity 215 

Causes  of  Intemperance 216 

Prohibition  and  the  Death  Rate 217 

Births  under  Prohibition 222 

LOCAL  OPTION  BY  ELECTION. 

How  the  Different  States  Vote   on  the  Li- 
cense Question 223 

Abraham  Lincoln  on  Tolerance 228 

Local  Option — ^"hat  It  Ought  to  Be 229 

As  the  Prohibitionists  Want  It 231 

A  Poser  for  Local  Optionists 232 

Anti-Prohibition  Pointers , 233 

Governor  Blease  for  License 235 

BREWERS  FOR  REFORM. 

Correcting  Trade  Abuses 236 

Pharisees  Rebuked 240 

Brewers  Commended 241 

The  Dean  Law 242 

THE  SALOON. 

No  Adequate  Substitute  for  It 243 

*'If  not  the  Saloon — ^What?" 245 

The  Army  Canteen 247 

The  Evil  in  the  Philippines 250 

FALSE  SCIENCE  IN  THE  SCHOOLS. 

Perverting    Physiology    in    the    "Cause"    of 

Total  Abstinence 252 

What  We  Should  Not  Teach  About  Alcohol.  .  255 

An  English  Commentary 256 

True    Functions    of    Alcohol — Symposium    of 

Physiologists 257 

Eminent  Medical  Men  Defend  Alcohol 261 

Without  Alcohol — ^What  Then? 262 

Alcohol  in  Drinks 263 

Drinkers  and  Abstainers 264 

Physiological  Effects  of  Alcohol 265 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Your  Body  Produces  Alcohol 267 

The  Best  Temperance  Beverage 268 

Great  Men  as  Moderate  Drinkers 269 

Wine  the  Civilizer. 270 

The  Temperate  Man 271 

cornaro  the  centenarian 271 

Sanctioned  by  Religion 272 

Drinking  Races  in  the  Lead 274 

Prohibition  Impracticable 275 

True  Path  of  Reform 276 

THE  DRUNKARD'S  CHILDREN. 

Findings  of  Recent  Investigation 278 

Fair  Play  for  the  Inebriate 280 

Dr.  Eliot  Favors  License 282 

Lincoln  No  Prohibitionist 283 

The  Lonely  Drinker 284 

A  Fallacy  Refuted 284 

Truth  from  a  Man  of  Science 285 

WINE  WHEN  IT  IS  RED. 

An  Essay  by  G.  K.  Chesterton 286 

Dr.  Eliot  on  Rational  Pleasures 290 

Kaiser  for  True  Temperance 291 

Brewers  as  Patriots 292 

BLUE  LAWS. 

How  Enforcement  Has  Always  Brought  Re- 
action   294 

Prohibition  and  Church  Membership 297 

Books  on  the  Liquor  Question 298 

Publications  of  Committee  of  Fifty. 

THE  SUMMING  UP 309 

Index  of  Names  and  Authorities 313 


PREFACE 


THE  Editor's  part  in  making  this  book  has  been 
chiefly  one  of  selection,  compilation  and  arrange- 
ment. Fully  believing  as  he  does  in  the  principles  of 
true  temperance  herein  set  forth,  he  has  yet  en- 
deavored, whenever  possible,  to  speak  through  the 
mouths  of  others,  and  these  the  most  eminent  and 
authoritative  witnesses  that  may  be  cited,  both  at 
home  and  abroad. 

However,  it  raay  be  proper  for  him  to  say  that  he  is 
responsible  for  all  matter,  not  purely  statistical  or 
otherwise  credited,  in  the  following  pages.  And  he 
begs  to  acknowledge  a  special  indebtedness  to  Mr. 
Hugh  F.  Fox,  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Brew- 
ers' Association,  for  his  valuable  aid,  counsel  and 
suggestions. 

Also,  many  will  look  for  the  assurance  which  is 
hereby  given, — that  all  quotations  have  been  scrupu- 
lously made  and  without  perversion,  all  statistics 
carefully  verified  and  honestly  interpreted;  while 
fairness  toward  the  adversary  and  candor  toward  the 
public  has  been  the  guiding  rule  of  the  work. 

Finally,  the  book  has  been  thoroughly  revised  since 
the  First  Edition  (of  which  10,000  copies  were  de- 
manded) ;  a  great  quantity  of  new  matter  has  been 
added,  while  some  matter  of  doubtful  pertinence  or 
which  had  become  out  of  date,  has  been  dropped;  and 
the  value  of  the  whole,  it  is  hoped,  is  thereby  much 

enhanced  in  this  the  Second  Edition. 

M.  M. 

New  York,  December,  1910. 


WINE  IN  HISTORY. 


THE  desire  of  stimulants  is  one  of  the  strongest 
implanted  in  the  breast  of  man.  It  is  coeval 
with  humanity  and  is  no  more  to  be  disputed 
or  condemned  or  repudiated  than  human  nature  itself. 
It  is  written  in  the  earliest  legendary  records  of  the 
most  ancient  races;  no  human  tradition  carries  the 
mind  back  to  a  time  lost  in  the  twilight  of  remote  ages, 
when  the  heart  of  man  was  not  solaced  with  the  prod- 
uct of  the  vine  or  some  kindred  stimulant. 

Wine  has  been  happily  and  justly  called  "a  precious 
gift  of  God,"  and  such  it  is  to  those  who  know  how  to 
use  it.  But  all  human  experience  teaches  that  the 
best  gifts  of  life  and  nature  are  easily  abused.  There 
are  many  sins  of  the  appetite  in  which  wine  has  no 
share,  but  for  this  reason  the  practice  of  eating  cannot 
be  generally  condemned  or  abandoned.  The  old 
adage,  that  we  should  use  but  not  abuse,  seems  to  hold 
the  best  solution  of  the  problem  so  far  discoverable  by 
human  wisdom.  And  it  is  the  chief  object  of  this 
book  to  show  that  right  use,  not  abuse — in  other  words, 
true  temperance — is  as  compatible  with  regard  to  wine, 
beer  and  other  fermented  beverages  as  with  any  arti- 
cle of  the  daily  diet.  Physiologists  know  well  that 
there  is  an  orgasm  attending  gluttonous  indulgence 
in  the  solids  of  the  table,  which  is  even  more  danger- 
ous and  hurtful  than  intoxication  resulting  from  alco- 
holic excess.  The  luxury-loving  Romans  made  use  of 
the  red  feather  at  their  splendid  feasts  rather  that  they 
might  eat  than  drink,  to  utter  satiety.  Tacitus  and 
Seutonius  have  much  more  to  tell  us  about  the  incred- 

9 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

ibly  epicurean  foods  and  sauces  than  about  the  wines 
of  the  patrician  banquets;  gluttony  rather  than 
drunkenness  calls  forth  the  bitterest  strokes  of  the 
satire  of  Juvenal  and  Petronius. 

Fanatical  abstainers  are  never  tired  of  protesting 
that  the  world  would  be  an  infinitely  better  place 
if  what  they  call  the  "curse  of  drink"  were  removed 
from  mankind.  To  this  we  agree,  sans  argument; 
for  the  "curse  of  drink"  is  intemperance,  and  we  are 
as  much  concerned  to  do  away  with  that  as  the  veriest 
teetotaler.  But  what  about  the  blessing  of  drink, 
which  consists  in  true  temperance  or  wise  indulgence: 
which  lends  the  highest  zest  to  life,  being  indeed  the 
chief  author  of  social  happiness,  and  fortifies  the  soul 
of  man  against  the  approaches  of  age  and  the  visita- 
tions of  calamity;  which  has  inspired  the 'noblest  races 
of  men  to  fulfill  their  destiny  and  clearly  distinguished 
them  from  those  over  whom  they  were  called  to  bear 
rule ;  which  has  written  the  choicest  poetry  and  com- 
posed the  divinest  music  in  the  world;  which  has 
enabled  genius  to  depict  its  most  splendid  creations 
on  the  canvas  or  to  carve  them  in  marble;  finally, 
which  has  contributed  so  much  to  cheer  and  support 
the  onward  march  of  humanity? 

We  have  sometimes  permitted  ourselves  to  indulge 
the  grotesque  fancy,  what  would  the  history  of  the 
race  have  been  without  the  alleviating  drop  of  wine 
in  the  cup  of  human  misery?  Certainly,  bereft  of  wine 
that  makes  glad  the  heart  of  man,  that  history  would 
appear  far  sadder  and  darker  and  more  lamentable 
than  it  is.  Three-fourths  of  poetry  and  the  better 
part  of  art  would  be  lost  to  us.  The  lot  of  the  common 
man — so  terrible  during  the  early  and  middle  ages  of 
civilization,  when  his  life  was  the  pawn  of  every  petty 
war-lord  or  feudal  tyrant — would  have  been  deprived 

10 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

of  what  little  hope  or  blessedness  fell  to  it.  The  wars 
of  religion,  cruel  and  decimating  as  they  were,  would 
have  been  a  hundredfold,  more  ruthless  and  san- 
guinary. But  the  picture  is  in  truth  too  dark  to  con- 
template— imagination  travels  over  that  dreary  sea 
of  man's  inhumanity  to  man  and  finds  no  islet  of  hope 
or  mercy  whereon  to  rest  its  wing. 

But  if  this  picture  be  objected  to  as  overdrawn,  we 
may  at  least  have  leave  to  consider  what  effect  the 
loss  of  man's  genial  stimulant  would  have  exerted 
upon  the  cause  of  human  liberty.  One  of  the  most 
patent  and  salient  lessons  of  history — so  clear  that  he 
who  runs  may  read — is  that  the  drinking  races,  the 
liberal  consumers  of  wine  and  beer  and  ale,  have 
always  been  in  the  vanguard  of  human  progress  and 
have  made  the  greatest  sacrifices  for  liberty.  We 
have  only  to  think  of  the  stout  English  barons,  their 
valor  none  the  worse  for  being  supported  by  generous 
draughts  of  mead,  who  compelled  the  grant  of  Magna 
Charta — England's  great  charter  of  liberties — from 
the  unwilling  tyrant  John;  of  the  ale-fed  yeomanry 
of  Britain,  the  victors  of  Crecy  and  Agincourt  and  a 
thousand  other  fields;  of  the  valiant,  beer-drinking 
Teutons  who  successfully  resisted  and  finally  over- 
whelmed the  colossal  power  of  Rome;  of  the  heroic, 
wine-loving  Celt,  who  has  shed  his  blood  for  freedom 
in  every  land;  of  the  gallant  warriors  of  France,  their 
veins  filled  with  the  blood  of  the  vine,  who  under  the 
spell  of  their  mighty  Revolution  shattered  the  thrones 
of  Europe  and  proclaimed  liberty  for  all  the  world; 
of  the  wine-inspired  battalions  whose  splendid  cour- 
age and  patriotism  have,  within  living  memory,  raised 
United  Italy  on  the  shield  of  nations;  lastly,  of  the 
sons  of  these  chivalrous  races  who  fought  to  free  this 
country  and  to  keep  it  free. 

11 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Against  this  splendid  array  of  valor  and  patriotism, 
of  all  that  glorifies  history  and  exalts  humanity,  the 
fanatical  wine-hater  can  only  adduce  the  example  of 
the  "unspeakable  Turk."  Yet  it  is  notorious  that  the 
Turks,  while  generally  complying  with  the  strict  let- 
ter of  their  Prophet's  inhibition  touching  wine,  are 
more  or  less  addicted  to  opium  and  other  narcotics,  to 
brandy,  and  to  coffee  in  its  most  highly  concentrated 
form.  "The  Turkey  of  to-day,"  says  Jerome  K.Jerome, 
"is  the  outcome  of  teetotalism." 


12 


WHAT   BEER   IS   AND    HOW   IT   IS    MADE. 


Facts  of  Interest  Concerning  the  National  Beverage. 

In  beer  we  have  a  mild  stimulant  supplying  one  of  the  most 
imperative  needs  of  man's  nature  yet  rarely  leading  to  excess: 
in  short,  what  appears  to  be  the  predestined  and  most  rational 
medium  of  temperate  indulgence.  In  saying  this  we  by  no  means 
intend  to  discriminate  invidiously  against  the  milder  wines, 
the  moderate,  seasonable  use  of  which  is  to  be  unreservedly 
comme7ided;  yet  it  is  indisputable  that  beer,  if  not  actually  sup- 
planting wine,  is  growing  ever  more  popular,  even  in  the  favorite 
countries  of  the  grape. 

THERE  is  probably  no  one  subject  that  interests 
more  persons  than  this  of  liquor,  except  perhaps 
it  be  that  of  pure  foods.  Almost  everyone  is 
likely  to  have  an  opinion  on  the  subject  of  prohibition 
and  is  likely  to  express  it  pretty  freely.  But  there  are 
not  many  persons  who  know  much  about  the  way 
beer  (now  often  called  the  national  beverage)  is  pre- 
pared. There  is  a  very  general  confidence  that  it  is  a 
pure  product,  but  other  than  that  very  few  folks  know 
much  about  it.  For  these  reasons  it  is  interesting  to 
see  just  what  are  the  brewing  processes. 

A  few  years  ago  the  New  York  State  Board  of 
Health  caused  about  500  samples  of  malt  liquors 
brewed  in  this  State  to  be  analyzed  chemically  by  the 
State  Analyst.  Not  one  of  the  large  number  of  sam- 
ples was  found  to  contain  any  deleterious  substances. 
The  verdict  was  that  there  was  no  adulteration. 

13 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Senator  McCumber,  in  the  Congressional  Record,  is 
recorded  as  saying:  "I  believe  that  we  manufacture 
in  this  country  the  purest  beers  that  are  manufac- 
tured on  the  face  of  the  earth,  and  the  fact  that  the 
brewers'  associations  are  all  in  favor  of  this  pure  food 
bill  evidences  the  fact  that  they  are  satisfied  that  they 
manufacture  a  pure  article." 

The  brewers  take  pride  that  through  their  national 
association  they  were  among  the  earliest  advocates  of 
the  pure  food  law.  They  are  pleased  also  to  be  able  to 
say  that  their  brew-houses  stand  open  to  the  public 
for  inspection.  In  fact  they  would  be  glad  to  have 
folks  come  in  to  see  how  the  product  is  prepared, 
because  in  that  way  the  knowledge  of  how  cleanly 
beer  and  malt  liquors  are  brewed  would  be  more 
widely  diffused,  thereby  killing  off  some  foolish  yams 
of  the  prohibitionist. 

In  1898  about  thirty-six  million  barrels  of  beer  were 
brewed  in  this  country ;  in  1910  (year  ending  May  31) 
over  fifty-nine  million  barrels,  about  62  per  cent,  in- 
crease. Beer  is  thus  fairly  entitled  to  be  called  the 
National  Beverage. 

The  first  beers  introduced  into  the  United  States 
were  patterned  after  the  English  ales,  porter  and  stout. 
These  were  strong  beers,  with  about  5  to  7  per  cent, 
of  alcohol.  Lager  beers,  as  originated  in  Germany, 
contained  just  about  half  this  amount  of  alco- 
hol. That  is  to  say,  the  average  German  lager  beer 
contained  about  3  or  4  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  In  the 
last  two  decades  the  desire  of  English-speaking  peo- 
ple for  strong  alcoholic  drinks  has  made  way  for  a 
preference  for  lighter  alcoholic  beverages.  Nowadays 
in  England  there  may  be  found  in  great  quantity  mild 
ales  with  about  4  per  cent,  of  alcohol.  These  have 
displaced  the  strong  ales  and  stouts  of  the  former 

14 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

periods  by  considerably  more  than  half  of  the  out- 
put. 

Following  the  same  tendency  in  the  United  States, 
the  strong  ales  and  stouts  of  earlier  days  have,  to  a 
considerable  extent,  made  way  for  the  mild  lager 
beer. 

The  essential  difference  in  the  production  of  strong 
ale  and  lager  beer  lies  in  the  application  of  low  tem- 
perature as  a  preserving  agent  to  keep  the  latter  prod- 
uct from  spoiling  during  its  production,  while  with 
strong  ale  this  function  is  left  to  alcohol,  and  conse- 
quently strong  ale  must  be  brewed  in  such,  a  way  as  to 
develop  a  large  percentage  of  alcohol  during  fermenta- 
tion. Lager  beer  with  about  3  J  per  cent,  of  alcohol 
can  be  manufactured  with  safety  only  with  proper 
refrigeration  facilities. 

Consequently,  lager  beer  breweries,  even  of  the 
smallest  capacity,  are  equipped  with  relatively  ex- 
tensive refrigerating  plants.  The  beers  are  fermented 
at  a  low  temperature,  about  40  degrees  Fahrenheit, 
stored  or  lagered  at  a  temperature  near  freezing 
point,  that  is  to  say  about  34  degrees,  until  suffi- 
ciently matured  for  consumption.  Brilliancy  and 
sparkle  are  insured  by  careful  filtration.  All  the  lat- 
ter operations  are  done  while  the  beer  is  maintained 
at  about  a  freezing  temperature. 

Bottling  Processes. 

In  many  lager  beer  breweries  there  are  extensive 
bottling  plants  taking  care  of  from  one-tenth  to  one- 
half  of  the  output.  The  beer  is  bottled  in  glass  bot- 
tles of  either  pint  or  quart  capacity  and  sterilized. 
This  is  accomplished  by  subjecting  the  beer  to  tem- 

15 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

peratures  which  destroy  not  only  the  yeast  but  varied 
micro-organisms. 

From  beginning  to  end  all  processes  are  carried  on 
with  the  utmost  care.  The  greatest  vigilance  is  ob- 
served to  keep  the  brewery  scrupulously  clean  in  every 
nook  and  corner  in  order  to  minimize  the  danger  of 
infection  to  w^hich  the  beer  might  be  exposed.. 

In  all  countries  the  main  materials  for  producing 
beer  are  barley-malt  and  other  cereal  grains,  hops, 
yeast  and  water. 

In  this  country  particularly,  unmalted  starchy 
materials  are  invariably  used  to  replace  a  portion  of 
our  malts  on  account  of  their  excessive  richness  in 
albuminous  matter.  This,  it  may  be  pointed  out,  is 
one  of  the  most  scientific  and  valuable  developments 
in  modem  beer-brewing. 

The  taste  of  the  American  public  is  for  a  beer  pale 
in  color,  bright  or  transparent  in  appearance,  which 
has  pronounced  hop  flavor  and  bitter  taste,  possesses 
mellowness  and  palat ability,  and  when  served  in  the 
glass  has  a  creamy  white,  lasting  foam,  that  clings  to 
the  side  of  the  glass,  leaving  a  ring  for  every  sip  taken. 
Another  type  differs  from  this  in  being  dark  in  color, 
with  pronounced  malt  flavor,  rather  more  sweet  in 
taste  and  stronger  brewed.  There  is  no  more  alcohol 
in  it  than  in  the  other. 

The  processes  of  brewing  lager  beer  are  mashing, 
boiling,  cooling,  fermenting,  filtering,  storing,  racking 
into  barrels  or  into  bottles,  and  in  the  case  of  the  latter, 
sterilizing.  The  malt  after  about  two  months'  stor- 
age is  crushed  in  the  malt  mill  by  grinding  between 
rollers  to  a  medium  fine  grist  and  mixed  with  water  of 
about  no  degrees  F.  in  the  mash  tun. 

This  is  a  large  iron  tub  with  a  flat  bottom  provided 
with  drains  and  a  false  bottom  and  a  stirring  appa- 

16 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

ratus.  In  a  separate  vessel,  the  rice  tun  or  cooker, 
broken  cereals  are  mixed  with  water  and  malt.  The 
temperature  of  the  mash  is  raised  rapidly  from 
about  no  to  160  degrees  by  means  of  a  steam  jacket. 
After  that  it  comes  slowly  to  the  boiling  point. 

After  boiling  for  half  an  hour  this  mash  and  the 
entire  contents  of  the  cooker  are  emptied  into  the 
mash  tun,  containing  the  malt  mash.  While  the 
machine  is  operated  briskly  the  temperature  is  brought 
to  about  154  degrees.  The  combined  mash  is  kept  at 
this  point  for  about  twenty  minutes,  during  which 
time  the  starch  contained  in  the  malt  and  cereals  is 
converted  into  sugar  or  saccharine  matter.  The  mash 
is  brought  to  a  temperature  of  163  degrees.  The  mash 
machine  is  stopped  to  let  the  husks  of  the  malt  settle 
in  the  mash,  where  they  rest  on  the  false  bottom. 
The  taps  are  set  and  the  wort  or  liquor  malt  extract 
strains  rapidly  and  brightly  through  the  malt  husk 
and  false  bottom  into  the  kettle  or  copper. 

The  Wort  Process. 

After  the  first  wort  has  run  off,  hot  water  is  run  over 
the  malt  husks  or  grains  to  extract  the  same  as  com- 
pletely as  possible.  The  amount  of  water  so  used  is 
about  half  that  designed  for  the  entire  brew.  The 
wort  as  it  runs  into  the  kettle,  which  in  large  brew- 
eries usually  is  a  huge  copper  affair  weighing  thou- 
sands of  pounds  and  holding  more  than  500  barrels  or 
more  than  15,000  gallons  of  wort,  is  heated  to  boiling 
point.  This  is  reached  about  the  time  that  the  last  of 
the  spargings  running  from  the  mash  tun  has  been 
collected  in  the  kettle. 

The  wort  now  is  boiled  for  about  one  hour.  One- 
third  of  the  hops  is  added.     For  thirty  minutes  boiling 

17 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

is  continued,  and  then  the  second  third  of  the  hops  is 
put  in.  After  fifteen  minutes  more  of  boiling  the  last 
section  of  .hops  is  added.  This  last  part  is  the  most 
highly  prized  of  all.  They  are  used  chiefly  to  give  the 
flavor. 

The  contents  of  the  kettle  then  descends  through  a 
strainer,  which  clears  off  the  hops.  The  finished  wort 
is  pumped  away  from  the  hops  into  an  immense  shal- 
low iron  pan.  There  it  lies  some  time  for  cooling. 
Then  the  wort  descends  over  a  system  of  pipes  through 
which  water  and  cold  brine  or  ammonia  circulate. 
This  takes  the  temperature  of  the  wort  down  to  about 
40  degrees.  It  comes  down  to  the  settling  tank,  where 
the  yeast  is  added. 

Fresh  yeast  taken  from  a  previous  fermentation  is 
mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  the  finished  wort. 
When  the  mixture  is  in  fermentation  it  is  placed  in 
the  settling  tanks,  large  wooden  tubs  holding  usually 
from  100  to  200  barrels.  The  wort  is  stirred  so  that 
the  yeast  may  be  distributed  through  it. 

During  the  fermentation  little  is  done  by  the  brewer 
save  to  watch  for  anything  unusual  or  regulate  the 
temperature,  which  should  not  rise  above  50  degrees. 
In  the  course  of  the  fermentation  heat  is  generated 
and  the  temperature  has  to  be  controlled  by  means  of 
attemper ators.  These  are  about  a  foot  below  the 
surface  of  the  beer  as  it  stands  in  the  fermenting  vat 
to  which  it  is  transferred  from  the  settling  tank  as 
soon  as  fermentation  has  set  in  well.  The  attem- 
perator  is  nothing  but  a  copper  coil  with  cooling 
properties. 

The    Fermentation. 

The  white  cap  covering  the  beer  shows  when  it  is 
well  in  fermentation.     This  cap  is  composed  of  minute 

18 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

bubbles  produced  by  the  escape  of  the  carbonic  acid 
gas.  This  is  produced  by  the  yeast  out  of  the  sugar 
contained  in  the  wort.  The  other  product  of  fermen- 
tation is  alcohol,  one  part  of  sugar  being  split  about 
equally  between  alcohol  and  carbonic  acid  gas.  After 
the  sugar  has  been  fermented  and  the  fermentation 
has  subsided,  the  yeast  is  found  settled  at  the  bottom 
of  the  vat. 

The  beer  then  is  drawn  away  over  this  yeast  and 
transferred  into  storage  vats,  sometimes  holding  as 
many  as  i,ooo  barrels,  and  here  the  beer  remains 
until  sufficiently  matured  for  consumption.  These 
vats  stand  in  cellars,  the  temperature  of  which  is 
regulated  by  refrigerating  pipes.  The  temperature  is 
kept  close  to  freezing. 

On  the  way  to  the  racking  bench  t-he  beer  is  passed 
through  filters. 

If  the  beer  is  to  be  bottled  it  is  carried  over  to  the 
bottling  department.  The  beer  passes  through  pipes 
from  the  Government  tanks,  which  are  locked  and 
unlocked  by  a  deputy  revenue  collector.  Probably  2  5 
per  cent,  of  the  beer  output  of  the  United  States  at 
this  time  is  bottled. 

Sanitary  Brewing  Methods. 

Mr.  H.  E.  Barnard,  State  Food  and  Drug  Commis- 
sioner of  Indiana,  lately  paid  a  striking  tribute  to  the 
cleanliness  and  wholesomeness  of  American  brewing 
methods  as  contrasted  with  dairy  processes. 

"The  milk  and  butter  men  of  Indiana  ought  to  go 
in  a  body  and  visit  the  breweries  of  this  or  other 
States,"  said  Mr.  Barnard,  "in  order  to  see  how  clean 
a  food-producing  establishment  may  be  made.  The 
brewers,  in  order  to  protect  their  trade,  have  been 

19 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

compelled  to  resort  to  the  cleanest  and  most  sanitary 
methods  of  production,  tmtil  it  is  now  a  fact  that  the 
cleanest  and  most  sanitary  food  on  the  market,  as 
food  is  defined  by  the  Indiana  law,  is  beer.  The 
trade  in  this  article  has  been  fraught  with  so  much 
opposition  that  the  manufacturers  have  resorted  to 
cleanliness  as  an  advertising  feature,  and  they  have 
made  it  pay.  Then,  too,  the  product  of  the  brewery 
is  a  perishable  article  of  exceedingly  short  life  unless  it 
is  properly  prepared  and  cared  for  until  it  is  constimed. 

"It  is  in  the  breweries  that  sanitation  has  been 
brought  to  as  nearly  perfect  condition  as  is  possible 
in  a  food-producing  establishment.  The  water  used 
in  the  material  is  all  distilled.  The  hops  and  malt  are 
absolutely  clean  before  being  permitted  to  enter  into 
the  manufactupng  process.  The  vats,  pipes,  etc., 
are  not  merely  washed,  but  scalded  and  thoroughly 
sterilized  before  being  used.  The  bottles,  before  being 
filled,  are  thoroughly  sterilized  by  being  washed  in 
caustic  soda.  And  as  if  that  were  not  enough,  when 
the  beer  is  placed  in  the  bottles  it  is  pasteurized  by 
being  run  through  hot  water,  which  would  kill  every 
germ  which  might  have  escaped  the  warfare  con- 
ducted against  it  in  the  process  of  manufacture.  The 
person  who  opens  a  bottle  of  beer  is  assured  absolutely 
that  what  he  has  before  him  is  a  product  absolutely 
free  from  germs  and  perfectly  clean.  It  is  also  true 
that  he  may  know  that  he  has  before  him  the  only 
manufactiu*ed  food  article  which  may  be  said  to  be 
absolutely  clean." 

Popularity  of  Beer. 

The  per  capita  consumption  of  beer  in  this  country 
is  a  little  over  21  gallons,  the  United  States  ranking 

20 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

fourth  after  Belgium,  Germany  and  the  United  King- 
dom in  this  respect. 

To  ascribe  this  remarkable  growth  in  the  consump- 
tion of  beer  in  greater  part  to  the  Germans,  whose 
national  drink  it  is,  would  be  a  grave  error.  It  is  well 
known  that  German  immigration  has,  during  the  last 
quarter  of  a  century,  dwindled  down  to  a  minimum, 
but  the  growth  of  beer  consumption  continued  during 
that  period  without  interruption.  In  the  face  iof  the 
frenzied  endeavors  of  prejudiced  temperance  agitators 
to  picture  beer  as  the  arch  enemy  of  mankind,  leading 
to  intemperance  and  worse,  this  growth  is  quite  signi- 
ficant. It  shows  that,  unless  legislation  assumes  an  as- 
pect bordering  on  insanity,  it  will  become  the  national 
popular  drink  of  the  American  people — has  in  truth  al- 
ready become  so — and  that  the  moral  force  of  the  tem- 
perance movement  cannot  prevent  it.  Indeed,  it  is  a 
question  whether  it  does  not  contribute  towards  it.  At 
any  rate,  it  is  evident  that  the  people,  with  the  progress 
of  civilization  and  the  improvement  of  manners  and 
customs,  gradually  turn  from  the  strong  alcoholic 
drinks  to  the  light  ones.  In  a  great  measure  this  is  due 
to  the  excellence  of  American  beer  in  appearance,  taste 
and  quality.  It  is  quite  true,  as  Henry  Watterson  re- 
cently said  in  the  Louisville  Courier- Journal:  "The 
introduction  of  beer  in  America  has  done  more  for 
temperance  than  all  the  temperance  societies  and  all 
the  prohibition  laws  combined." 

The  experience  of  the  past  fifty  years  has  amply 
shown  the  fallacy  of  the  prohibition  theory  in  general. 
As  applied  to  beer  in  particular,  it  would  not  only  be  a 
mistake  from  even  the  temperance  point  of  view,  but 
would  be  an  economic  calamity. 

Constituents  of  Beer. 

Malt:    "The  soul  of  Beer"  is  Made  From  Barley 

21 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

by  causing  it  to  *  'sprout' '  or  germinate ;  the  growing 
process  being  arrested  at  the  proper  time  by  the  appli- 
cation of  Heat. 

The  Constituents  of  Barley  are:  Starch,  albu- 
mens, fibre  and  mineral  salts,  but  most  of  them 
are  in  an  insoluble  condition.  They  are  rendered  solu- 
ble or  ''available''  for  brewing  purposes  by  the  de- 
velopment, during  germination,  of  certain  bodies 
called  ''enzymes,''  the  type  of  which  is  "Diastase,"  the 
great  starch  digestive. 

Germinated  Barley  is  known  as  "Malt.'' 

100  Pounds  of  Barley  Produce  approximately 
80  Pounds  of  Malt. 

100  Pounds  of  Malt  Produce:  70  Pounds  op 
Brewers'  Extract,  30  Pounds  of  Brewers'  Grains 
(cattle  food). 

The  Production  of  Brewers'  Wort  results 
from  mashing  together  in  warm  water  certain 
quantities  of  Malt  and  other  Cereals,  the  extract  thus 
obtained  being  first  sterilized  and  made  aromatic  by 
boiling  with  hops;  and  then  cooled  and  fermented 
with  yeast. 

One  barrel  of  Brewers'  Wort  before  fermentation 
weighs  271  pounds  net.     It  contains: 

Malt  Sugars 22.5  pounds. 

Malt  Dextrines 7.0 

Albuminous  Bodies 1.5 

Lactic   Acid 0.33 

Hop  Derivatives 0.67 

Mineral  Salts   (chiefly  Phosphates) .  .0.54 

22 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Fermentation  is  Induced  in  Brewers'  Wort 
BY  Enzymes,  resulting  from  the  vital  action  of  Beer 
Yeast,  which  feeds  on  the  pabulum.  The  enzymes 
partially  transform  the  sugars  into  alcohol  and  carbon- 
dioxide,  and  the  Yeast  Reproduces  Itself  in  the 
proportion  of  5  to  1. 

The  Fermented  Beer  is  cooled  and  kept  in  cold 
storage  until  it  has  completely  clarified  and  become 
sufficiently  impregnated  with  carbon-dioxide,  when  it 
is  syphoned  off  into  barrels  or  bottles,  as  required. 

One  Barrel  of  Beer  Contains  31  gallons,  and 
weighs  263  pounds.     It  contains: 

Alcohol  (by  weight) 9.2    pounds  (or  3.4%) 

Malt  Sugars 5.91 

Malt  Dextrines 6.95 

Albuminous  Bodies 1.18 

Lactic  Acid 0.39 

Hop  Derivatives 0.45 

Mineral  Salts 0.54 

(chiefly  Phosphates) 

According  to  the  latest  and  most  approved  methods 
of  estimating  food  values.  One  Quart  of  well-brewed 
beer  will  generate  in  the  human  economy  approxi- 
mately 560  Calories,  and  will  therefore  furnish  as  a 
heat  producer  one-sixth  of  the  requirements  of 
the  total  daily  diet  of  a  healthy  working  adult. 

Beer  contains  so  small  a  percentage  of  alcohol  as  to 
render  it  absolutely  harmless  when  taken  in  modera- 
tion, yet  it  does  contain  alcohol  sufficient  to  produce 
that  mild  form  of  stimulation  and  exhilaration  which 
the  human  system  craves. 

Beer  is  absolutely  pure,  being  entirely  free  from 
disease-bearing  germs  so  frequently  found  in  milk  and 

23 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

water.  It  is  the  one  beverage  that  cannot  be  adul- 
terated or  tampered  with  from  the  time  it  leaves  the 
manufacturer  until  it  reaches  the  consumer. 

Beer  is  made  from  pure  water  and  selected  mate- 
rials, high  in  their  percentage  of  nutritious  elements. 

Beer  does  not  create  an  appetite  for  strong  liquors, 
but  acts  as  a  tonic,  and,  for  this  reason,  has  received 
the  hearty  endorsement  of  leading  medical  and  scien- 
tific authorities  the  world  over. 

Eminent  ecclesiastical  authorities  have  long  recog- 
nized beer  as  an  important  factor  in  the  world's  cam- 
paign for  temperance,  and  have  not  hesitated  to 
recommend  its  use  in  moderation. 

Beer  has  always  been  regarded  not  only  as  a  popular 
beverage  pleasing  to  the  taste  and  refreshing,  but  as  a 
health-giving  food,  and  hence  has  been  very  appro- 
priately called  "liquid  bread." 

Beer  as  Nourishment. 

EMINENT    AUTHORITIES    ATTEST    ITS    FOOD    VALUE. 

Beer  is  a  powerful  aid  in  the  digestion  of  starchy 
foods,  and  as  a  nutriment  and  a  tonic  for  the  sick, 
infirm,  convalescent,  and  feeble,  it  is  often  prescribed 
by  physicians,  with  good  results. 

A  given  quantity  of  nutriment  can  be  obtained  more 
economically  from  bread  than  from  beer ;  but  it  must 
not  be  overlooked  that  albumen  can  be  supplied  in 
different  ways  and  at  different  costs.  A  rump  steak 
will  contain  as  much  nourishment  as  the  juiciest  ten- 
derloin ;  and  a  neck  piece  as  much  as  the  most  savory 
roast.  Cultured  people,  however,  are  not  satisfied 
with   being   merely    "nourished" — the  palatable  and 

24 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

enjoyable  are  naturally  preferred  to  the  insipid  and 
tasteless. 

Beer  is  nourishment  in  an  agreeable  form,  and  by 
virtue  of  its  peculiar  combination  and  proportion  of 
carbohydrates,  phosphates,  alcohol,  and  carbonic 
acid,  is  most  valuable.  Dr.  Wiley,  the  United  States 
expert  on  pure  foods,  writes:  "Beer  is  a  veritable  food 
product."  The  eminent  scientist,  Pasteur,  earnestly 
advocated  the  regular  use  of  beer  in  moderation.  The 
famous  Prof.  Gaertner  says  in  his  "Manual  of  Hy- 
giene," that  one  quart  of  beer  is  equal  in  food  value  to 
3-10  pounds  of  bread  as  to  the  quantity  of  carbohy- 
drates, and  to  two  ounces  of  bread  or  nearly  one  ounce 
of  meat  as  to  the  quantity  of  albumen.  This  must 
not  be  misconstrued  as  meaning  that  beer  could 
take  the  place  of  bread,  but  to  demonstrate  the  value 
of  beer  as  a  beverage  both  palatable  and  nourishing. 

Prof.  M,  A.  Scovel,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  since  1885 
Chief  Chemist  of  the  Pure  Food  Department  of  that 
State,  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  solids  con- 
tained in  the  average  beer  are  to  be  classed  as  food, 
and  that  beer,  where  employed  as  a  liquid  food,  does 
not  tend  to  produce  the  habit  of  intoxication. 

Dr.  F.  W.  Pavy,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Physicians,  London,  expresses  himself  as  follows: 

"Beer  is  a  refreshing,  exhilarating  nutritive.  A  light  beer, 
well  flavored  with  the  hop,  is  calculated  to  promote  digestion, 
and  may  be  looked  upon  as  constituting  one  of  the  most 
wholesome  of  the  alcoholic  class  of  beverages." 

Dr.  J.  E.  Pilcher,  Secretary  of  the  Association  of 
Military  Surgeons  of  the  United  States,  and  First 
Vice-President  of  the  Association  of  Medical  Editors 
of  the  United  States,  is  of  the  opinion  that  there  is  a 
certain  amount  of  nutriment  contained  in  beer  by 

25 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

reason  of  its  organic  constituents,  and  that  its  moder- 
ate use  is  not  injurious  to  the  health  of  adult  persons. 

Dr.  Henry  Davy,  President  of  the  British  Medical 
Association,  speaking  at  a  breakfast  given  by  the 
National  Temperance  League  on  August  15,  1907, 
stated  that  in  his  opinion  a  meal  of  cheese  and  bread 
and  light  beer  is  infinitely  more  scientific  than  the  food 
which  the  children  are  now  getting  of  bread,  tea  and 
jam. 

Dr.  Sidney  Hillier,  the  well-known  English  pathol- 
ogist, says  in  his  recently  published  "Popular  Drugs, 
Their  Use  and  Abuse": 

"In  old  age  some  form  of  alcoholic  drink  at  meal  times  is 
often  very  beneficial.  The  general  vitality  of  the  aged  is  de- 
ficient, the  feeble  digestion  needs  stimulating.  Large  quan- 
tities of  solid  food  are  contra-indicated.  Alcohol  is  easily 
assimilated,  aids  digestion,  produces  its  effect  quickly,  and 
takes  the  place  of  some  of  the  more  indigestible  articles  of  diet. 
Overeating  is  specially  injurious  in  those  of  advanced  years, 
and  the  substitution  of  a  moderate  amount  of  alcohol  for 
some  of  the  meat  and  other  solids  is  advantageous.  Its  use 
is  thus  to  be  commended  in  the  dietary  of  the  aged, 

"One  aspect  of  this  question  which  should  not  be  lost  sight 
of  is,  that  the  moderate  drinker,  who  is  also  a  moderate 
eater,  is  in  a  far  better  position  than  the  total  abstainer, 
who  often  consumes  an  excess  of  solid  food." 

English  Commission  on  Beer. 

Some  years  ago  a  great  outcry  was  raised  over  Pro- 
fessor Atwater's  discovery  that  alcohol  in  small  quan- 
tities was  oxidized  in  the  human  system  and  produced 
heat,  and  was  therefore  a  food.  After  a  long  and 
acrimonious  discussion,  in  which  the  Professor  was 
called  a  number  of  hard  names,  it  dawned  upon  his 
detractors  that  this  scientific  fact  did  not  in  any  way 
affect  the  evils  of  intemperance  or  oppose  their  advo- 

26 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

cacy  of  total  abstinence.  It  was,  indeed,  merely  a 
scientific  truth ,  with  no  moral  bearing  one  way  or  the 
other.  A  somewhat  similar  report  has  just  been  made 
public  by  a  special  government  commission  in  Eng- 
land in  which  a  good  word  is  uttered  for  the  nutritive 
value  of  beer.  The  general  idea  that  beer  is  primarily 
an  alcoholic  drink  is  scouted  in  this  report,  which 
holds  that,  when  well  and  properly  made,  it  is  a  bev- 
erage containing  a  very  small  amount  of  alcohol  and 
a  relatively  large  amount  of  nutritive  material.  Says 
The  Hospital  (London)  in  an  editorial  concerning  this 
report : 

"It  is  time  that  the  erroneous  view  that  beer  has  no  nutri- 
tive value  in  itself,  and  merely  consists  of  a  beverage  upon 
which  a  certain  portion  of  the  community  intoxicates  itself, 
should  be  exposed  and  discredited.  The  results  of  our  Com- 
mission show  that  beer  is  par  excellence  the  nutritive  alcoholic 
beverage.  All  beverages,  because  they  contain  alcohol,  should 
not  be  regarded  in  the  same  light.  *  *  *  beer  is  much 
farther  removed,  from  the  point  of  view  of  its  alcoholic 
content,  from  some  wines  and  all  spirits  than  it  is  from 
ginger-beer. 

"When  a  man  drinks  good  beer  he  drinks  and  eats  at  the 
same  time,  just  as  when  he  eats  a  bowl  of  soup.  The  terms 
'eat'  and  'drink'  are  curiously  but  inconsistently  used  as 
connoting  the  difference  between  what  is  merely  quenching 
our  thirst  and  what  is  actually  consuming  nourishment.  Our 
Commissioners  point  out  that  a  man  might  more  properly  be 
said  to  eat  beer  than  to  eat  certain  kinds  of  soup,  or  indeed 
watermelon.  Their  report  will  enable  members  of  the  medic- 
al profession  and  the  public  to  understand  clearly  what  con- 
stitutes good  beer,  and  where  and  how  they  may  obtain  it. 
Beer- drinkers,  the  numbers  of  whom  we  hope  will  increase 
considerably  as  the  result  of  the  researches  of  our  Commis- 
sioners, are  now  in  a  position  to  protect  themselves  from  bad 
beers,  and  we  hold  the  view  that  it  would  be  infinitely  better 
for  the  well-being  of  the  people  of  these  islands  as  a  whole  if 
they  were  to  select  beer  as  their  habitual  drink,  rather  than 
wines  and  spirits.     Climatic  conditions  have  a  good  deal  to  do 

27 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

with  the  dietetic  value  of  substances  used  for  allaying  thirst . 
Our  Commissioners  properly  drive  home  the  fact  that  when 
a  man  drinks  beer  or  stout  habitually  he  is  not  only  drink- 
ing but  eating,  a  fact  which  has  not  been  sufficiently  recog- 
nized in  recent  years.  These  beverages  contain  all  the 
elements  of  a  typical  diet,  with  the  exception  of  fat,  and  in 
proportions  approximately  physiological." 

Beer  Versus  Tea. 

Dr.  Henry  Davy,  president  of  the  British  Medical 
Association,  speaking  at  a  conference  of  the  National 
Temperance  League,  on  August  15,  1907,  said  he 
had  some  hesitation  in  attending  the  gathering,  not 
that  he  had  not  the  greatest  sympathy  with  the  tem- 
perance movement,  but  because  most  temperance 
societies  and  a  large  number  of  temperance  advocates 
talked  the  most  unscientific  twaddle  that  was  ever 
invented.  He  agreed  that  they  should  teach  children 
in  the  schools  that  alcohol  was  not  necessary  for  ordi- 
nary physical  life,  but  to  go  on  and  tell  them,  as  in 
some  American  schools,  that  they  were  morally  wrong 
in  drinking  a  glass  of  wine,  and  to  do  so  was  taking 
poison,  was  unscientific  twaddle  and  was  absolutely 
wrong.  If  that  was  what  they  were  going  to  be 
taught,  then  he,  for  one,  preferred  to  teach  them  noth- 
ing at  all.  Physiological  science  had  taught  one  thing, 
that  a  man  or  woman  did  not  want  to  drink  more 
than  two  or  three  pints  of  beer  a  day.  That  was 
enough  for  anybody  unless  they  were  doing  heavy, 
muscular  work.  That  amount  of  beer  would  not  do 
any  more  harm  than  tea.  A  study  of  the  evidence  of 
the  Physical  Deterioration  Commission  showed  him 
that  tea  drinking  in  the  neighborhood  of  large  towns, 
where  tea  was  soaked  on  the  hob  and  given  to  chil- 
dren, was  producing  deterioration  in  the  very  worst 
form.     Therefore,  he  would  put  in  a  plea  for  light 

28 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

beers  containing  only  2^  per  cent,  of  alcohol.      (The 
average  lager  beer  contains  3^  per  cent.) 

Favors  Free  Brewing. 

Says  Dr.  Alexander  Bryce  in  his  Laws  of  Life  and 
Health : 

"Malt  liquors  contain  from  3  to  8  per  cent,  of  alcohol  with 
a  little  sugar  and  dextrine.  If  justification  can  be  found  for 
the  habitual  use  of  alcohol  in  any  form,  it  is  in  the  case  of  weak 
beer  or  wine  and  water.  Even  total  abstainers  who  go  to 
the  Continent  are  struck  with  the  air  of  content  and  happiness 
which  characterizes  the  family  life  there,  and  it  will  be  found 
that  almost  invariably  lager  beer  or  claret  and  water  is  used  as 
a  beverage.  Although  a  total  abstainer,  I  have  always  made 
it  a  practice  on  Continental  trips  to  partake  of  the  delightful 
Munich  or  other  lager  beer,  and  have  been  inclined  to  ascribe 
to  its  use  much  of  the  beneficial  effect  of  my  holiday.  I  think 
that  a  factor  in  the  solution  of  the  intemperance  problem  in 
this  country  (England)  would  be  to  allow  the  practice  of  free 
brewing  and  to  pass  a  law  decreeing  that  beer  shall  contain 
no  more  than  three  per  cent,  of  alcohol.     *     *     *  " 

Beverages  as  Foods. 

Beer  has  been  called  "liquid  bread"  because  of  its 
nutritious  character.  That  the  term  is  no  misnomer, 
because  applied  to  a  liquid,  is  evident  from  the  follow- 
ing quotations  from  Dr.  H.  W.  Wiley's  book  on 
"Foods  and  their  Adulterations": 

"The  term  'food'  in  its  broadest  signification  includes  all 
those  substances  which,  when  taken  into  the  body,  build 
tissues,  restore  waste,  furnish  heat  and  energy,  and  provide 
appropriate  condiment.     *     *     *" 

"It  (food)  also  includes  those  bodies  of  a  liquid  character 
which  are  classed  as  beverages  rather  than  as  foods.  All  of 
these  bodies  have  nutritive  properties,  although  their  chief 
value  is  condimental  and  social.     *     *     *  " 

"That  large  class  of  food  products,  also,  which  is  known  as 
condiments  is  properly  termed  food,  since  they  not  only  pos- 

29 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

sess  nutritive  properties,  but  through  their  condimental  char- 
acter promote  digestion,  and  by  making  the  food  more  palat- 
able secure  to  a  higher  degree  the  excellence  of  its  social 
function.     *     *     *  " 

"Beverages  are  those  liquid  food  products  which  are  more 
valued  for  their  taste  and  flavor  than  actual  nutritive  value. 

"It  must  not  be  considered  that  mere  nutrition  is  the  sole 
object  of  foods,  especially  for  man.  It  is  the  first  object  to 
be  conserved  in  the  feeding  of  domesticated  animals,  but  is 
only  one  of  the  objects  to  be  kept  in  view  in  the  feeding  of 
man.  Man  is  a  social  animal  and,  from  the  earliest  period  of 
his  history,  food  has  exercised  a  most  important  function  in 
his  social  life.  Hence  in  the  study  of  food  and  of  its  uses  a 
failure  to  consider  this  factor  would  be  regrettable.  For  this 
reason  it  is  justifiable  in  the  feeding  of  man  to  expend  upon 
the  mere  social  features  of  the  meal  a  sum  which  often  is  equal 
to  or  greater  than  that  expended  for  the  mere  purpose  of 
nutrition.     *     *     *" 


Beer  in  the  Chronicles. 

The  Latin  name  of  beer  is  cerevisia;  old  French, 
cervaise. 

Gambrinus,  the  old  King  Cole  of  myth,  is  put  back 
as  far  as  1730  B,  C. 

Hops  were  used  in  England  in  1730;  porter  was 
then  first  made. 

Heinrich  Knaust,  imperial  poet  laureate,  wrote  the 
first  German  book  extant  on  beer  in  1575. 

Excise  taxes  were  imposed  in  Germany  in  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Of  drink  in  England  during  the  Stuart  period,  John 
Howell,  the  famous  letter  writer,  says: 

"In  this  island  the  drink  was  ale,  noble  ale  than  which,  as 
I  have  heard  a  great  foreign  doctor  affirm,  there  is  no  liquor 
that  more  increaseth  the  radical  moisture  and  preserves  the 
natural  heat,  which  are  the  two  pillars  that  support  the  life 
of  man." 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance 

Lecky  says  ( England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century) : 

"Among  the  poor  the  popular  beverage  was  still  ale  or  beer, 
the  use  of  which  has  always  been  more  common  than  the 
abuse.     The  consumption  appears  to  have  been  amazing." 

Macaulay,  speaking  of  the  same  period,  says: 

"The  quantity  of  beer  consumed  in  those  days  was  enor- 
mous, for  beer  was  then  to  the  middle  and  lower  classes  not  only 
all  that  beer  now  is  but  all  that  wine,  tea  and  ardent  spirits  now 
are;  it  was  only  at  great  houses  on  grand  occasions  that 
foreign  drink  was  placed  on  the  board." 


Drunkenness  is  not  the  sin  of  the  drink,  hut  of  the 
drunkard. — Cardinal  Manning. 


While  humanity  in  the  cities  is  not  fundamentally 
different  from  humanity  elsewhere,  it  has  the  special 
needs  of  a  different  environment. — Brand  Whitlock, 
Mayor  of  Toledo,  O. 


To  the  working-classes  whose  food  is  very  much 
restricted  in  variety,  quantity  and  quality,  to  whom  meat 
is  a  luxury  and  whose  usual  diet  is  bread  and  cheese,  or 
some  equally  undelightful  substitute,  life  without  beer 
or  some  other  alcoholic  drink  would  be  even  more  dull 
than  it  is  now.  The  need  for  alcohol  in  this  case  is 
much  greater  than  in  the  case  of  those  more  fortunate 
individuals  who  have  abundance  and  variety  of  food. 
— "Popular  Drugs:     Their  Use  and  Abuse,"   Sidney 

HiLLIER,  M.D, 

31 


WHAT  THE  WORLD    DRINKS. 


Significant  Findings  of  Dr.  Bowditch's  Inquiry — Beer 
and    Light   Wines   Favored. 

SOME  years  ago  the  State  Board  of  Health  of 
Massachusetts  investigated,  by  means  of  an 
elaborate  correspondence,  "the  use  and  abuse  of 
alcoholic  stimulants  among  foreign  nations."  Dr. 
Henry  I.  Bowditch,  who  conducted  the  inquiry,  pre- 
sented an  exhaustive  report,  with  a  thorough  and  ju- 
dicious analysis  of  the  correspondence,  in  the  following 
year.  As  to  the  scope  of  the  inquiry,  Dr.  Bowditch 
says: 

"The  two  ideas  were,  First:  to  learn  the  nature  and  char- 
acter of  the  stimulants  used  (if  any  were  so  used)  by  the  in- 
habitants of  the  countries  to  which  said  correspondents  were 
accredited,  and  the  influence  of  such  indulgence  on  the  health 
and  prosperity  of  the  people. 

"Second:  the  relative  amount  of  intoxication  in  said  coun- 
tries compared  with  that  known  by  such  correspondents  to 
exist  in  the  United  States. 

"The  papers  were  sent  to  thirty- three  resident  American 
ambassadors  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-two  consuls  and  a 
few  other  non-official  personages  and  friends  whose  opinions 
I  knew  would  be  of  great  value,  if  obtained." 

The  first  deduction  Dr.  Bowditch  makes  from  his 
world-wide  correspondence  is  that  "the  appetite  for 
stimulants  is  one  of  the  strongest  of  human  instincts. 
It  is  seen  in  every  nation,  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe." 

As  a  result  of  the  inquiries  and  of  the  information 
obtained,  this  general  law  is  formulated; 

32 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"Intemperance  prevails  the  world  over,  but  it  is  very  rare 
at  the  equator.  The  tendency  increases  according  to  latitude, 
becoming  more  frequent  and  more  brutal  and  disastrous  in  its 
effect  on  man  and  society  as  we  approach  the  northern 
regions." 

At  Elsinore,  in  the  north  of  Europe,  where  the 
people  drink  a  mild  beer,  practically  no  crime  was 
reported  as  due  to  intemperance.  "No  cases  of  mur- 
der, homicide  or  theft  could  be  traced  to  the  influ- 
ence of  drink." 

The  contrary  condition  prevailed  in  localities  where 
there  was  much  consumption  of  ardent  spirits;  hence 
Dr.  Bowditch's  conclusion: 

"Two  factors  enter  into  the  commission  of  crime  consequent 
on  intemperance,  as  they  do  into  the  prevalence  of  intemper- 
ance itself.  It  appears,  first,  that  crime  due  to  drunkenness 
increases  as  we  go  from  the  equator;  second,  that  a  mild 
stimulant  used  even  in  the  North  probably  does  not  lead  to 
crime  as  stronger  liquors  do." 

The  Doctor  then  asks  this  most  important  question : 

"Are  all  kinds  of  beer,  ales,  rum  and  distilled  alcoholic 
stimulants  to  be  classed  as  alike  equally  and  always  inju- 
rious? 

"Some  writers  in  this  country  and  in  Europe  (he  says)  in 
their  zeal  for  the  noble  cause  of  temperance  take  the  affirma- 
tive of  this  question  and  claim  that  alcohol  in  any  form  is 
'always  a  poison.'  I  cannot  hold  this  opinion,  nor  do  I  think 
that  the  clinical  experience  of  any  physician  will  permit  of  it." 

The  Doctor  goes  on  to  reinforce  his  position  just 
stated,  pointing  out  the  fact  of  the  habitual  and  long- 
continued  use  of  ale  and  the  milder  light  wines,  with- 
out manifest  evil  consequences. 

Dr.  Bowditch  observes  that  ''the  American  people  as 
a  whole  do  not  by  any  means  as  yet  understand  the 
true  philosophy  of  food  and  drink,  and  this  opinion 

33 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

held  by  many  and  which  has  been  the  basis  of  State 
legislation  for  years  past,  viz. :  that  all  liquors  are 
in  themselves  nothing  but  evil,  and  equally  evil, 
proves  the  truth  of  this  assertion.  It  is  radically  and 
wholly  erroneous." 

Arguing  from  the  general  view  presented  by  the 
correspondence  that  in  the  wine-making  districts  of 
Europe  alcoholism  is  much  less  frequent  and  severe 
than  in  our  own  country,  the  Doctor  makes  an  earnest 
and  somewhat  elaborate  plea  on  behalf  of  grape  cul- 
ture in  the  United  States. 

After  quoting  at  some  length  from  several  advo- 
cates of  wine-drinking,  the  Doctor  dismisses  this  part 
of  his  subject  in  the  following  words: 

"I  fully  agree  with  all  that  has  been  said  of  the  value  of 
light  wines  as  an  aid  to  temperance,  but  I  believe  that  Ger- 
mans are  destined  to  be  really  the  greatest  benefactors  of  this 
country  by  bringing  to  us,  if  we  choose  to  accept  the  boon, 
their  lager  beer.  Lager  beer  contains  less  alcohol  than  any 
of  the  native  grape  wines." 

Among  the  more  important  conclusions  formulated 
by  Dr.  Bowditch  as  a  result  of  this  "cosmic  inquiry," 
the  following  are  worthy  of  special  notice : 

"Races  are  modified  physically  and  morally  by  the  kind  of 
liquor  they  use,  as  proved  by  examination  of  the  returns  from 
Austria  and  Switzerland. 

"Beer,  native  light  grape  wines  and  ardent  spirits  should 
not  be  classed  together,  for  they  produce  very  different  effects 
upon  the  individual  and  upon  the  race. 

"Light  German  beer  and  ale  can  be  used  even  freely  without 
any  very  apparent  injury  to  the  individual  or  without  causing 
intoxication.  They  contain  very  small  percentages  of  alco- 
hol (4  or  4.5  to  6.5  per  cent.).  Light  grape  wines  unfortified 
by  an  extra  amount  of  alcohol  can  be  drunk  less  freely,  but 
without  apparent  injury  to  the  race,  and  with  exhilaration 
rather  than  drunkenness." 

34 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  Races  That  Go   Up. 

The  human  race  may  sometime  do  without  meat, 
but  it  will  be  a  different  human  race.  The  human  race 
may  sometime  do  without  the  use  of  wines  and  mild 
stimulants,  but  it  will  be  a  different  human  race. 

You  cannot  say  that  races  have  gone  down  that 
drank,  that  races  have  gone  up  that  did  not  drink. 
There  has  been  steady  progress  in  France,  Germany, 
England,  America — all  drinking  countries.  There 
has  been  stagnation  among  the  Mohammedans, 
Asiatics  and  other  teetotal  nations. — Arthur  Brisbane. 

Social  Drinking  Abroad. 

The  Hon.  Andrew  D.  White  says  in  his  book  of 
reminiscences : 

"I  have  been  present  at  many  large  festive  assemblages,  in 
various  parts  of  Europe,  where  wine  was  offered  freely  as  a 
matter  of  course ;  I  have  been  one  of  four  thousand  people  at 
the  Hotel  de  Ville  in  Paris  on  the  occasion  of  a  great  ball,  at 
other  entertainments  almost  as  large  in  other  Continental 
countries,  and  at  dinner  parties  innumerable  in  every  Euro- 
pean country;  but  never,  save  in  one  instance,  were  the  fes- 
tivities disturbed  by  any  man  on  account  of  drink. 

"The  most  eminent  of  American  temperance  advocates 
during  my  young  manhood,  Mr.  Delavan,  insisted  that  he 
found  Italy,  where  all  people,  men,  women,  and  children, 
drink  wine  with  their  meals,  if  they  can  get  it,  the  most  tem- 
perate country  he  had  ever  seen;  and,  having  made  more 
than  twelve  different  sojourns  in  Italy,  I  can  confirm  that 
opinion. 

"So,  too,  again  and  again,  when  traveling  in  the  old  days 
on  the  top  of  a  diligence  through  village  after  village  in 
France,  where  people  were  commemorating  the  patron  saint 
of  their  district,  I  have  passed  through  crowds  of  men,  women, 
and  children  seated  by  the  roadside  drinking  wine,  cider,  and 
beer,  and,  so  far  as  one  could  see,  there  was  no  drunkenness; 
certainly  none  of  the  squalid,  brutal,  swinish  sort.  It  may 
indeed  be  said  that,  in  spite  of  light  stimulants,  drunkenness 

35 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

has  of  late  years  increased  in  France,  especially  among  arti- 
sans and  day  laborers.  If  this  be  so,  it  comes  to  strengthen 
my  view.  For  the  main  reason  will  doubtless  be  found  in  the 
increased  prices  of  light  wines,  due  to  vine  diseases  and  the 
like,  which  have  driven  the  poorer  classes  to  seek  for  more 
noxious  beverages. 

"So,  too,  in  Germany.  Like  every  resident  in  that  country, 
I  have  seen  great  crowds  drinking  much  beer,  and  I  never 
saw  anything  of  the  beastly,  crazy,  drunken  exhibitions  which 
are  so  common  on  Independence  Day  and  county-fair  day  in 
many  American  towns  where  total  abstinence  is  loudly 
preached  and  ostensibly  practised. 

"The  European,  more  sensible,  takes  with  his  dinner,  as  a 
rule,  a  glass  or  two  of  wine  or  beer,  and  is  little,  if  at  all,  the 
worse  for  it.  If  he  takes  any  distilled  liquor,  he  sips  a  very 
small  glass  of  it  after  his  dinner,  to  aid  digestion. 

"It  is  my  earnest  conviction,  based  upon  wide  observation 
in  my  own  country  as  well  as  in  many  others  during  about 
half  a  century,  that  the  American  theory  and  practice  as  re- 
gards the  drink  question  are  generally  more  pernicious  than 
those  of  any  other  civilized  nation.  I  am  not  now  speaking 
of  total  abstinence — of  that,  more,  presently.  But  the  best 
temperance  workers  among  us  that  I  know  are  the  men  who 
BREW  LIGHT,  PURE  BEER,  and  the  vine-growers  in  California 
who  raise  and  sell  at  a  very  low  price  wines  pleasant  and  salu- 
tary, if  any  wines  can  be  so. 

"As  to  those  who  have  no  self-restraint,  beer  and  wine,  like 
many  other  things,  promote  the  'survival  of  the  fittest,'  and 
are,  like  many  other  things,  'fool-killers,'  aiding  to  free  the 
next  generation  from  men  of  vicious  propensities  and 
weak  will." 

American  Consul's  Report. 

Mr.  E.  R.  Mansfield,  the  American  Consul  at  Lu- 
cerne, has  lately  made  an  interesting  report  to  our 
Government  on  the  management  of  the  liquor  traffic 
in  the  Swiss  republic.  He  points  out  that  each  canton 
has  a  large  measure  of  discretion  in  dealing  with  the 
traffic,  the  general  plan  being  to  limit  the  number  of 
saloons  in  proportion  to  the  population.    The  average 

36 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

seems  to  be  about  one  saloon  to  every  500  inhabitants, 
while  in  the  rural  districts  the  ratio  is  not  infrequently 
as  high  as  one  saloon  to  1,000  persons.  Writing  of 
conditions  in  Lucerne,  the  Consul  says: 

"In  the  canton  of  Lucerne  the  rate  for  license  is  compara- 
tively high.  Saloons  are  classified,  the  privilege  of  operating 
a  bar  in  a  first-class  hotel  costing  much  more  than  for  a  small 
restaurant  or  beer  hall.  Here  the  minimum  price  for  license 
to  sell  intoxicants  at  retail  is  200  francs,  equal  to  about  $40  a 
year,  and  the  maximum  for  large  first-class  hotels  6,000  francs, 
equivalent  to  about  $1,200  per  year.  Each  municipality  or 
community  decides  the  number  of  saloons  to  be  licensed, 
based  upon  the  number  of  inhabitants,  and  when  the  number 
prescribed  has  been  reached  no  influence,  political  or  finan- 
cial, can  secure  an  additional  privilege. 

"The  hour  for  closing  is  generally  twelve  o'clock  at  night, 
and  as  a  rule  it  is  strictly  observed,  any  violation  of  the  law 
resulting  in  a  forfeit  of  the  license.  Any  special  privileges 
desired  by  the  holder  of  a  liquor  license  must  be  applied  for 
to  the  proper  authorities,  and,  if  granted,  they  must  be  paid 
for  in  addition  to  the  regular  annual  fee.  All  license  fees  in 
Switzerland  must  be  paid  one  year  in  advance,  and  any  neg- 
lect on  the  part  of  the  holder  to  comply  with  this  requirement 
results  in  a  forfeit  of  the  privilege. 

OBSERVANCE    OF    THE     LAW. 

"There  are  no  technicalities  of  the  law  governing  the  traffic 
whereby  the  holder  of  a  license  can  avoid  a  strict  compliance 
with  its  requirements.  The  limited  number  of  licenses  issued 
also  encourages  the  strict  observance  of  the  law,  as  a  bar 
privilege  is  considered  valuable  because  of  the  fact  that  when 
the  maximum  number  allotted  to  a  community  has  been 
issued,  it  is  impossible  to  secure  an  additional  privilege  until 
one  is  suri'endered  or  forfeited. 

"All  the  revenues  received  for  liquor  license  are  expended 
upon  public  schools  and  the  improvement  of  roads  in  the 
canton  where  the  privilege  is  granted.  Three-fourths  of  the 
money  thus  collected  is  apportioned  for  educational  purposes 
and  the  remainder  for  public  highways." 

Mr.  Mansfield  reports  that  under  the  Swiss  plan  of 
liquor-selling    there   is  little  excessive   drinking   and 

37 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

practically  no  drunkenness.  Rarely,  he  assures  us,  is 
an  intoxicated  person  seen  on  the  streets  of  Lucerne, 
and  never  one  "boisterously  drunk,"  unless  it  be  a 
tourist.  "The  net  result  of  the  liquor  traffic  in 
Switzerland,"  concludes  the  Consul,  "would  seem  to  be 
that  it  is  regulated  so  as  to  secure  a  large  revenue, 
which  is  applied  largely  to  the  maintenance  of  public 
schools,  and  at  the  same  time  so  restricted  as  to  pre- 
vent any  abuse  of  the  privileges  granted  with  a  license 
to  engage  in  the  business." 

Swiss  Government  Favors  Beer. 

It  is  not  so  well  known  as  it  should  be  that  the  sys- 
tem of  regulating  the  liquor  traffic  in  Switzerland, 
known  as  the  Swiss  Alcohol  Monopoly,  is  intended  to 
encourage  the  use  of  beer  and  wine.  Mr.  Milliet,  di- 
rector of  the  Government  Monopoly  for  many  years, 
says  expressly: 

"The  aim  of  the  Swiss  Government  was,  in  substance,  to 
improve  the  quality  of  brandy  and  at  the  same  time  to  check 
its  consumption  by  substituting  for  it  the  less  harmful  wine 
and  beer," 

Also  he  points  out  that  "the  local  governments 
exercise  supervision  over  the  quality  of  those  bever- 
ages, the  moderate  use  of  which  the  Federation 
had,  so  to  speak,  declared  legitimate — ^namely,  wine, 
beer  and  cider." 

Thrifty,  Beer-Drinking  Belgium. 

The  following  appeared  in  the  World's  Work  for 
September,  1908: 

"Across  a  narrow  sea  from  England  is  a  little  country  which, 
though  densely  populated,  has  practically  no  paupers,  nor  do 
the  people  emigrate.  This  is  thrifty  Belgium,  where  there  is 
thrift  of  the  individual,   thrift  of  the  family,   co-operative 

38 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

thrift,  national  thrift,  and  prosperity  in  the  face  of  the  keenest 
competition  of  its  powerful  neighbors,  England,  France  and 
Germany. 

"The  Government,  instead  of  paying  old-age  pensions  and 
dispensing  charity,  has  machinery  for  the  encouragement  of 
thrift  and  thereby  for  the  prevention  of  dependence.  It  pays 
the  individual  interest  on  his  savings,  it  insures  his  life  and  it 
will  give  him  an  annuity  if  he  saves  to  pay  for  it. 

"In  the  Government  Savings  Bank  deposits  may  be  made  in 
every  post-office  of  the  kingdom,  and  in  all  the  branches  of  the 
National  Bank.  The  minimum  deposit  is  one  franc.  There  is 
no  maximum.  Deposits  are  made  by  special  adhesive  deposit 
stamps,  which  are,  in  reality,  receipts  for  the  money  paid  in, 
and  which  are  pasted  in  a  bank  book  delivered  to  each  de- 
positor free  of  charge  and  bearing  an  official  number.  In  this 
book  is  entered  every  transaction  between  the  depositor  and 
the  bank,  including  the  calculation  of  interest,  which  is  done 
annually.  Depositors  may  correspond  with  the  National 
Savings  Bank  free  of  postal  charges  and,  after  the  issue  of  a 
book,  a  depositor  may  put  money  in  any  post-office  of  the 
kingdom. 

"The  Government  provides  in  a  special  way  for  those  who 
cannot  put  aside  so  large  a  sum  as  a  franc  at  a  time.  Life  an- 
nuities may  be  contracted  for  at  all  branches  of  the  savings 
bank,  at  all  branches  of  the  national  bank,  at  all  post-offices, 
and  at  the  offices  of  all  tax  receivers. 

"The  minimum  payment  that  may  be  made  is  one  franc, 
and  the  smallest  annuity  paid  by  the  fund  is  one  franc,  while 
the  largest  is  twelve  hundred  francs.  The  annuities  become 
payable  at  the  end  of  each  completed  year  from  the  age  of 
fifty  to  sixty-five, 

"Annuities  are  contracted  for  in  two  ways,  by  paying  in  the 
capital  benefit  to  any  heir,  and  by  providing  that  the  capital, 
less  3  per  cent,  for  general  expenses,  shall  be  paid  over  to  the 
heirs  after  the  death  of  the  beneficiary.  Any  person  who  de- 
pends solely  upon  his  own  work  for  sustenance,  and  who, 
before  the  age  stipulated  for  the  payment  of  the  annuity,  be- 
comes disabled,  is  allowed  to  draw  at  once  an  annuity  calcu- 
lated from  the  amount  of  the  payments  made  up  to  the  time 
of  his  becoming  incapacitated. 

"In  addition  to  the  annuity  fund  there  is  a  Government  in- 
surance fund,  the  management  of  which  is  under  Government 

39 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

guarantee.  Life  or  endowment  policies  may  be  contracted 
for,  the  latter  payable  at  the  end  of  ten,  fifteen,  twenty,  or 
twenty-five  years,  or  for  a  period  ending  at  the  ages  of  fifty- 
five,  sixty  or  sixty-five." 

It  is  contended  that  Belgium  is  prosperous  to-day 
and  that  the  country  is  practically  devoid  of  paupers 
because  of  this  government  policy. 

In  view  of  these  extraordinary  facts  adduced  by  the 
World's  Work,  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  Belgium 
drinks  more  beer,  per  capita,  than  any  other  country 
in  the  world.  That  is  to  say,  the  thriftiest  and  most 
provident  of  all  countries  consumes  the  greatest  quan- 
tity of  beer  per  head  of  population! 

This  statement  will  seem  so  incredible  to  all  who 
have  an  extreme  temperance  bias,  or  who  have  been 
fed  with  prohibition  sociology  and  statistics,  thtt  we 
deem  it  wise  to  give  the  official  figures.  Our  National 
Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  recently  pub- 
lished some  comparative  liquor  statistics  showing  the 
per  capita  annual  consumption  of  liquors  in  the 
countries  named,  from  which  we  extract  the  follow- 
ing table: 

SPIRITS 

COUNTRIES  Gallons 

United  Kingdom 1.38 

France 2.51 

Germany 2. 11 

Italy .34 

Russia 1.29 

Belgium 1.42 

Sweden 2.13 

United  States i  •  33 

A  glance  at  this  table  reveals  another  surprising 
and  significant  fact,  viz.:  That  while  the  Belgians 
drink,  per  head,  three  times  as  much   beer  as  we  do, 

40 


BEER 

WINE 

Gallons 

Gallons 

35-42 

0-39 

7.48 

34-73 

30-77 

1-93 

.20 

31.86 

1-13 

•   •  •   • 

56.59 

1.28 

8.83 

.18 

18.04 

.48 

Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

they  also  drink  more  than  double  as  much  wine  and 
slightly  more  spirits. 

This  exhibit,  taken  in  conjunction  with  the  facts  of 
national  prosperity  and  individual  thrift  in  Belgium, 
certainly  offers  food  for  thought  to  the  student  of 
economics. 


To  go  beyojid  the  bounds  of  moderation  is  to  outrage 
humanity.  The  greatness  of  the  human  soul  is  shown 
by  knowing  how  to  keep  ivithin  proper  bounds.  So  far 
from  greatness  consisting  in  going  beyond  its  limits,  it 
really  consists  in  keeping  within  them! — Pascal. 


The  cause  of  teinperance  is  not  promoted  by  any 
intemperate  measures.  It  is  intemperate  conduct  to 
assert  that  fermented  liquors  ought  not  to  be  drunk  at  all 
becatise,  when  taken  in  excess,  they  do  harm.  Wine  and 
beer  and  spirits  have  their  place  in  the  world. — Charles 
Dickens. 


No  man  with  sense  will  argue  that  the  spectacle  of  a 
drunkard,  or  a  whole  troop  of  drunkards,  in  a  ditch, 
should  be  used  as  an  argument  to  deprive  the  whole  race 
of  the  kindly  blessing  that  makeih  glad  the  heart  of  man, 
saint  and  sinner  alike. — Professor  John  Stuart 
Blackie. 


/  have  never  asserted  anything  so  wrong  and  so 
foolish  as  that  it  is  a  sin  to  drink  wine;  nor  have  I 
ever  been  so  uncharitable,  and  gone  so  far  beyond  my 
legitimate  warrant,  as  to  pronotmce  a  syllable  of  con- 
demnation against  those  who  are  called  "moderate 
drinkers."  *  *  *  TJie  question  of  abstinence  or  nvn- 
abstinence  is  one  which  can  be  settled  only  by  tJie  indi- 
vidual conscience. — ^Archdeacon  Farrar. 

41 


OUR   SOBER  NATION. 


How  Beer  Is  Aiding  Temperance  in  This    Country. 

IN  this  country,  as  in  Sweden,  Holland  and  Bel- 
gium, and  in  Switzerland,  practical  experiments 
have  shown  that  legislation  directed  against  alco- 
holism is  of  no  effect,  without  tolerance  and  encourage- 
ment of  the  milder  stimulants — often  indeed  it  has 
but  resulted  in  magnifying  and  intensifying  the  evil. 
And  in  this  wise  policy  we  mark  the  growth  of 
that  true  temperance  idea  by  which  our  country  is 
now  in  the  very  forefront  of  sober  nations. 

Since  the  Civil  War  and  the  almost  coincident 
setting  up  of  the  internal  revenue  system,  the  produc- 
tion and  consumption  of  beer  in  this  country  have  been 
truly  astounding.  To  make  this  point  clear,  we  quote 
a  few  tabular  figures,  noting  therewith  that  the  pro- 
duction of  1863  (the  first  year  of  internal  revenue) 
was  but  885,272  barrels,  and  taking  only  the  statistics 
since  1900. 

1900 39,330,849  barrels. 

1901 40,517,078 

1902 44,478,832 

1903 46,650,730 

1904 48,208,133 

1905 49.459.540 

1906 54,651,637 

1907 58,546,111 

1908 58,747,680 

1909 56,303,497 

1910 59,485,116 

Commenting   on    the   wonderfully   increased    con" 

42 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

sumption  of  beer  in  this  country  and  the  sensible 
diminution  in  the  quality  of  ardent  spirits  used  within 
the  past  decade,  the  New  York  Sun,  in  an  editorial 
(August  22,  1905),  reaches  the  conclusion  that  **beer 
drives  out  hard  drink."  The  Sun  also  notes  as  a 
consequence  that  public  drunkenness  is  compara- 
tively rare  in  all  the  cities  of  America  to-day,  among 
all  classes  of  society. 

Mr.  James  Dalrymple,  Glasgow's  commissioner  of 
municipal  railways,  who  was  recently  in  this  country, 
was  constantly  struck  by  the  same  fact  as  contrasted 
with  conditions  abroad.  Drunken  workingmen  are 
rarely  seen  in  any  American  community. 

Yet  the  time  is  not  so  far  back  when  a  different  state 
of  affairs  prevailed  in  this  country.  It  is  hardly  a 
generation  since  drunkenness  was  the  national  vice. 
The  change  seems  to  have  come  through  the  more 
general  use  of  malt  liquors.  As  the  5^n  says,  "Beer 
drives  out  hard  drink."  Moderation  and  temperance 
are  supplanting  excess  in  the  use  of  liquor.  Can  it  be 
possible  that  the  American  people  owe  their  present 
admirable  sobriety  to  the  brewer  ? 

This  is  evidently  the  view  of  another  great  journal, 
the  New  York  World,  which  not  long  ago  expressed 
itself  editorially  as  follows : 

"Government  reports  show  constantly  in  the  United  States 
a  decrease  in  the  quantity  of  alcoholic  liquors  consumed  in  a 
year,  and  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  beer  consumed.  The 
malt  liquor  gain  in  1905  over  1904  was  over  a  million  barrels. 
Beer  is  held  up,  therefore,  as  one  of  the  great  agents  by 
which  this  country  is  to  be  kept  among  the  most  tem- 
perate nations.  It  would  seem  that  even  Prohibitionists 
might  hold  a  reasonable  interest  in  the  improvement  of  the 
hop  fields  of  the  land." 

Remarking  on  the  lesson  conveyed  by  similar  sta- 
tistical evidence,  Professor  Henry  W.    Famam   says 

43 


Text- Bo  ok  of  True  Temperance. 

in  his  preface  to  "Economic  Aspects  of  the  Liquor 
Problem,"  pubHshed  imder  the  auspices  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Fifty: 

"Since  1840  there  has  been  a  steady  substitution  of  malt 
liquors  for  distilled  liquors  in  the  consumption  of  the  people. 
While  there  has  been  an  increase  in  the  total  quantity  con- 
sumed, the  substitution  of  light  drinks  has  brought  a  diminu- 
tion in  the  amount  of  alcohol  consumed  per  capita.  More- 
over, though  the  per  capita  consumption  of  malt  liquors  has 
been  nearly  stationary  since  1890,  the  consumption  of  dis- 
tilled liquors  has  fallen  by  nearly  one-third  in  that  time. 
How  far  modern  methods  of  production  have  influenced  this 
change,  how  far  it  is  due  to  German  immigration  or  other 
causes,  cannot  be  stated  with  certainty.  The  fact  remains 
that  our  progress  has  been  in  the  direction  of  moderation." 


True  Temperance  Statistics. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  New  York  Evening  Post  for 
pointing  out  an  instance  of  the  familiar  prohibition 
misreading  of  statistics.  In  the  Prohibition  Year 
Book  for  1 9 10  the  assertion  is  made  that  "the  figures 
of  the  United  States  Census  show  almost  inexhaustible 
data  for  prohibition  argument."  The  pro-liquor  ad- 
vocate might  come  back  (observes  the  Post)  with  the 
statement  that  in  the  American  Prohibition  Year 
Book  one  might  pick  up  a  wealth  of  data  in  favor  of  a 
liberal  excise  policy.  Without  subscribing  to  the  lat- 
ter view  one  may  nevertheless  draw,  from  the  figures 
cited  in  the  prohibition  manual,  the  fact  that  there 
has  been  less  of  a  change  in  the  drinking  habit  than  in 
the  drinking  habits  of  the  American  people  during  the 
last  forty  years.  In  1840  the  annual  per  capita  con- 
sumption of  distilled  liquors  was  2.52  gallons. 

After  thirty  years'  fluctuation  the  figures  stood  at 
2.07  gallons  in  1870,  whence,  during  the  next  decade, 
there  was  a  drop  to  1.27  gallons,  around  which  figure 

44 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

the  annual  consumption  has  remained;  in  1909  it  was 
1.37  gallons.  The  consumption  of  malt  liquors  in 
1840  was  1.36  gallons  a  head;  in  1880  it  had  risen  to 
8.26  gallons;  in  1909  it  was  19.7  gallons. 

The  Post  remarks  that  to  the  Prohibitionist  whose 
principles  do  not  discriminate  between  malt  and  dis- 
tilled liquors,  this  should  be  a  discouraging  develop- 
ment.    It  adds,  somewhat  less  forcibly: 

"The  rabid  and  anti-prohibitionist  will  seize  upon  such 
figures  as  proof  of  the  utter  failure  of  prohibition.  But  the 
great  fact  that  must  be  taken  into  account,  of  course,  is  the 
change  in  the  character  of  our  population  since  1840.  The 
advent  of  the  malt-drinking  German  immigrant  has  pro- 
foundly affected  the  drinking  habits  of  our  entire  population. 
It  supplied  an  impetus  which  has  not  exhausted  itself  twenty- 
five  years  after  the  slackening  of  the  tide  of  German  immi- 
gration." 

It  is  indisputable  that  the  "advent  of  the  malt- 
drinking  German  immigrant  profoundly  affected  the 
drinking  habits  of  our  entire  population,"  and  the 
Post  might  have  added,  made  for  that  progress  in  true 
temperance  which  to-day  ranks  us  with  the  soberest 
nations.  But  the  German  immigration  long  since  fell 
off  to  insignificant  proportions — and  beer  remains  the 
popular  beverage  of  the  American  people ! 


The  Puritan  conception  of  Sunday  has  made  the  one 
day  of  rest  from  toil  a  very  dreary  one,  and  has  deprived 
the  poor  of  the  means  of  acquiring  a  healthy  variety  of 
tastes. — W.  E.  H.  Lecky. 


The  only  animals  created  to  drink  water  are  those  wJw 
from  their  conformation  are  able  to  lap  it  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth;  whereas  all  those  who  can  convey  tJteir  hands 
to  their  mouths,  were  destined  to  enjoy  the  juice  of  the 
grape. — Benjamin  Franklin. 

45 


WHO   PAYS  THE  TAXES? 


Some  Remarkable   Facts   Ignored  by  the  Would-be 

Destroyers  of  Industry. 

THE  brewers,  distillers  and  allied  industries  an- 
nually pay  in  revenue  to  State  and  Federal 
Governments  more  than  $250,000,000.00.  The  same 
industries  pay  an  .additional  tax  on  real  estate,  per- 
sonal property  and  city  licenses  of  more  than  $70,000,- 
000.00. 


The  brewers  are  among  the  largest  taxpayers  in  the 
country,  and  as  such  are  specially  interested  in  the  sub- 
ject of  the  national  resources.  Last  year  the  receipts  of 
the  Federal  Government  were : 

Customs $300,711,933.95 

Internal  Revenue 246,212,643.59 

Public  Lands 7,700,567.78 

Miscellaneous 48,964,344 .52 

Total  Ordinary.  . 603,589,489.84 

Postal 203,563,383  .07 

Total $807,151,872  .91 

The  objects  of  internal  revenue  taxation  producing 
the  largest  amount  of  revenue  are  distilled  spirits, 
fermented  liquors  and  tobacco. 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  there  was  collected  on 
distilled  spirits  $123,315,181.45;  on  fermented  hquors, 
$56,303,496.68;  on  tobacco,  $51,887,178.04. 

46 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  brewing  industry  contributes  to  the  Federal 
Treasury  seven  per  cent,  of  all  the  receipts,  nine  per 
cent,  of  the  ordinary  revenue,  and  twenty-three  per 
cent,  of  the  internal  revenue  taxes. 

The  leading  States  in  the  payment  of  internal 
revenue  taxes  for  the  past  year  are  Illinois,  $43,441,- 
771. 11;  New  York,  $28,637,349.37;  Kentucky,  $28,- 
130,420.34  ;  Indiana,  $25,224,816.81  ;  Pennsylvania 
$20,886,066.67;  Ohio,  $18,907,081.44. 

Among  the  States  paying  the  smallest  amounts  are 
Mississippi,  New  Mexico,  North  Dakota,  Vermont, 
and  Wyoming. 

Of  the  65  collection  districts  subject  to  internal  rev- 
enue laws,  the  fifth  district  of  Illinois  reported  the 
largest  collection,  $28,671,699.22. 

The  four  States  which  made  the  largest  quantity  of 
fermented  liquors  are  New  York,  12,573,773  barrels; 
Pennsylvania,  7,050,262  barrels;  Illinois,  5,525,473 
barrels;  Wisconsin,  4,600,931  barrels.  The  two  dis- 
tricts which  produced  the  largest  quantity  of  fer- 
mented liquors  are  the  third  district  of  New  York, 
4,997,515  barrels,  and  the  first  district  of  Illinois, 
4,725,363  barrels. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  the  Commissioner  of  In- 
ternal Revenue,  I  am  able  to  invite  your  consideration 
of  some  figures  relating  to  the  National  income  of 
which  your  Association  may  well  be  proud.  They  are 
contained  in  a  statement  showing,  by  fiscal  years,  the 
collection  of  Internal  Revenue  from  Fermented  Liq- 
uors during  the  period  July  i,  1897,  to  June  30,  1909; 
the  receipts  from  all  sources  on  account  of  the  (Span- 
ish-i\.merican)  War  Revenue  Act  only  during  the  same 
period,  and  the  proportion  of  said  War  Revenue  pro- 
vided by  the  increased  tax  on  Fermented  Liquors: 

47 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 


Fiscal 
Year 

Collection  from 
Fermented  Liq- 
uors 

Receipts  from 

all  sources  on 

account  of  War 

Revenue  Act 

only 

War  Revenue 

from  Fermented 

Liquors 

1898 

$38,885,151.61 
67.850,392.15 
72,776,831.57 
74,961,697.20 
71,174,625.22 
46,654,823.11 
48,208,132.56 
49,459.539.93 
54,651.636.63 
58,546.110.69 
58,747,680.14 
56,303,496.68 

$3,410,442.51 
102.359,618.36 
105,374,227.95 
107,646,213.05 

61,581,262.80 

$2,023,747.66 

1899 

31,093,138.38 

1900 

1901 

1902 

33,431,221.65 
34,439,516.10 
26,687,879  55 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

Total 

$698,220,117.49 

$380,371,764.67 

$127,675,503.34 

At  the  time  of  the  Nation's  need,  when  three  hun- 
dred and  eighty  milHons  of  war  revenues  were  col- 
lected, your  industry  paid  over  one-third  of  the  total 
sum  required.  And  I  remember  hearing  it  stated  in 
the  House  of  Representatives  when  the  Spanish  War 
Tax  was  under  discussion,  that  your  industry  was  the 
only  industry  that  did  not  protest  against  the  in- 
creased tax,  but  freely  offered  to  aid  in  raising  the 
amount. — Congressman  Boutell  of  Illinois:  Address 
before  U.  S.  Brewers'  Association,  1910. 


Wine  rounds  off  the  angles  of  social  existence,  smooths 
the  paths  to  friendship  and  conviviality.  The  fact  that 
a  few  people  injure  themselves  is  no  reason  why  the 
majority  should  not  enjoy  the  zest  that  the  exhilarating 
effects  of  alcohol  gives  to  those  who  have  sufficient  control 
over  themselves  and  do  not  abuse  it.  Wine  in  rnodera- 
tion  pleases  the  palate  and  promotes  the  flow  of  wit, 
laughter  and  good  feeling. — Dr.  York  Da  vies. 

48 


A   LESSON   FROM    HISTORY. 


Beer  Favored  in  Early  American  Legislation. 

THE  object  of  the  following  summary  is  to  show 
the  spirit  of  our  American  liquor  laws  from  the 
earliest  Colonial  times,  so  far  as  fermented  liquors 
are  concerned. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Under  the  law  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  passed  in 
1635,  no  permission  was  required  for  the  sale  of  beer 
and  ale,  while  a  license  was  required  for  traffic  in  ar- 
dent spirits.  In  1637  the  courts  first  forbade  the  sale 
of  "strong  water"  in  ordinaries  or  taverns,  prohibiting 
all  intoxicants  except  beer.  This  was  the  first  at- 
tempt in  this  colony  to  promote  temperance  by  favor- 
ing the  use  of  malt  beverages. 

In  October,  1649,  it  was  ordered  that  every  vic- 
tualler or  ordinary  keeper  should  always  be  provided 
with  good  and  wholesome  beer  for  the  entertainment 
of  strangers. 

In  1679  the  court  ordered  that  no  intoxicating  bev- 
erages, save  beer,  should  be  sold  on  training  fields, 
except  with  the  permission  of  the  commanding  officers. 

An  act  passed  in  1702  exempted  small  beer  from 
taxation. 

In  1 72 1  the  excise  on  beer  was  discontinued. 

An  act  was  passed  in  June,  1789,  "to  encourage  the 
manufacture  and  consumption  of  strong  beer,  ale  and 
other  malt  liquors,"  wherein  it  is  declared  that  the 
"wholesome  qualities  of  malt  liquors  greatly  recom- 

49 


Text-Book  oj  True  Temperance. 

mend  them  to  general  use,  as  an  important  means  of 
preserving  the  health  of  the  citizens  of  this  common- 
wealth."    This  law  was  one  of  general  exemption. 

VIRGINIA,    NEW    YORK,    PENNSYLVANIA. 

Intemperance  had  grown  to  be  a  public  evil  in  the 
colony  of  Virginia  as  early  as  1623. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  all  Colonial  statutes 
bearing  on  the  liquor  traffic  was  enacted  by  tlie  Gen- 
eral Assembly  in  1644.  Under  this  law  no  intoxicat- 
ing drinks,  except  strong  beer,  were  permitted  to  be 
sold  in  taverns  and  debts  for  ardent  spirits  were  de- 
clared not  recoverable.  A  double  discrimination  was 
thus  made  in  favor  of  malt  liquors. 

In  1658  a  law  was  passed  to  encourage  the  planting 
of  hops. 

The  duty  on  beer  was  revoked  in  1769. 

The  legislature  of  New  York  in  1 700  imposed  a  duty 
on  imported  beer  as  an  encouragement  to  domestic 
maltsters  and  brewers. 

The  Pennsylvania  assembly,  in  1689,  imposed  an 
import  duty  upon  ardent  spirits,  but  made  no  mention 
of  beer.  Here,  as  in  every  other  American  colony, 
beer  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  necessaries  of  life, 
which  accounts  for  the  discrimination  in  its  favor. 

In  his  address  to  the  assembly,  in  1713,  Governor 
Gordon  deplored  the  detcadence  of  brewing  and  rec- 
ommended that  this  industry  be  encouraged. 

The  lawmakers  sought  by  import  acts,  passed  in 
1720  and  1 721,  to  discourage  the  use  of  rum;  to  the 
latter  year  belongs  "an  act  for  encouraging  the  making 
of  good  beer  and  for  the  consumption  of  grain."  .An 
important  motive  of  this  act  was  to  substitute  malt 
liquors  for  the  drink  made  of  molasses,  and  then  com- 
monly called  beer.    Under  this  law  the  sale  of  beer  was 

50 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

separated  from  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  matter  of  li- 
censes. 

Shortly  after  the  birth  of  the  Pennsylvania  iron 
industry  it  was  found  necessary,  in  1724,  to  forbid  the 
sale  of  any  stimulant  except  beer  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  furnaces. 

An  act  "for  forming  and  regulating  the  militia" 
passed  in  1757,  prohibited  the  sale  of  any  stronger 
stimulant  than  beer  within  two  miles  of  any  muster- 
field  or  drill  ground. 

The  cheapness  of  rum  and  the  superabundance  of 
grain  making  every  farmer  a  distiller,  led  to  that  con- 
dition of  affairs  which  culminated  in  the  Whiskey 
Revolution  in  the  western  counties.  The  consump- 
tion of  ardent  spirits  increased  prodigiously — in  1790 
there  were  no  less  than  five  thousand  stills  in  opera- 
tion, the  proportion  of  stills  to  inhabitants  being  as 
I  to  86. 

CONNECTICUT,    RHODE    ISLAND,    GEORGIA. 

In  Connecticut  an  act  was  passed  in  1643  forbidding 
the  sale  of  spirits  without  license.  This  act  did  not 
apply  to  the  sale  of  malt  liquors. 

An  act  passed  in  171 5  forbade  any  drinks,  except 
beer,  to  be  sold  in  taverns  (the  object  of  this  was,  of 
course,  to  check  the  spread  of  intemperance  and  the 
illicit  traffic). 

To  encourage  domestic  brewing  Rhode  Island,  in 
1 731 ,  laid  an  import  duty  on  imported  malt  liquors. 

The  trustees  of  Georgia,  at  the  instance  of  General 
Oglethorpe,  passed  an  act  which  had  for  its  object  a 
change  of  drinking  habits,  to  be  effected  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  wine  and  beer  for  ardent  spirits. 

CONGRESS  FAVORS  TRUE  TEMPERANCE. 

Before  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1789,  Mad- 

51 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

ison,  moving  to  lay  a  duty  of  eight  cents  on  malt  liq- 
uors, hoped  "that  this  rate  would  be  such  an  encour- 
agement as  to  induce  their  manufacture  in  every  State 
of  the  Union." 

At  the  great  federal  festival  held  in  Philadelphia, 
July,  1788,  celebrating  the  ratification  of  the  new- 
Constitution  by  ten  States,  American  beer  and  cider 
were  the  only  liquors  used. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  at  one  time  professor  of  medi- 
cine at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  and  a  famous 
publicist  in  those  days,  taught  that  the  true  solution 
of  the  drink  problem  lay  in  encouraging  the  brewing 
industry.  In  the  course  of  an  essay  praising  the 
thrift,  industry,  temperance  and  other  virtues  of  the 
German  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania,  he  said: 

"Very  few  of  them  ever  used  distilled  spirits  in  their  fam- 
ilies, their  common  drink  being  beer,  wine  and  cider." 

Tench  Coxe,  another  able  advocate  of  temperance, 
whose  views  were  influential  with  a  great  majority  of 
the  members  of  the  first  Congress,  styled  beer  "the 
best  of  our  commodities,"  and  urged  upon  the  farmers 
the  advantage  held  out  to  them  by  the  cultivation  of 
hops  and  barley.  He  declared  that  "the  superior 
virtue,  both  moral  and  political,  of  a  country  which 
consumes  malt  liquors,  instead  of  distilled  spirits,  needs 
only  to  be  mentioned." 

The  first  Congress  placed  an  impost  on  malt  liquors 
for  the  express  purpose  and  with  the  distinctly  avowed 
intention  of  encouraging  and  protecting  domestic 
breweries. 

HAMILTON  AND  JEFFERSON  AGREE. 

In  his  communication  to  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, March  4,  1790,  Alexander  Hamilton,  Secretary 

52 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

of  the  Treasury,  recommending  an  increase  of  specific 
duties  on  imported  spirituous  liquors,  says: 

"As  far  as  this  decrease  might  be  applicable  to  distilled 
spirits,  it  would  encourage  the  substitution  of  cider  and  malt 
liquors,  benefit  agriculture,  and  open  a  new  and  productive 
source  of  revenue." 

Hamilton's  broad  views  were  fully  shared  in  this 
regard  by  his  great  adversary,  Jefferson.  On  Decem- 
ber 13,  1818,  we  find  the  latter  writing  to  M.  De  Neu- 
ville  in  advocacy  of  the  culture  of  the  grape  in  this 
country ; 

"No  nation  is  drunken  where  wine  is  cheap,  and  none  sober 
where  the  deamess  of  wine  substitutes  ardent  spirits  as  the 
common  beverage." 

Before  Congress  in  1862  the  question  of  giving  pref- 
erence to  fermented  beverages  over  ardent  liquors 
came  with  a  great  access  of  importance  derived  fro-n 
the  growing  sentiment  in  favor  of  moderate  drinking 
habits.  Mr.  Morrill,  representing  a  State  in  which  a 
prohibitory  law  was  then  in  force  (Vermont)  admitted 
that  "ale  and  beer  as  beverages  may  be  regarded  as 
less  unhealthful  than  spirits."  He  urged  that  the 
discrimination  in  point  of  duties  should  be  maintained. 

Mr.  Holman  (Indiana)  called  attention  to  the  fact 
that  beer  "has  become  an  article  of  absolute  necessity 
in  many  parts  of  the  country,  as  much  so  as  tea  and 
coffee." 

At  this  time  a  sanitary  commission  appointed  by 
the  President  and  the  Secretary  of  War  to  examine 
the  camps  of  the  Union  army,  made  a  report  testifying 
to  the  healthfulness  of  malt  liquors  in  these  words: 

"In  certain  regiments  containing  a  large  percentage  of 
Germans,  lager  beer  has  been  freely  used.  There  is  evidence 
before  the  commission  tending  to  show  that  its  use  (at  least 
during  the  summer)  was  beneficial,  and  that  disorders  of  the 

53 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

bowels  were  less  frequent  in  companies  regularly  supplied 
with  it  in  moderation  than  in  other  companies  of  the  same 
regiment." 


Moderation  in  eating  and  drinking  is  the  broad  Chris- 
tian law.  Abstinence  from  some  kinds  of  food  may 
become  a  duty  under  peculiar  circumstances.  Self- 
denial  in  relation  to  things  lawful  is  often  imperative. 
Wine  is  good;  is  a  gift  of  God.  It  may  be  used  with 
advantage;  it  may  be  abused,  but  not  innocently  or  with 
impunity. — Kitto's  Biblical  Cyclopedia,  3rd  Edition. 

Beer  in  Athletics. 

FAVORED     AND    RECOMMENDED    BY    PROFESSIONAL    TRAINERS. 

In  July,  1909,  the  New  York  Journal  published  an 
article  headed,  "Beer  Good  for  Baseball  Players," 
from  which  we  quote  as  follows : 

"On  Sunday  last,  in  New  York  City,  the  Evening  Journal 
organized  a  brilliant  game  of  professional  baseball  for  the 
amusement  of  the  newsboys.  Some  fourteen  thoiisand  boys 
attended  the  game  and  spent  a  happy,  hilarious  afternoon  in 
the  open  air. 

"The  management  of  the  Brooklyn  National  League  Base- 
ball Club  and  of  the  New  York  American  League  Baseball 
Club  volunteered  their  services.  They  brought  all  of  the 
members  of  both  clubs  to  give  the  boys  a  happy  day. 

"The  members  of  the  two  teams,  numbering  some  forty 
altogether,  dined  afterwards  at  Shanley's,  in  New  York  City, 
as  the  guests  of  the  Evening  Journal. 

"When  they  were  invited  to  dine  they  accepted  with  pleas- 
ure, but  made  certain  stipulations  as  to  the  sort  of  dinner 
that  baseball  players  in  training  ought  to  have. 

"It  seems  to  us  that  the  views  of  these  baseball  men  are 
important.  They  handle  highly-paid  athletes — men  on 
whose  physical  condition  and  sobriety  depend  the  amuse- 
ment of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  citizens  and  the  profits  of 
two  great  baseball  clubs. 

54 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"The  views  of  these  men  as  to  true  temperance  are  set 
forth  in  the  following  letters  addressed  to  the  Editor  of  the 
New  York  Evening  Journal. 

"The  first  letter  is  from  Mr.  C.  H.  Ebbetts,  president  of 
the  National  League  team,  of  Brooklyn.     He  says: 

"'New  York,  July  3,  1909. 
"  'To  the  Managing  Editor  New  York  Evening  Journal : 

"'Dear  Sir — I  accept  with  pleasure  for  my  team  the  invi- 
tation to  dine  as  the  guests  of  the  Evening  Journal.  We 
would  request  a  simple  dinner,  with  light  beer  and  no  other 
stimulant.  That  is  our  idea  of  the  proper  drink  for  ath- 
letes in  training. 

"  'Yours  very  truly, 

"'Brooklyn  National  Baseball   Club. 

'"By  C.  H.  Ebbetts.' 

"The  second  letter  is  from  Mr.  John  Burke,  trainer  of  the 
New  York  American  League  baseball  team.     He  says: 

" '  To  the  Managing  Editor  New  York  Evening  Journal  : 

" '  Dear  Sir — The  members  of  the  New  York  American  Club 
are  very  glad  to  amuse  the  newsboys  by  playing  for  them 
without  any  charge  whatever.  And  we  accept  with  pleasure 
the  Evening  Journal's  kind  invitation  to  dine  after  the  game. 
"  'May  I  suggest  in  regard  to  the  dinner,  that  the  men,  while 
the  baseball  season  is  on,  live  very  temperate  lives.  They  do 
not  any  of  them  want  to  have  spirits  or  any  strong  drinks  on 
the  table.  If  you  will  give  them  a  good  American  dinner, 
plain  American  beer,  they  will  appreciate  it.  In  every 
organization  there  are,  of  course,  one  or  two  men  more  or  less 
tempted  by  alcohol.  Our  experience  is  that  men  can  drinK 
beer  with  safety,  but  that  the  stronger  drinks  are  apt  to  start 
off  a  weaker  man  and  make  it  difficult  for  him  to  keep  in  the 
condition  that  high  class  baseball  demands. 

"  'Yours  very  truly, 
"'The  New  York  American  League  Baseball  Club. 

'"By  John  Burke,  Trainer.' 

"These  managers  of  baseball  players  realize  what  our 
friends,  the  prohibitionists,  ought  to  realize,  that  you  cannot 
make  men  universally  teetotalers,  but  you  can  make  them 
temperate." 

Ale  for  Harvard  Athletes. 

We  print  here  a  letter  from  William  F.  Garcelon,  of 
No.  405  Sears  Building,  Boston,  who  wrote  to  a  mem- 

55 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

ber  of  the  staff  of  the  Boston  American.  Mr.  Garcelon 
is  a  graduate  of  Harvard  and  the  "Graduate  Manager 
of  Athletics"  at  Harvard  University.  He  is  a  lawyer, 
and  for  three  years  has  been  Republican  floor  leader 
in  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Representatives. 

Mr.  Garcelon  is  himself  a  distinguished  athlete. 
He  says  in  his  letter  to  the  Boston  American  editor, 
regarding  the  use  of  stimulants  in  the  training  of 
Harvard  teams: 

"Dear  Sir — I  am  glad  to  accede  to  your  request  for  a  few 
observations  on  the  use  of  stimulants  in  the  training  of  Har- 
vard teams.  Whiskey,  gin,  brandy  and  similar  stimulants 
are  never  used  except  possibly  in  case  of  accident  or  fainting 
and  then  only  in  the  smallest  quantities.  As  a  part  of  our 
training  plans  they  have  no  place. 

'  'Ale  is  the  only  alcoholic  drink  that  is  given.  This  is  given 
not  regularly,  but  only  after  our  contests,  during  which  play- 
ers may  have  been  under  severe  strain.  For  instance,  in  the 
Harvard-Dartmouth  football  game  of  1908  the  Harvard 
players  lost  an  average  of  seven  pounds  a  man.  That  evening 
at  dinner  each  man  who  desired  it  was  given  a  bottle  of  ale. 
This  was  not  given  him  as  a  stimulant  to  make  him  feel  better 
then,  but  as  a  food  that  is  easily  and  rapidly  assimilated. 

"By  Monday  all  the  players  who  remained  at  the  training 
table  had  regained  what  they  had  lost.  If  a  man  preferred 
beer,  there  would  be  no  objection  to  substituting  that  for  ale. 
We  never  use  light  wines. 

"As  you  see,  we  do  not  seek  a  stimulant  so  much  as  we  do  a 
wholesome,  nourishing  food.  Athletes  are  strong  young  ani- 
mals and  do  not  ordinarily  need  even  such  a  mild  stimulant 
as  ale.  Therefore,  it  is  given  to  them  only  occasionally,  and 
then  after  they  have  undergone  a  strain  In  the  case  of  foot- 
ball men,  they  usually  have  ale  at  the  Saturday  night   din- 


ner. 


We  recommend  this  letter  to  intelligent  citizens 
and  lawmakers,  and  to  the  well  meaning,  but  in  our 
opinion  misguided  prohibitionists  who  compel  the 
secret   drinking   of   alcoholic   poisons,    because    they 

56 


Text- Book  of  True  Temperance. 

can't  prevent  that,  and  they  can  prevent  the  use  of 
milder  stimulants.     *     *     * 

Lawmakers  who  understand  human  nature  should 
not  be  hypocrites,  and  the  prohibitionist  who  would 
regulate  others  and  unconsciously  promote  drunken- 
ness, should  not  govern. — Abridged  from  ''New  York 
Journal. ' ' 

A  Canadian  Trainer^s  Views. 

T.  C.  Flanagan,  the  famous  athlete  and  founder  of 
the  Irish-Canadian  Club,  says  as  to  the  value  of  beer 
in  training: 

"We  have  been  led  to  believe  that  beer  is  worse  than  pastry. 
Is  it?  I  have  always  maintained  that  beer  is  the  best  up- 
builder  and  sustainer  next  to  beefsteak  that  a  man  under  a 
steady  grind  for  long  periods  can  take.  There  must  be  mod- 
eration, of  course,  in  this  as  in  other  foods,  and  beer  is  an 
athletic  food. 

"I do  not  advocate  beer- swilling  anymore  than  I  do  over- 
eating, but  I  do  hold  that  beer  will  stand  by  a  man,  and  keep 
him  from  getting  stale  and  tone  him  up ;  that  it  will  bring  a 
man  back  from  staleness  faster  than  any  other  food  I  know. 
That  may  sound  strange  to  some  who  imagine  that  training 
means  bread  and  water.  What  is  needed  is  to  keep  strong 
under  high  pressure:  to  continue  at  top-notch  form  under 
the  most  trying  kind  of  work.  To  do  that  means  the  most 
nutritious  kind  of  food,  and  beefsteak  as  the  foundation,  and 
beer  as  the  support  is  the  best  thing  I  know.  I  do  not  look 
upon  beer  as  a  stimulant,  as  something  to  edge  a  man  on  for 
the  moment  and  leave  him.  in  a  state  of  collapse  immediately 
afterwards.     To  me  it  is  a  food  and  upbuilder. 

"As  a  cure  for  staleness  I  have  always  found  it  to  work 
without  fail.  However,  I  am  not  the  pioneer  in  this.  Nearly 
all  trainers  of  note  prescribe  beer.  In  fact,  every  single 
American  athletic  record  is  held  by  men  who  follow  this 
principle. 

"Martin  Sheridan,  America's  all-round  champion,  uses  beer 
in  his  training,  and  so  do  John  Flanagan,  that  weight-hurling 
brother  of  mine;  Matt  McGrath,  also  a  strong  man;  Melvin 
Sheppard,  champion  middle-distance  runner;    Ralph  Rose, 

57 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

the  great  weight  man;  Alf.  Shrubb,  the  world's  best  distance 
man;  Will  Sherring,  winner  of  the  Marathon  race  in  Greece; 
Fred  Cameron,  winner  of  the  Boston  Marathon  last  spring; 

A.  F.  Duffy,  the  champion  loo-yards  runner  of  the  world; 

B.  J.  Wefers,  220-yard  champion;  Tommy  Conneff,  mile 
champion;  E.  J.  Webb,  England's  walking  champion  at 
two  and  seven  miles;  P.  J.  O'Connor,  champion  broad 
jumper  of  the  world;  G.  E.  Larmer,  champion  walker  of 
the  world;  M.  Sweeney,  champion  high  jumper  of  the 
world;  Con  Walsh,  champion  weight  thrower;  Dorando 
Pietri,  Marathon  runner;  Johnny  Hayes,  Marathon  win- 
ner at  London,  England;  Battling  Nelson,  lightweight 
fighter;  Jack  Johnson,  world's  champion  heavyweight;  Tom 
Longboat,  and  a  host  of  others  I  could  name." 


There  are  some  who  urge  that  the  example  of  any  man, 
living  in  good  health  without  the  use  of  fermented  liquors, 
proves  at  least  that  these  are  not  necessary  for  health.  It 
proves  certainly  that  they  are  not  'necessary  for  his 
health;  hut  it  does  not  prove  that  all  constitutions  are 
alike,  and  that  what  is  unnecessary  or  noxious  to  one, 
may  not  he  salutary  to  another. — Archbishop  Whately. 

The  more  nations  I  make  acquaintance  with  the  more 
convinced  I  am  that,  in  spite  of  his  defects  and  vices,  the 
Frenchman  is  the  happiest.  He  knows  how  to  enjoy 
life,  and  though  moderate  in  all  his  hahits  he  partakes 
of  all  the  good  things  of  life  without  making  a  fool  of 
himself.  In  France  the  teetotaler  is  unknown,  as  is 
also  the  drunkard,  one  heing  the  consequence  of  the 
other. — Max  O'Rell. 

"Drink  Beer,"  says  French  League  Against  Alcoholism. 

The  French  National  League  against  Alcoholism 
has  placarded  many  parts  of  France  with  posters 
warning  the  people  not  to  drink  distilled  liquors, 
essences,  absinthe,  aniseth,  etc.,  and  urging  them  to 
drink  Beer,  wine  and  cider  in  moderation. 

58 


TRUE   TEMPERANCE. 


How  Prohibition  Works  to  Increase  Drunkenness. 

WHAT  is  true  temperance?  It  is  as  far  from  pro- 
hibition as  it  is  from  drunkenness.  The 
drunkard  is  reckless  of  the  feelings  of  others. 
With  the  mania  for  drink  upon  him,  he  forgets  the 
needs  of  his  family,  and  his  own  duty  and  honor. 

The  prohibitionist  is  as  intemperate  in  his  way  as 
the  drunkard,  and  he  acts  as  unwisely.  Temperance 
has  not  increased  because  of  the  work  of  the  prohibi- 
tionist, but  in  spite  of  it. 

The  man  who  drinks  too  much  and  who  can  become 
a  total  abstainer  is  fortunate.  Some  do  that  of  their 
own  free  will — but  not  all  the  prohibitionists  in  the 
world  could  force  it  upon  them. 

The  prohibitionist  feels  that  he  has  a  right  to  com- 
pel the  majority  to  agree  with  him.  He  succeeds 
sometimes  in  driving  out  of  use  the  drinks  that  are 
really  temperate,  the  light  wines  and  the  beers. 

Prohibition  emphasizes  and  intensifies  drunkenness ; 
it  never  cures.  In  a  prohibition  State  you  may  see  a 
workingman  lying  beside  the  road,  dead  drunk,  stupe- 
fied, pockets  empty.  That  is  the  sort  of  thing  you  see 
in  prohibition  territory.  You  see  it  in  Maine,  in  Kan- 
sas. The  sight  is  familiar  to  everybody  who  has 
traveled  in  a  prohibition  State. 

Compare  that  miserable  drunkard,  the  victim  of 
prohibition,  with  the  workingman  in  Germany  on 
Sunday,  or  any  day,  taking  his  glass  of  beer,  or  the 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

workingman  in  France  taking  his  glass  of  wine,  tem- 
perately, with  his  family,  and  unmolested ! 

The  light  wines  and  the  beers  that  men  have  always 
taken — and  that  they  surely  will  take,  in  moderation, 
for  centuries  to  come — represent  true  temperance. 

It  is  intemperate  to  drink  the  highly  alcoholic  poi- 
sons that  destroy  the  mind  and  the  body.  It.  is  in- 
temperate in  the  prohibitionist  to  say  to  other  men: 
**You  should  not  have  your  wine  or  beer,  because  I  and 
my  friends  have  suffered  through  strong  drink." 

This  question  of  temperance  has  got  to  be  fought 
out  in  this  country  and  settled  along  lines  of  common 
sense.  Those  that  discuss  it  and  deal  with  it  must 
know  their  subject.  The  fact  that  a  man  or  a  woman 
has  had  a  son  turn  out  a  drunkard  does  not  by  any 
means  indicate  the  man's  or  the  woman's  right  or  ca- 
pacity for  making  laws  to  regulate  the  drink  traffic. 
On  the  contrary,  the  man  whose  son  has  turned  out  a 
drunkard  has  before  him  the  living  evidence  of  the 
fact  that  he,  the  father,  does  not  understand  the  drink 
question.  Let  the  prohibitionists  ask  themselves  how 
many  of  the  most  hopeless  young  drunkards  in  the 
early  twenties  are  the  sons  of  prohibition  fathers — 
boys  that  were  brought  up  under  the  strict  intem- 
perate law  of  prohibition?  Boys,  that  if  they  drank 
had  to  drink  in  secret — boys  that  became  drunkards 
as  soon  as  they  had  a  chance.  It  is  the  same  in  prohi- 
bition families  as  in  prohibition  States,  and  statistics 
prove  it. 

Prohibition  compels  secret  drinking,  and  it  results 
in  excessive  drinking,  when  the  prohibition  becomes 
ineffective. 

A    RUSSIAN    official's    REPORT. 

Count  Skarzynski,  representing  the  allied  temper- 
ance organizations  of  France,  Russia,    Gennany   and 

GO 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

some  other  countries,  is  just  leaving  the  United  States 
after  a  six  months'  visit.  He  came  here  officially  from 
Russia  to  investigate  conditions  in  the  drink  traffic. 
His  investigations  will  result  in  a  report  to  the  effect 
that  prohibition,  the  effort  to  make  entire  commun- 
ities total  abstainers  against  their  will,  increases 
drunkenness  and  demoralizes  communities. 

The  attention  of  those  who  want  to  see  real  tem- 
perance is  directed  to  a  statement  made  by  Count 
Skarzynski  to  this  newspaper.  He  had  just  said  that 
there  was  practically  no  drunkenness  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  added,  "You  know  that  the  government  in 
Russia  controls  absolutely  the  sale  of  vodka  (a  highly- 
alcoholic  drink).  It  is  a  government  monopoly,  sold 
by  government  agents  under  very  strict  restrictions. 
Those  that  sell  it  are  government  employees  paid  a 
salary;  they  make  no  profit  on  the  vodka,  so  they 
have  no  object  in  increasing  sales.  The  Russian  Gov- 
ernment makes  an  annual  profit  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  millions  a  year  out  of  the  vodka  monopoly,  yet  it 
works  to  make  the  people  temperate  by  doing  what  it 
can  to  discourage  the  use  of  vodka." 

For  instance,  in  St.  Petersburg,  from  5  o'clock  on 
Saturday  afternoon  until  10  o'clock  on  Monday  morn- 
ing, the  government  prohibits  the  sale  of  vodka 
absolutely. 

But  there  is  no  interruption  in  the  sale  of  light 
wines  or  light  beer.  And  the  people  do  not  get  drunk 
on  Sunday.  It  is  the  vodka  that  makes  them  drunk. 
Light  wines  and  beer  do  not  hurt  them. 

What  the  Russian  Government  does  on  Sunday 
the  intelligent  people  in  America,  the  friends  of  true 
temperance,  ought  to  do  every  day  in  the  year. 

The  mild  stimulants,  beers  and  light  wines,  are  the 
temperate  drinks  of  temperate  men   and  temperate 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

nations.    In  moderation  they  are  beneficial,  and  their 
use  tends  to  make  men  temperate  and  moderate. 

The  man  who  leads  a  strictly  normal  life,  who  is  not 
overworked,  and  not  overtired,  can  perhaps  get  along 
with  no  stimulant  whatever,  if  he  has  great  strength 
of  mind. 

But  if  he  works  very  hard,  and  breaks  himself  down, 
he  is  actually  compelled  to  build  himself  up  on  a  nor- 
mal, temperate  drink. 

Ninety  per  cent,  of  all  men,  and  probably  99  per 
cent.,  will  drink  stimulants  more  or  less.  If  you  pass 
laws  that  make  it  impossible  for  them  to  get  the  mild 
stimulants  openly,  they  will  get  the  violent  drinks 
secretly,  and  you  make  them  drunkards. 

Make  it  very  easy  for  the  hard-working  man  to  get 
his  light  beer  openly,  sociably,  every  day  in  the  year. 
Enable  the  sedentary  man,  the  clerk,  the  man  whose 
muscles  and  liver  are  sluggish,  to  take  his  glass  of  light 
red  wine  or  white  wine. 

Realize  that  education  and  self-control  mean  tem- 
perance. Bigotry,  intolerance,  control  of  a  majority 
by  the  minority,  will  cause  secret  drunkenness,  and 
never  true  temperance. — Abridged  from  the  "  New  York 
American". 

How  to  Get  True  Temperance. 

Temperate  people  will  never  come  from  prohibi- 
tion, from  the  attempt  of  a  minority  to  coerce  a 
majority  of  the  people. 

The  truly  temperate  man  is  the  man  who  controls 
himself,  not  the  man  who  is  controlled  by  somebody 
else,  not  the  man  compelled  by  a  lawmaking  minority 
to  do  what  he  ought  to  do. 

For  many  years  the  world  has  grown  gradually  more 
temperate;    drunkenness    has    gradually    diminished. 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

Less  than  two  hundred  years  ago  drunkenness  was 
not  only  tolerated,  but  rather  admired  among  the 
greatest  men,  the  directors  of  governments.  But  now 
it  is  tolerated  nowhere  and  only  pitied  in  the  gutter. 

With  this  wonderful  change  for  the  better,  prohibi- 
tion has  had  nothing  whatever  to  do.  Maine,  the 
prohibition  State,  suffers  from  drunkenness,  from  the 
effects  of  drink,  highly  charged  with  alcohol,  more 
perhaps  than  any  State  in  the  Union.  Maine,  the 
prohibition  State,  is  cursed  with  a  great  body  of 
secret  drunkards,  because  temperate,  open  drinking 
of  mild  beverages  is  prevented  by  law,  and  drinking 
of  the  strongest  stimulants  is  made  compulsory  and 
encouraged.  Prohibition  must .  have  that  effect 
everywhere. 

It  is  painful  to  say  anything  that  might  offend  or 
discourage  the  earnest  prohibitionist.  There  are  no 
better  men  or  women  living  than  those  sincerely  trying 
to  help  their  fellow  creatures  and  to  discourage  excess- 
ive drinking. 

But  if  the  man  who  now  tries  to  encourage  temper- 
ance by  force  and  prohibition  is  sincere,  so  was  the 
man  sincere  who  once  tried  to  make  people  religious 
by  the  rack  and  the  thimibscrew  and  other  violent 
measures. 

/  It  is  necessary  to  talk  freely  on  the  question  of  pro- 
hibition.  The  temperate  nations  are  the  nations  that 
drink  the  mild  beverages,  the  light  natural  wines  and 
beers c 

Prohibition  drives  out  by  law  the  bulky,  light, 
harmless  drinks  of  temperate  people — wines  and 
beers.  It  compels  men  who  will  drink  to  take  the  con- 
centrated stimulants  easily  hidden  and  of  which  a 
small  amount  produces  drunkenness. 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

In  Maine,  per  capita,  there  is  ten  times  more  drunk- 
enness than  there  is  in  France.  In  Maine,  prohibition 
rules  and  the  law  says  that  no  man  shall  buy  anything 
to  drink. 

In  France  there  exists  temperance  and  no  prohibi- 
tion. The  French  Government  in  public  placards,  and 
by  education  at  government  expense,  denounces  the 
use  of  highly  alcoholic  drinks.  And  it  encourages  and 
even  subsidizes  the  production  and  the  sale  of  light 
natural  wines. 

If  to-morrow  you  should  establish  prohibition 
in  France,  if  you  forbade  the  public  selling  of  Hght, 
harmless  stimulants  that  the  people  have  always 
taken,  and  always  will  take,  you  would  drive  out  the 
use  of  light  wines  that  produce  a  temperate  race,  and 
you  would  compel  the  use  of  other  drinks  that  produce 
drunkenness. 

So  it  is  in  Germany,  where  all  the  people,  from  time 
immemorial,  have  been  temperate  drinkers  of  light, 
wholesome  beers,  with  a  very  small  percentage  of 
alcohol.  There  is  infinitely  less  drunkenness  in  Ger- 
many, where  prohibition  is  never  heard  of,  than  in 
Maine  or  in  Kansas,  our  two  most  distinguished  pro- 
hibition States.  There  is  infinitely  less  drunkenness, 
less  crime  and  disorder  due  to  drink  in  Germany, 
France  or  Italy,  where  the  people  are  temperate  and 
where  everybody  drinks  the  really  temperate  drinks, 
than  in  any  one  of  our  Southern  States  recently  de- 
voted to  prohibition.  Prohibition  in  Germany  would 
mean  driving  out  harmless  beers,  which  do  not  lead  to 
intoxication.  But  prohibition  would  not  stop  men 
from  drinking. 

History  proves  that  teetotalism  is  fatal  to  a  race. 
Examples,  India  and  Turkey.  While  a  man  is  tem- 
perate himself  and,  if  he  chooses,  leading  the  life  of  a 

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Text- Book  of  True  Temperance. 

teetotaler,  he  ought  to  realize  that  he  has  no  right  to 
force  his  will  upon  another.  He  ought  to  read  history 
intelligently,  to  study  other  countries  intelligently, 
and  know  that  there  is  no  such  thing  as  real  temper- 
ance based  upon  prohibition. — Arthur  Brisbane,  in 
the ''New  York  Journal.'' 


Bad  laws  are  the  worst  sort  of  tyranny. — Edmund 
Burke. 


It  is  of  great  importance  to  a  republic  not  only  to 
guard  society  against  the  oppression  of  its  rulers,  but  to 
guard  one  part  of  society  against  the  oppression  of  the 
other.  Justice  is  the  end  of  government;  it  is  the  end 
of  civil  society. — James  Madison. 


The  first  tim£  I  heard  in  the  United  States  that  a 
hundred  thousand  men  had  bound  themselves  publicly 
to  abstain  from  spirituous  liquors,  it  appeared  to  me 
more  like  a  joke  than  a  serious  engagement;  and  I 
did  not  at  once  perceive  why  these  temperate  citizens 
could  not  content  themselves  with  drinking  water  by 
their  own  firesides. — DeTocqueville,  "  Democracy 
in  America." 


65 


FOREIGN   REGULATION   SYSTEMS. 


Beer  Recognized  as  a  Temperance  Agent — Swiss  Plan 

of  Compensation. 

SOME  of  the  most  advanced  systems  of  dealing 
with  the  drink  business  in  Europe  will  pay  ex- 
amination. The  oldest  and  most  talked-about 
IS  the  so-called  Gothenburg  system,  now  extensively 
adopted  in  Sweden.  The  retail  traffic  in  spirits  is 
placed  in  the  hands  of  public  corporations,  the  profits, 
after  deducting  5  per  cent,  on  the  capital  invested, 
going  to  public  purposes.  The  public  spirit  shops  are 
very  few  in  number  and  unattractive,  where  a  man 
goes  in  and  takes  his  dram  and  leaves.  He  can  buy 
all  he  wants  by  the  bottle  in  other  places,  not  to  be 
used  on  the  premises.  This  company  control  does  not 
extend  to  beer  and  wine,  which  are  not  considered  in 
the  same  class  with  spirits.  Neither  does  it  extend  to 
any  spirits  and  wines  containing  less  than  25  per  cent, 
of  alcohol.  Local  option  obtains  largely  in  the  coun- 
try districts,  but  does  not  cover  the  sale  of  beer  or 
light  wines. 

In  Norway  this  system  has  been  modified,  but  is  in 
the  main  similar.  The  number  of  spirit  shops  is  very 
small — in  Bergen,  the  principal  city,  one  to  over  3,300 
of  population;  in  the  greater  part  of  the  rural  dis- 
tricts there  are  none.  But  a  popular  highly  fortified 
wine,  called  liiddevin,  is  imported  and  extensively 
sold,  not  being  controlled  by  the  "companies."  Beer 
and  light  wines  are  free,  the  public  places  where  they 
are  consumed  paying  merely  an  occupation  tax  and 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

being  under  police  control  like  all  other  stores  and 
shops,  except  in  country  districts  where  prohibition 
partly  prevails. 

In  Sweden  and  Norway  the  consumption  of  spirits 
at  the  public  bars  has  greatly  decreased,  but  there  are 
conflicting  estimates  of  the  amounts  of  strong  drink 
consumed  that  do  not  come  under  the  "companies." 
Beer  is  becoming  more  popular,  being  considered  an 
agent  of  temperance.  There  is  believed  to  have  been 
a  great  diminution  of  public  drunkenness. 

Switzerland  has  a  government  monopoly  of  the 
traffic  in  spirits,  leaving  beer  and  light  wines  free. 
The  consumption  of  spirits  has  been  almost  cut  in  two 
and  their  quality  greatly  improved.  "Temperance 
restaurants"  sell  beer  and  wine  as  a  matter  of  course, 
but  no  spirits.    Absinthe  has  been  recently  prohibited. 

The  Dutch  System. 

Holland  has  no  government  monopoly  and  does 
nothing  to  eliminate  or  curtail  private  profit.  It  has 
three  classes  of  licenses — one  to  sell  "soft"  drinks,  one 
at  a  nominal  fee  to  sell  nothing  stronger  than  beer  and 
light  wines,  a  third  to  sell  spirits  and  all  other  drinks. 
The  number  of  the  third  class  licenses  is  very  small 
and  the  fee  comparatively  very  high.  As  in  the  other 
countries,  the  laws  are  strictly  enforced.  The  new 
law,  only  a  few  years  in  force,  is  seemingly  doing  won- 
ders for  temperance. 

The  Danish  System. 

Denmark  has  freed  all  beer  containing  not  more 
than  2\  per  cent,  by  weight  of  alcohol,  so  that  such 
beverages  pay  no  tax  or  license  fees.  The  temperance 
societies  secured  the  passage  of  this  law  and  have 
built  "Temperance  Homes"  all  over  the  country,  hav- 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

ing  restaurants,  reading  and  billiard  rooms,  and  halls 
for  meetings,  social  gatherings,  dances,  etc.,  at  all  of 
which  these  light  beers  are  served  together  with  choco- 
late, coffee,  etc.  In  rural  communities  where  no  halls 
are  available,  the  school  houses  are  used  for  these  pur- 
poses. The  consumption  of  spirits  has  been  greatly 
reduced,  while  the  use  of  beer,  and  especially  the  tax- 
free  kinds,  is  advancing.  The  arrests  for  drunkenness 
in  Copenhagen,  a  much  bigger  city  than  Gothenburg 
and  known  as  a  pleasure-loving  place,  where  the 
greatest  freedom  exists  in  the  sale  of  alcoholic  bever- 
ages, and  even  on  Sundays  the  hours  are  the  same 
as  on  week-days,  are  i6  to  i,ooo  of  population,  as 
against  52  in  Gothenburg. 

Through  all  these  systems — the  only  ones  that,  as 
far  as  government  interfeience  is  concerned,  have  had 
any  measure  of  success  in  diminishing  intemperance — 
there  runs  one  common  principle,  viz.:  The  encour- 
agement of  the  mild  drinks  as  a  temperance  measure. 
Some  make  that  principle  the  leading  one,  and  they 
seem  the  most  successful.  Others  make  it  second  in 
importance,  and  they  see  en  to  be  less  successful  than 
the  former,  though  still  more  so  than  all  other  coun- 
tries.— From  ''The  Drink  Question,''  by  H.  E.  0. 
Heinemann. 


68 


COMPENSATION. 


How  Switzerland  Indemnified  All  Connected  With 

the  Absinthe  Traffic. 

TO  the  average  American,  familiar  with  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court  decisions  concerning  the  compen- 
sation question,  it  may  be  of  interest  to  learn  that, 
following  the  precedent  established  at  the  time  of  the 
introduction  of  the  monopoly,  the  legislative  body  of 
Switzerland,  in  obedience  to  the  popular  mandate, 
enacted  a  law  granting  compensation  not  only  to  the 
owners  or  lessees  of  absinthe  distilleries  and  the  owners 
or  lessees  of  wholesale  establishments,  but  also  to  the 
owners  or  lessees  of  the  land  upon  which  the  absinthe 
plant  has  hitherto  been  raised,  and  to  the  salaried 
officers  and  the  wage-workers  employed  in  the  business 
of  making  and  selling  absinthe. 

During  the  two  years  which  have  elapsed  since  the 
adoption  of  the  constitutional  amendment  the  execu- 
tive officers  of  the  Swiss  federation  have  ascertained 
by  a  method  of  investigation  which  for  thoroughness 
and  fairness  cannot  be  excelled,  the  number  of  acres 
devoted  to  the  culture  of  the  absinthe  plant,  the  num- 
ber of  absinthe  distilleries,  the  number  of  whole- 
salers of  absinthe,  the  number  of  men  employed  in 
the  two  latter  branches  of  the  business,  together  with 
the  amount  of  capital  invested  in  agriculture,  manu- 
facture and  commerce  (so  far  as  the  prohibited  article 
is  concerned) ,  and  the  amount  of  profit  annually  de- 
rived from  each. 

Upon  the  basis  of  these  exhibits  compensation  will  be 
awarded  in  each  case.  The  compensation  averages 
four  times  the  amount  of  the  yearly  profit  in  each  case, 
labor  excepted,  it  being  assumed,  with  the  concur- 
rence of  the  parties  injured,  that  the  agricultural 
lands  and  the  buildings  and    business    devoted,    re- 

OF  THE 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

spectively,  to  the  raising  of  the  raw  material  and  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  absinthe  can  readily  be  used 
for  other  profitable  purposes.  Labor  is  compensated 
in  an  equally  equitable  manner.  The  Swiss  people 
and  government  have  caused  a  thorough,  scientific 
investigation  of  the  nature  of  all  fermented  and  dis- 
tilled liquors  used  in  their  country.  They  have  found 
that  some  are  so  perfectly  wholesome  and  absolutely 
harmless  that  in  the  interest  of  the  common  weal  they 
deserve  encouragement;  that  others,  apt  to  lead  to 
excesses,  should  be  reasonably  restricted.  In  only 
one  case — absinthe — the  public  welfare  seemed  to 
demand  a  drastic  measure,  and  in  applying  this  in  the 
form  of  prohibition  the  people  decided,  by  means  of 
the  referendum,  that  fairness  and  equity  imperatively 
demand  the  indemnification  of  the  parties  who  must 
bear  the  losses  growing  out  of  the  law. 

The  American  method  differs  from  the  Swiss  in  some 
essential  particulars.  Without  any  scientific  evi- 
dence— in  fact,  in  spite  of  convincing  contrary  proof, 
the  legislature  of  Kansas,  Maine  or  Iowa  decides  that 
all  beverages  containing  alcohol,  including  the  mildest 
wine,  but  always  (for  the  sake  of  the  farmer's  vote) 
excluding  cider  with  its  nine  to  ten  per  cent,  of  alcohol, 
constitute  a  menace  to  the  public  weal  and  must  there- 
fore, being  public  nuisances,  be  placed  under  the  ban 
of  prohibition  without  any  compensation  to  those 
persons  who,  under  the  explicit  terms  of  local  excise 
laws  and  the  Federal  revenue  acts,  have  invested  all 
their  capital  in  a  business  now  outlawed,  but  formerly 
encouraged  by  legislative  enactments.  The  U.  S. 
Supreme  Court  decides  that  in  the  exercise  of  its 
police  power  any  State  may  destroy  any  business 
deemed  dangerous  to  the  public  weal  without  com- 
pensating the  parties  injured  thereby. 

70 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court  has  no  proof,  and  can  have 
none,  that  the  moderate  use  of  beer  and  wine  and 
whiskey — drinks  ranging  in  the  alcohohc  proportion  of 
their  ingredients  from  four  per  cent,  to  45  per  cent. — 
constitute,  all  alike,  a  menace  to  the  public  welfare. 
The  Court  is  not  called  upon  to  decide  this  question, 
but  the  legislature  should  be.  This  is  the  difference 
between  the  Swiss  and  the  American  methods. 

The  .Right  .to  .Compensation. 

Under  the  law,  a  brewery  is  as  much  entitled  to 
protection  as  a  theological  seminary.  The  fact  that 
a  man  makes  and  sells  beer,  or  distils  stronger  intoxi- 
cating beverages,  does  not  in  any  way  impair  his  right 
to  citizenship.  He  is  as  much  under  the  protection  of 
the  law,  as  he  ought  to  be,  as  if  his  business  were  the 
making  of  religious  tracts  or  the  preaching  of  religious 
doctrines.  He  has  the  right  to  own  property  and  to 
the  ballot,  and  he  is  required  to  pay  taxes  on 
his  business  and  on  his  property.  He  can  be 
punished  only  by  the  prescribed  methods  of  the 
law,  and  in  the  manner  and  form  provided  by 
law,  and  then  only  for  the  commission  of  acts 
wiiich  impair  the  rights  of  others  and  menace  the 
good  order  of  society.  He  cannot  be  punished 
without  due  process  of  law,  and  he  is  entitled  to 
equal  protection  in  his  person  and  property. — /.  C. 
Hemphill,  lecturing  at  Yale  University. 

How  Belgium  Regards  Beer. 

Extract  froai  a  report  of  the  Belgian  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  relative  to  the  law  of  1897  abolishing  taxes  on 
beer,  wine  and  cider: — "By  removing  local  taxes  pro- 
duced from  beer,  wine  and  cider,  the  law  naturally  lowers 
the  price  of  these  beverages  and  increases  their  con- 
simiption,  thus  serving  the  interests  of  public  health." 

71 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

New  York  "Tribune"    Makes  Plea  for  Beer. 

Beer  is  an  essentially  innocuous  beverage.  When 
made  pure  and  sold  in  good  condition  it  is  not  harm- 
ful to  the  drinker,  and  it  is  not  a  breeder  of  disorder. 
Were  it  the  recognized  custom  here  to  separate  liquor 
dealers  into  various  classes,  licensing  some  to  sell  beer 
and  others  to  deal  in  stronger  drinks,  much  lower 
charges  being  made  for  beer  licenses,  a  great  improve- 
ment in  good  order  in  drinking  places  would  result  and 
the  evil  consequences  of  the  liquor  traffic,  direct  and 
incidental,  would  be  greatly  diminished.  Our  present 
system  of  a  general  license  for  all  liquors  prevents  a 
specialization  which  would  greatly  increase  the  pro- 
portion of  drinking  places  in  which  there  would  be  no 
great  encouragement  of  intoxication  and  of  the  ten- 
dencies to  disturbance  and  crime  which  follow  it. 

If  the  brewers  could  demonstrate  that  beer  saloons 
and  beer  gardens  can  be  conducted  with  a  minimum 
of  disorder  and  a  maximum  of  innocent  enjoyment, 
the  public  would  undoubtedly  soon  come  to  discrimi- 
nate among  purveyors  of  liquors  and  not  allow  the 
better  class  to  suffer  from  the  sins  of  the  less  deserving. 
The  sale  of  beer  apart  from  other  liquors  should  be 
favored  by  license  concessions.  The  brewers  them- 
selves could  also  do  much  both  to  promote  temperance 
and  to  extend  their  business  by  producing  and  having 
competently  handled  an  article  which  would  be  recog- 
nized as  equal  to  the  German  beers.  German  beer  is 
rich  in  nourishment  and  almost  non-alcoholic,  and  is 
for  most  persons  both  a  food  and  a  tonic.  The  wider 
use  here  of  equally  good  brews  would  educate  the 
American  public  up  to  German  standards  and  might 
greatly  discourage  our  present  overuse  of  harmful 
intoxicants. —  New  York  Tribune. 

72 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Beer-drinking  and  Cholera  Infection. 

Those  who  oppose  the  use  of  alcohol  in  any  form, 
even  as  beer,  have  sometimes  maintained  that  alcohol, 
even  when  taken  in  great  moderation,  makes  the  body 
particularly  subject  to  infection;  and  recently  certain 
temperance  agitators  in  Germany  have  revived  this 
argument  for  application  to  the  threatened  world 
epidemic  of  cholera. 

The  Deutsche  Brauer-Union  counters  on  this 
argument  by  producing  an  official  report  of  the  Im- 
perial Health  Office  on  the  cholera  epidemic  in  Ham- 
burg in  1893.  From  this  report  it  appears  that  of  all 
the  male  employees  in  the  Hamburg  breweries  only  10 
were  attacked  by  the  cholera,  and  of  the  10  only  four  died. 

The  following  extract  from  official  statistics  shows 
how  the  different  trades  were  affected  by  the  epidemic: 


Brewery  Employees.  . 

Tapestry  Workers. . .  . 

Butchers 

Instrument -makers. . . 

Imperial,  Local  and 
Clerical  Officials. . . . 

Bakers  and  Confec- 
tioners   

Painters  and  Decora- 
tors   

Bookbinders,  etc 

Basket -makers 

Shipbuilders 

Cabinet-makers 

Masons 

Carpenters 

Coopers 


Number 

of 
persons 
engaged 

Number 

taken 

sick 

Number 
died 

1.095 

10 

4 

1.745 

28 

13 

Z,o^:^ 

54 

22 

649 

12 

10 

10,545 

187 

75 

3.827 

77 

29 

4,261 

88 

37 

1 ,016 

23 

8 

784 

19 

9 

2.357 

65 

41 

6,258 

182 

90 

5.918 

^12> 

87 

2,714 

106 

58 

1,057 

45 

23 

Per  cent, 
affected 


0.9 
1.6 
1.8 
1.8 


1.8 


2  .0 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 

3 
4 


I 

3 
4 
8 

9 
9 
9 

3 


73 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

From  this  official  exhibit  it  appears  clear  that  the 
brewers  and  tavern-keepers,  who  daily  consume  quan- 
tities of  beer,  fared  much  better  during  the  epidemic 
than  other  trades.  Der  Medizinischen  Wochenschrift, 
commenting  on  this  circumstance,  says  the  reason  for 
this  remarkable  result  is  not  difficult  to  perceive.  On 
the  one  hand,  the  brewers  consumed  little  or  none  of 
the  infected  water  of  the  Elbe;  on  the  other  hand,  it 
is  not  impossible  that  the  acid-reacting  beer  destroyed 
the  comma  bacillus,  thereby  acting  as  an  antiseptic 
against  cholera. 

Hops  a  Remedy  for  Cholera. 

It  is  known  that  for  centuries  cholera  has  not  ex- 
tended to  people  working  in  breweries;  also  that  the 
consumption  of  beer  and  spirits  not  only  protects  from 
infection  through  the  cholera  germ,  but  also  serves  as 
a  remedy.  When  cholera  ravaged  Budapest,  in  1873, 
and  people  were  dying  like  flies  near  breweries,  the 
brewery  workmen  themselves  were  not  affected  by  the 
scourge.  And  the  newspaper,  Kvas,  reported  on 
October  ist,  1873,  that  hops  appeared  to  be  an  effect- 
ive remedy  for  cholera.  When  the  bubonic  plague 
and  cholera  devastated  Constantinople,  hops  were  used 
extensively  as  an  effective  medicine  and  disinfectant. 
It  is  also  asserted  that  cholera  generally  stays  away 
from  hop-growing  districts. 


74 


VALUE   OF   THE    BREWING   INDUSTRY. 


Magnitude   of    Interests  which   Prohibition    Seeks  to 

Destroy. 

ACCORDING  to  the  census  of  1900,  the  total 
value  of  the  products  of  American  industry- 
was  in  i860,  $1,885,861,676,  and  in  1900, 
$13,014,287,489.  That  is  to  say,  the  industries  of  our 
country  have,  in  their  producing  capacity,  grown 
within  40  years  a  little  more  than  sevenfold.  But 
the  production  of  beer,  which  was  in  1863,  the  first 
year  of  record,  only  a  little  over  two  million  barrels, 
has  grown  during  the  same  period  to  nearly  40 
million  barrels;  that  is,  twentyfold. 

The  census  of  manufactures  in  1905,  as  contained  in 
Bulletin  57  of  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  comprises 
only  certain  industries  which  produced  goods  to  the 
amount  of  $13,004,400,143.  The  same  industries  pro- 
duced in  1900,  $11,411,121,122,  an  increase  of  about 
14  per  cent.,  while  the  production  of  beer  increased 
twice  as  much. 

Considering  that  the  growth  of  the  production  of 
beer  is  here  measured  by  the  quantity  of  the  products, 
and  that  of  other  industries  by  their  value,  and  con- 
sidering further  that  prices  of  products  generally  have 
considerably  risen  during  the  last  six  or  seven  years, 
but  that  of  beer  has  remained  the  same,  the  compara- 
tive increase  in  the  production  of  beer  has  been  even 
greater  than  that. 

The  phenomenal  growth  in  the  production  of  beer 
can  be  demonstrated  in  yet  another  way.  In  i860 
the  population  of  our  country  was  31  millions  of  souls; 

75 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

in  1909  it  was  75  millions,  an  increase  of  140  per  cent., 
while  the  production  of  beer  in  about  the  same  period 
grew  1 ,900  per  cent. 

In  the  fiscal  year  1906-7  the  beer  production  in  the 
United  States  reached  the  enormous  quantity  of 
nearly  60  million  barrels.  There  are  single  breweries 
now  whose  production  is  equal  to  more  than  half  of 
the  total  production  of  beer  in  the  United  States  about 
40  years  ago,  and  some  cities,  as  for  instance,  New 
York,  Milwaukee  or  St.  Louis,  produce  more  beer  than 
the  whole  country  produced  in  1863. 

In  1900  the  breweries  employed  38,385  men  of  over 
16  years  of  age  and  paid  them  in  wages  $25,573,612, 
or  an  average  of  $665. 

In  1905  the  number  of  emplo}rees  was  48,139 
(nearly  10  thousand  more),  the  amount  of  wages 
$34,542,897  (nine  millions  more) ,  and  the  average  was 
$718  ($50  more). 

Statistics  taken  from  the  government  reports  of  the 
United  States  Manufacturers'  Census,  Bulletin  No.  57, 
show  that  the  employees  of  the  brewing  industry  are 
the  best  paid  workmen  in  the  country.  Not  only  do 
they  receive  the  highest  wages,  but  their  employment 
is  steady,  with  practically  no  lay-off  during  the  year. 

The  following  figures  were  not  compiled  by  brewers 
or  liquor  men,  but  are  taken  from  the  United  States 
Government  reports: 

Average  Yearly  Wage  in   Various  Industries. 

Brewery  employees $719 .  64 

Liquor,  distilled 629 .  20 

Liquor,  vinous 523-55 

Iron  and  steel  manufacture 586 .98 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing 532  .96 

Carriages  and  wagons 508 .57 

Flour  and  grist  mills 506 .  83 

Leather,  tanned,  cured  and  finished 576.61 

76 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Boots  and  shoes 466 .  63 

Cigars  and  cigarettes 412.61 

Clothing 409  .  87 

Mixed  textile 307  .02 

Tobacco,  chewing  and  smoking 282. 54 

These  figures  prove  that  the  employees  of  brewing 
concerns  receive  the  largest  annual  wage  paid  by  any 
leading  industry.  The  same  report  of  the  Govem- 
m,ent  statistician  shows: 

"In  the  manufacture  of  beer,  labor  gets  $1.00  out  of  every 
$5.50  produced.  In  the  manufacture  of  flour,  labor  gets 
$1.00  out  of  every  $26.35  produced.  In  the  manufacture  of 
fruit  preserves,  labor  gets  $1.00  out  of  every  $6.35  produced. 
In  the  manufacture  of  cheese,  butter  and  condensed  milk, 
labor  gets  $1.00  out  of  every  $16.50  produced.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  coffee  and  spices,  labor  gets  $1.00  out  of  every 
$27.75  produced.  In  the  manufacture  of  cordage  and  twine, 
labor  gets  $1.00  out  of  every  $7.70  produced.  The  list  might 
be  extended  to  the  same  effect.  It  is  clear  that  the  brewing 
industry  does  well  by  labor,  pays  the  highest  wages  and  gives 
the  workingman  the  largest  proportionate  share  in  the  finan- 
cial profit." 

From  small  beginnings  the  production  of  beer  has 
within  a  half-century  become  one  of  the  great  indus- 
tries of  the  country.  Its  rank  among  over  300 
industries,  whose  statistics  are  contained  in  the 
aforementioned  Bulletin  57,  was  in  1905  sixth  in 
reference  to  the  amount  of  capital  invested  and  thir- 
teenth as  to  value  of  products,  the  order  being  as 
follows : 

Capital  Invested. 
(Amount  stated  in  million  dollars.)         Mill 

1.  Foundry  and  machine  shops $937 

2.  Iron  and  steel  manufacturies 936 

3.  Illuminating  and  heating  gas 725 

4.  Lumber  and  timber 694 

5.  Cotton  manufacturies 613 

6.  Malt  liquors 516 

7.  Woolen  manufacturies 306 

77 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Value  of  Products. 

(Amount  stated  in  million  dollars.) 

Mill. 

1 .  Iron  and  steel $960 

2.  Slaughtering  and  meat  packing 814 

3.  Foundries  and  machine  shops 800 

4.  Flour  and  grist  mills 713 

5.  Lumber  and  timber 580 

6.  Cotton  goods 450 

7.  Railroad  (steam  and  street)   cars 432 

8.  Woolen  goods 373 

9.  Men's  clothing. 356 

10.  Tobacco  and  cigars 331 

11.  Boots  and  shoes 320 

12.  Printing  and  publishing  newspapers    and 

periodicals 309 

13.  Malt  liquors 298 

14.  Sugar  and  molasses 277 

15.  Bread  and  bakery  products 270 

It  stands  to  reason  that  the  destruction  of  any  large 
industry  would  seriously  affect  other  industries,  in- 
cluding agriculture  and  mining,  unless  the  industry  so 
destroyed  produces  everything  it  uses  in  the  way  of 
buildings,  raw  material,  machinery,  tools,  etc.,  itself, 
which  is  never  the  case.  Every  industry  benefits 
other  industries,  and  so  does  the  brewing  industry. 

Benefit  to  Other  Industries. 

The  size  of  the  whole  can  practically  be  measured 
by  statistics.  The  capital  of  the  brewing  industries 
was  composed  in  the  census  years  of  1890  and  1900 

as  follows  (figures  in  millions) : 

1890.  1900. 

Mill.  Mill. 

Land $33  $54 

Buildings 64  119 

Machinery,  tools  and  implements 50  "76 

Cash  and  sundries 84  166 

78 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

This  shows  that  in  the  ten  years  from  1 890-1 900  the 
brewers  spent  fifty-five  million  dollars  for  buildings, 
and  twenty-six  millions  for  machinery  and  tools. 
How  much  larger  the  latter  amount  is  cannot  be  said, 
for  the  twenty-six  millions  represent  only  the  value 
of  machinery,  tools  and  implements  preserved  and 
existing,  and  consequently  figuring  as  capital,  but  not 
the  wear  and  tear  and  the  things  wholly  used  up  and 
consumed.  But  even  as  values  stated,  they  surely 
fall  short  of  the  reality,  because  the  figures  are  taken 
from  tax  assessment  lists,  or  are  mere  estimates  and 
certainly  do  not  represent  actual  cost. 

In  the  half  decade  from  1 900-1 905  the  increase  of 
capital  was  proportionately  a  little  greater  than  in  the 
decade  1 890-1 900,  and  thus  it  can  be  seen  that  in  the 
fifteen  years  from  1 890-1905  the  brewers  assisted  the 
building  machinery  and  tool  industries  alone  to  the 
amount  of  nearly  two  hundred  million  dollars. 

The  item  cash  and  sundries  includes  such  things  as 
horses,  vehicles,  bottles,  casks,  etc.,  and  other  articles 
of  American  production.  The  increase  from  1890  to 
1900  was  eighty- two  million  dollars.  Cash  forms,  as  a 
matter  of  course,  a  very  small  item  in  the  increase, 
because  cash  circulates  and  is  constantly  converted 
into  products.  Consequently  this  item  shows  another 
eighty  million  dollars  contribution  to  other  industries 
by  the  brewers  within  ten  years. 

The  fuel  consumed  by  the  brewers  in  1900  cost 
nearly  five  million  dollars. 

The  production  of  beer  being  to-day  about  50  per 
cent,  larger  than  in  1900  all  these  figures  would,  of 
course,  be  also  correspondingly  larger.  Most  of  the 
brewers  do  not  make  their  own  malt,  but  buy  it  from 
maltsters,  the  conversion  of  barley  into  malt  having 
become  a  special  and  large  industry.     For  a  very  large 

79 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

part  of  the  use  of  its  capital,  its  expenses  for  ma- 
chinery, tools  and  buildings  and  payment  of  wages, 
credit  should  be  given  to  the  brewing  industry.  But 
special  statistical  figures  as  to  that  are  not  available  . 

Benefit  to  Agriculture. 

But  the  principal  benefit  from  the  brewing  of  beer 
accrues  to  our  agriculture.  The  American  people  con- 
sume an  enormous  quantity  of  com  and  barley  in  the 
shape  of  beer.  The  ingredients  consumed  in  pro- 
ducing a  barrel  of  beer  are  in  the  average  fifty  pounds 
of  malt,  twelve  pounds  of  com  and  ^  pound  of  hops. 
This,  with  a  present  annual  production  of  nearly  sixty 
million  barrels  of  beer,  shows  an  annual  consumption 
of  seventy-five  million  bushels  of  malt,  seven  hun- 
dred and  twenty  million  pounds  of  corn  (generally  in 
manufactured  form,  as  grits,  flakes,  etc.),  and  forty- 
five  million  pounds    of  hops. 

A  bushel  of  malt  weighs  from  thirty-four  to  forty 
pounds,  according  to  quality,  and  is  in  measure  about 
equal  to  a  bushel  of  barley.  A  bushel  of  com  weighs 
about  fifty-five  pounds.  Figuring  on  present  average 
prices,  corn,  75  cents;  malt  barley,  which  is  a  barley 
of  high  quality,  $1  per  bushel,  and  hops  18  cents  per 
pound,  there  is  an  annual  consumption  of  about 
ninety-five  million  dollars  worth  of  American  farm 
products  by  the  brewers,  not  speaking  of  what  is  con- 
sumed in  their  stables. 

While  it  is  difficult  to  say  what  influence  this  large 
consumption  of  barley  and  corn  has  upon  the  prices 
of  these  cereals,  it  is  certain  that  the  hop  production 
depends  almost  altogether  on  the  production  of  beer. 

The  total  area  devoted  to  the  production  of  hops 
in  1899  was  55,613  acres.  It  has  considerably  grown 
since,  and  as  only  about  one-fourth    of    the    crop    is 

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exported,  Europe  producing  ordinarily  enough  for  its 
own  use, the  American  hop  culture  must  live  and  die 
with  the  American  beer. 

The  United  States  produces  about  one-fifth  of  the 
hop  crop  of  the  world  and  ranks  third  among  the  hop- 
producing  countries,  Germany  being  in  the  lead  and 
England  coming  next. 

For  some  of  the  best  American  beer  Bavarian  or 
Bohemian  hops  are  used.  The  importation  of  Euro- 
pean hops  in  1 906  amounted  to  over  ten  million  pounds ; 
the  export  of  American  hops  to  Europe  was  about 
twelve  million  pounds;  to  American  countries,  about 
four  hundred  thousand  pounds;  to  Australia,  nearly 
half  a  million  and  to  Asia  over  sixty  thousand  pounds 
— altogether  a  little   over  thirteen    million    pounds. 

Leaving  the  distilling  of  spirits  aside,  there  is  no 
industry  which  directly  contributes  more  to  the  cost 
of  our  government  than  the  brewing  industry. 

The  government  taxes  beer  at  $1.00  per  barrel, 
and  derives  now  a  revenue  of  about  S60, 000, 000  from 
the  breweries,  besides  which  they  pay,  of  course,  their 
property  tax  to  the  States  and  municipalities,  and  in 
some  cases  special  license  tax  besides. 


Any  form  of  prohibition  or  restriction  hears  most 
heavily  upon  the  poorer  classes,  the  rich  being  always 
able  to  secure  whatever  potations  they  wish.  No  one  can 
question  the  sincerity  of  Mr.  Gladstone  as  to  temperance, 
but  when  urged  to  join  in  a  temperance  propagandism  in 
1864,  he  wrote:  ''How  can  I,  who  have  drunk  good  wine 
and  bitter  beer  all  my  life,  in  a  comfortable  room  and 
among  friends,  coolly  stand  up  and  advise  hard-working 
fellow-creatures    to    take   the   pledge  " — Henry    Wat- 

TERSON. 

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How  Prohibition  Brings  Law  into  Contempt. 

Judges  know  how  rapidly  the  value  of  the  oath 
sinks  in  courts  where  violation  of  the  prohibition  laws 
is  a  frequent  charge,  and  how  habitual  perjury  becomes 
tolerated  by  respected  people.  The  city  politicians 
know  still  better  how  closely  blackmail  and  corruption 
hang  together,  in  the  social  psychology,  with  the  en- 
forcement of  laws  that  strike  against  the  belief  and 
traditions  of  wider  circles.  The  public  service  be- 
comes degraded,  the  public  conscience  becomes  dulled. 
And  can  there  be  any  doubt  that  disregard  of  law  is 
the  most  dangerous  psychological  factor  in  our  pres- 
ent-day American  civilization?  It  is  not  lynch  law 
which  is  the  worst ;  the  crimes  against  life  are  twenty 
times  more  frequent  than  in  Europe,  and  as  for  the 
evils  of  commercial  life  which  have  raised  the  wrath 
of  the  whole  well-meaning  nation  in  late  years,  has 
not  disregard  of  law  been  their  real  source?  In  a 
popular  melodrama  the  sheriff  says  solemnly:  "I  stand 
here  for  the  law" ;  and  when  the  other  shouts  in  reply: 
"I  stand  for  common  sense!"  night  after  night  the 
public  breaks  out  into  jubilant  applause.  To  foster 
this  immoral  negligence  of  law  by  fabricating  hasty, 
ill-considered  laws  in  a  hysterical  mood,  laws  which 
almost  tempt  toward  a  training  in  violation  of  them, 
is  surely  a  dangerous  experiment  in  social  psychology. 
— Prof.  Milnsterherg. 


Forget  not,  I  pray  yon,  the  rights  of  personal  freedom. 
Self-government  is  the  foundation  of  all  our  political  and 
social  institutions.  Seek  not  to  enforce  upon  your 
brother  by  legislative  enactment  the  virtue  that  he  can 
possess  only  by  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience  and 
the  energy  of  his  will. — John  Quincy  Adams. 

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MENACE  TO  HONEST  LABOR. 


How  Prohibition  Threatens  the  Toiling    Millions. 

IN  pursuance  of  a  well-defined  plan,  the  enemies 
of  the  brewing  industry  have  diligently  sought 
during  the  past  year  to  prejudice  our  cause  in  the 
eyes  of  the  laboring  classes.  Especially  have  they 
attempted  by  insidious  means  to  break  up  the  existing 
relations  of  mutual  harmony  and  confidence  between 
the  brewers  of  the  country  and  the  various  organized 
labor  bodies  identified  with  the  trade. 

To  the  credit  of  the  intelligent  leaders  of  labor,  be 
it  said,  these  efforts  of  the  enemy  have  been  mainly 
without  success.  Not  once  has  the  authoritative 
voice  of  labor  been  raised  in  behalf  of  prohibition. 

We  have  yet  to  learn  of  any  practicable  plan  by 
which  the  hundreds  of  thousands  whose  living  is  men- 
aced by  prohibition  are  to  be  taken  care  of  in  the  event 
of  its  triumph.  The  fanatics  busy  at  their  work  of 
destruction  have  no  leisure  to  think  of  the  matter — 
they  leave  it  to  that  providence  of  their  own  creation 
which  depopulates  cities,  impoverishes  communities 
and  tramples  the  faces  of  the  poor.  Mayor  Rose,  of 
Milwaukee,  has  drawn  no  exaggerated  picture  in  these 
words : 

"As  a  result  of  prohibition,  vast  numbers  of  industrial 
hands  would  be  driven  into  other  fields  of  industrial  endeavor, 
already  filled  to  capacity,  with  an  overflow  walking  the  coun- 
try up  and  down  seeking  work.  Not  only  that,  but  how  many 
thousands  in  that  great  mass  have  served  apprenticeships 
and  learned  trades  to  which  they  have  devoted  years  of 
service,  and  in  which  they  have  grown  expert.  And  shall 
these  trades  be  sacrificed,  and  must  these  years  be  lost,  and 
must  those  men  begin  anew  the  game  of  life  with  their  best 

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years  behind  them?  And  what  of  those  others  who  are  now 
employed  in  other  branches  of  labor?  The  circumference  of 
the  circle  inclosing  their  opportunities  has  been  constantly 
narrowing  through  the  employment  of  labor-saving  devices, 
and  now  they  will  be  called  upon  to  divide  the  fraction  they 
have  left  with  the  destitute  legions  turned  empty-handed  into 
the  world  by  our  prohibition  friends.  Stem  necessity  knows 
no  law,  and  an  empty  stomach  does  not  stand  upon  etiquette 
when  food  must  be  had  to  sustain  life.  The  unemployed  will 
have  employment,  even  though  competition  must  be  the 
cudgel  wielded  to  secure  it,  and  that  means  lower  wages  for 
all." 

Labor  Bodies  Denounce  Prohibition. 

These  considerations  are  so  palpable  that  he  would 
be  dull  and  blind  indeed  who  should  fail  to  grasp  their 
significance.  And  there  is  abundant  evidence,  as  we 
have  said,  that  the  workers  are  awake  to  the  danger 
which  threatens  them.  Many  of  their  representative 
bodies  by  formal  resolution  have  condemned  the 
prohibition  agitation  and  called  upon  their  fellows  to 
unite  in  opposing  it.  Thus,  the  Wisconsin  State  Fed- 
eration of  Labor  declares : 

''Whereas,  These  fanatics  propose  legislation  which  will 
take  away  the  weekly  earnings  of  tens  of  thousands  of  wage- 
earners,  thereby  breaking  up  their  homes  and  disrupting  their 
family  ties ;  and, 

"Whereas,  Wisconsin  prohibition  has  proven  that  it  does 
not  prohibit,  but  leads  to  secret  use  of  the  vilest  sorts  of 
alcoholic  drinks,  to  hypocrisy  and  corruption;  therefore  be  it 

''Resolved,  That  the  Wisconsin  State  Federation  of  Labor 
in  convention  assembled,  declares  in  no  uncertain  terms  to  all 
officials  (legislative  and  executive)  elected  by  the  votes  of  the 
wage-earners,  that  a  stringent  stand  should  be  taken  against 
any  and  all  measures  that  lead  to  prohibition." 

In  a  set  of  remarkable  resolutions  put  forth  by  the 
Indiana  State  Federation  of  Labor,  it  is  affirmed : 

"That  this  organization  does  enter  into  most  emphatic 
protest  against  any  further  tampering  with  State  or  municipal 

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laws  that  have  for  their  purpose  the  closing  of  such  establish- 
ments, and  the  prevention  of  making  or  vending  the  products 
of  breweries,  distilleries  and  vineyards. 

''Resolved,  That  we  hereby  appeal  to  our  membership 
throughout  the  State  to  decline  to  vote  for  or  aid  in  any  man- 
ner whatever  any  party  or  organization  that  has  for  its  pur- 
pose the  restricting  of  the  rights  of  personal  liberty  of  the 
men  and  women  of  the  State,  or  that  may  become  such 
hereafter." 

The  trade  unions  of  South  Dakota  utter  this  warn- 
ing against  prohibition,  the  destroyer  of  labor: 

"We  have  our  homes  and  families  here  and  want  to  stay, 
but  the  adoption  of  the  County  Prohibition  Bill  will  destroy 
our  opportunities  and  that  of  thousands  of  others  to  earn  a 
living  in  this  State. 

"We  reaffirm  our  allegiance  to  that  cardinal  principle  of 
jurisprudence  which  assures  equal  rights  to  all  and  special 
privileges  to  none.  We  condemn  class  legislation;  we  brand 
the  proposed  law  as  not  only  unfair,  but  un-i\merican,  and  we 
call  upon  the  workingmen  of  South  Dakota  to  lend  their 
support  to  the  defeat  of  this  infamous  and  obnoxious  measure, 
as  its  adoption  would  establish  a  dangerous  precedent." 

The  Central  Trades  and  Labor  Union  of  St.  Louis, 
at  a  meeting  held  in  that  city  February  28,1 909,  passed 
a  resolution  urging  the  State  Assernbly  to  so  amend 
the  liquor  laws  of  Missouri  that  it  would  be  impossible 
for  the  State  to  destroy  or  confiscate  the  property  or 
business  of  any  citizen  or  to  inconvenience  thousands 
of  citizens  without  an  appeal  to  the  Courts.  The  lat- 
ter clause  was  intended  to  prevent  the  closing  of 
saloons  three  days  in  succession  as  had  been  done 
when  primary  elections  were  held  on  three  consecutive 
days. 

The  Central  Labor  Union  of  Brooklyn,  on  February 
28,  1909,  passed  the  following: 

''Resolved,  That  the  Central  Labor  Union  is  opposed  to 
any  legislation  that  will  at  this  time  of  widespread  industrial 
depression  and  unemployment,  suddenly  throw  out  of  work 

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thousands  of  members  of  organized  labor  employed  in   the 
liquor  industry." 

The  Federation  of  Labor  of  Baltimore  passed  a 
resolution  scoring  the  Anti-Saloon  League  for  its 
reprehensible  tactics  and  declaring  that  much  of  the 
present  business  depression  was  due  to  prohibition. 
The  resolution  in  part  reads: 

"We  believe  that  local  option  and  the  incessant  agitation 
by  paid  agitators  is  largely  responsible  for  the  unsatisfactory 
condition  of  business.  We  desire  to  record  our  unqualified 
opposition  to  the  Anti-Saloon  League  and  its  efforts  to  force 
local  option  and  prohibition  upon  the  people  of  this  State." 

The  Missouri  State  Federation  of  Labor  passed  a 
resolution  protesting  against  a  prohibition  campaign 
in  Missouri.  This  body  declared  that  the  people  of 
the  State  did  not  want  prohibition  and  that  there  was 
no  call  for  such  an  issue  being  submitted  to  the  voters. 

In  Michigan  the  Cigarmakers'  Union  passed  reso- 
lutions condemning  prohibition  and  local  option.  The 
cigarmakers  also  did  excellent  and  efficient  work  in 
opposing  prohibition  at  the  polls  at  the  recent  elec- 
tions in  Michigan. 

The  Central  Federated  Union  of  Greater  New  York 
and  vicinity  passed  a  resolution  urging  its  members 
and  members  of  all  organized  labor  unions  throughout 
the  country  to  oppose  the  passage  of  prohibitory 
legislation  wherever  such  measures  were  agitated. 

The  Michigan,  Florida  and  Louisiana  State  Federa- 
tions of  Labor,  the  Boston  Central  Labor  Union,  the 
National  Potters,  Coopers  and  other  representative 
labor  bodies  have  been  equally  outspoken  in  repudiat- 
ing prohibition. 

In  view  of  the  foregoing,  it  would  seem  that  the 
intelligent  workingman  is  in  no  danger  of  being  de- 
ceived by  the  prohibitionist  in  his  war  upon  American 
industries.     Such  is  the  prohibitionist's  conceit,  how- 

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ever,  that  he  really  expects  to  persuade  the  working- 
man  to  vote  away  his  personal  liberty,  his  work  and 
his  living! 

Laws  to  regulate  the  sale  of  intoxicants  and  increase 
the  responsibility  of  liquor  dealers,  with  a  judicious  and 
rational  license  system  and  a  reasonable  restriction,  are 
wiser  and  more  effective,  and  more  likely  to  be  observed 
and  enforced  whenever  public  sentiment  approves  them, 
than  any  prohibitory  enactment. — Henry  Watte rson. 


Shall  the  Workingman  Have  a  Keeper? 

Nothing  has  occurred  in  a  long  time  that  so  strik- 
ingly marks  the  growth  of  the  prohibition  spirit  as  the 
notice  given  by  several  railroad  companies  to  their 
employees  that  they  must  abstain  from  the  use  of  alco- 
holic beverages  on  pain  of  dismissal.  The  assumption 
that  American  workmen  stand  in  need  of  so  drastic  a 
warning,  coupled  with  such  a  penalty,  is  little  better 
than  an  insult  to  honest  labor.  That  such  a  thing  is 
possible  in  this  enlightened  day  can  only  be  regarded 
as  the  strongest  kind  of  a  testimony  to  the  spread  of 
the  prohibition  idea  which  now  menaces  the  rights  of 
the  citizen  in  many  widely  separated  States  and  com- 
munities. 

Speaking  on  this  point  not  long  ago  before  a 
committee  of  the  Maryland  House  of  Delegates,  Mr. 
Edward  Hirsch,  president  of  the  Baltimore  Federa- 
tion of  Labor,  said : 

"I  am  arguing  that  the  American  workingman  believes  in 
freedom  and  the  right  to  regulate  his  own  conduct.  All  this 
temperance  legislation  proceeds  on  the  theory  that  those  who 
patronize  saloons  or  take  a  drink  are  weak  or  irresponsible 
and  need  a  guardian.  If  you  are  to  pass  such  laws  as  to  drink, 
where  will  it  stop?     The  Anti- Saloon  League  already  dictates 

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to  us  our  politics  and  threatens  to  dominate  parties;  give 
them  their  way  and  the  next  step  will  be  to  tell  us  what  we 
must  eat  or  smoke  or  wear.  The  principle  is  the  same.  Our 
American  conception  of  free  government  is  that  men  are 
assumed  to  be  responsible  and  are  guaranteed  their  freedom 
until  they  abuse  it.  Has  the  American  workingman  who 
stands  for  the  decent  saloon,  abused  his  freedom  that  he  must 
now  be  placed  in  the  custody  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League?" 

Evidently  that  time  is  come,  but  the  workingman 
will  have  no  one  but  himself  to  blame  should  he  throw 
away  his  liberty. 


/  have  seen  prohibition  at  work  in  the  United  States 
of  America,  and  I  reply,  in  regard  to  it,  much  more 
upon  the  information  I  have  obtained  from  impartial, 
intelligent  people  than  I  do  even  on  my  own  observation, 
and  the  evidence  I  have  received  from,  such  persons — 
persons  thoroughly  disinterested — is  all  to  the  same 
effect:  that  in  towns,  at  any  rate,  anything  in  the  nature 
of  compulsory  prohibition  of  drinking  is  absolutely 
impossible ,  and  it  only  leads  to  drinking  in  worse  forms 
than  under  the  old  system. — The  Riglit  Hon.  Joseph 
Chamberlain,  M.P.,  1894. 


The  rich  and  well-to-do  have  no  more  right  to  indulge 
themselves  at  their  clubs  and  at  the  sideboards  of  their 
homes  than  have  the  poor  to  indulge  themselves  at  the 
corner  grocery,  and  no  man  has  a  moral  right  to  vote  for 
prohibition  who,  by  evasion  of  the  law,  by  the  importa- 
tion of  liquors  from  without,  supplies  his  own  demands; 
he  has  no  right  to  enforce  upon  his  fellowmen  less  for- 
tunately situated  a  policy  which  will  compel  them  to  a 
mode  of  life  to  which  he  does  not  submit  himself. — Hon. 
Frederick  W.  Lehmann,  U.  S.  Solicitor-General. 

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What   Is    Labor's    Debt   To    Prohibition? 

CLARENCE   DARROW  ANSWERS  THE   QUESTION. 

When  did  you  ever  hear  of  a  prohibition  convention 
raising  its  voice  in  protest  against  kilHng  workingmen 
when  their  Hves  were  only  one-half  done?  They  are 
too  busy  talking  about  Rum.  Now,  let  me  tell  you 
more.  Do  you  know  of  all  the  people  who  are  bom 
into  this  world,  all  who  come  upon  the  earth,  one-fifth 
or  one-sixth  of  the  human  race  of  the  whole  world  go 
out  through  one  door,  and  that  door  isn't  Rum — that 
door  is  tuberculosis,  and  they  die  between  20  and  30 
as  a  general  rule,  when  they  are  of  most  use  to  their 
families  and  their  friends.  They  die  from  lack  of  air 
and  food  and  room  and  opportunity  to  live.  They 
die,  not  on  account  of  Rum,  but  on  account  of  mo- 
nopoly, and  if  one-tenth  part  of  the  energy  and  money 
and  hot  air  that  is  spent  on  Riun,  were  spent  on 
tuberculosis,  that  great  scourge  would  have  been 
wiped  away  years  ago.  Do  these  gentlemen  care  any- 
thing about  tuberculosis  patients?  No.  A  man  may 
be  eaten  alive  by  tuberculosis  and  the  prohibitionist 
looks  square  in  his  face  and  says,  Oh!  Rum!  Rum! 
Why,  in  our  tenement  districts  tuberculosis  goes  from 
father  to  son,  from  mother  to  daughter,  from  sister  to 
brother,  and  in  our  sweatshops  and  factories,  they  die 
like  flies,  because  men  have  monopolized  the  earth,  and 
the  prohibitionist  looks  on  and  shouts  Rum!  Let  me 
tell  you  more.  A  half-million  workingmen  were 
killed  and  maimed  last  year,  the  victims  of  our  indus- 
trial machines.  They  were  ground  up  by  cars;  they 
died  in  molten  vats  of  steel  and  lead;  they  had  their 
arms  and  hands  cut  off  hy  machines;  they  fell  from  the 
tenth  or  fifteenth  story  of  an  iron  structure,  up  in  the 
air,  while  working  to  buy  bread  for  their  families. 
They  died  by  every  spindle  and  engine  that  makes 

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these  great  industries  what  they  are.  Half  a  milHon 
of  these  lives  and  limbs  could  have  been  saved  if  man 
cared  for  life  and  didn't  care  for  dollars.  If  they  tried 
to  make  machines  safe,  safe  to  protect  human  life, 
men  and  women  and  little  children,  these  lives  would 
have  been  saved.  The  other  day,  in  the  State  of 
Illinois,  about  three  hundred  poor  fellows  went  down 
into  the  earth  with  a  torch  on  their  head  and  lived  a 
lingering  death  of  perhaps  a  week  or  ten  days,  and 
never  came  up  to  their  families  and  their  homes.  The 
reason  was  that  men  were  more  interested  in  making 
a  mine  profitable  than  in  making  a  mine  safe.  (Ap- 
plause.) Do  you  hear  any  of  these  prohibitionists  sigh 
and  do  you  see  them  shed  tears  and  do  you  hear  them 
raise  their  voices  in  agony  because  of  a  half-million 
of  poor  workingmen  ground  under  the  wheels  of  in- 
dustry every  year  to  make  money  for  men?  No. 
They  don't  see  the  tears  of  the  widows  and  they  don't 
hear  the  moans  of  the  orphans,  and  they  don't  hear  the 
dying  groans  of  the  poor  victims  of  our  industry. 
They  are  too  busy  shouting  Rum ! 

Do  you  know  that  the  labor  organizations  of  this 
country  have  kept  their  men  before  every  legislative 
body  in  America? — they  have  taken  their  earnings 
and  sent  men  to  the  capitals  of  every  State  and  the 
capital  of  the  nation  to  plead  for  legislation  that  would 
make  safety  appliances  for  railroads  and  cars;  that 
would  make  mines  safe;  that  would  protect  life. 
They  have  been  there  year  after  year,  pleading  to  take 
little  children  out  of  the  mines;  to  take  them 
away  from  the  spindles  and  put  them  into  the  schools ; 
to  prevent  women  from  taking  the  jobs  from  their  hus- 
bands and  fathers.  Have  you  ever  been  to  a  legisla- 
tive body  and  found  a  committee  of  prohibitionists 
there  to  help  you  plead  your  cause?     Have  they  ever 

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raised  their  voices  in  behalf  of  your  Hves,  of  your 
limbs,  of  your  wives,  of  your  children?  Have  they 
ever  done  anything  except  to  shout  Rum  ?  While  you 
have  been  there  pleading  for  your  homes  and  your 
families  and  your  lives,  over  here  in  the  comer  is 
raised  a  hoarse  cry  of  the  prohibitionists  saying: 
"For  God's  sake,  don't  take  that!  Don't  give  us  the 
Employers'  Liability  Act!  Don't  give  us  the  Safety 
Appliance  Act!  Don't  do  an3rthing  about  mills  and 
mines;  just  wait.  Don't  take  up  that.  Let's  first 
destroy  Rum.  Join  with  us  on  a  moral  issue.  Let  us 
get  rid  of  Rum  and  then  we  will  help  you."  And  if  you 
help  them  get  rid  of  rum  and  go  back  you  will  find 
these  gentlemen  in  the  comer  and  they  will  say: 
"Not  now.  Let  us  get  rid  of  tobacco.  Let  us  get  rid 
of  theatres  and  cards  and  billiards  and  dancing  and 
ever3rthing  else  and  then  we  will  attend  to  you." — 
From  speech  by  Mr.  Clarence  S.  D arrow,  given  at  New 
Bedford,  Mass.,  Dec.  4,  1909. 

How  to  Get  Inferior  Workmen. 

Writing  on  this  subject,  Mr.  H.  E.   O.   Heinemann 

says  in  his  excellent  brochure,  "The  Rule  of  Not  Too 

Much:" 

"It  is  being  more  commonly  claimed  nowadays  that  the 
anti-drink  movement  of  to-day  is  no  longer  an  emotional 
affair,  but  based  on  economic  grounds,  and  that  employers  of 
labor  insist  on  abstinence  among  their  employees.  The  word 
'abstinence'  is  not  used.  Generally  the  word  'sobriety'  or 
some  synonym  occurs.  But  the  impression  is  sought  to  be 
conveyed  that  abstinence  is  meant.  If  this  is  the  case,  it 
were  time  the  working  people  pulled  themselves  together  and 
took  action  in  regard  to  the  matter. 

"That  employers  have  a  right  to  demand  sobriety  on  the 
part  of  their  employees,  will  not  be  denied.  But  sobriety  does 
not   mean   total    abstinence.     And   whatever   else   may    be 

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granted,  no  workingman  ought  to  allow  his  actions  to  be 
arbitrarily  controlled  outside  of  the  time  of  his  employment. 
Employers  no  doubt  do  not  realize  what  they  are  doing.  If 
they  demand  total  abstinence  outside  of  working  hours  on  the 
part  of  men  who  enjoy  alcoholic  drink  and  are  accustomed  to 
its  use,  they  will  either  drive  them  to  secret  indulgence  with 
all  its  degrading  influences,  or  will  deprive  them  of  a  useful 
and  harmless  pleasure  and  wholesome  indulgence  and 
thus  materially  diminish  their  mental  and  physical  buoyancy 
and  hence  their  efficiency  during  working  hours.  If,  on  the 
other  hand,  they  employ  only  total  abstainers,  they  will  win- 
now out  from  a  generally  healthy  population  the  abnormal 
and  defective  natures  and  thus  secure  inferior  material  for 
their  employ.  For  intolerance  of  alcohol  is  a  mark  of  de- 
generacy, and  abstinence  not  based  on  actual  intolerance  of 
alcohol  argues  lack  of  moral  control  or  lack  of  capacity  to 
enjoy,  either  of  which  indicates  a  weaker  and  inferior  nature 
than  the  normal." 


The  essence  of  real  liberty  is  that  every  adult  and  sane 
man  should  have  the  right  to  pursue  his  own  life  and 
gratify  his  own  tastes  without  molestation,  provided  he 
does  not  injure  his  neighbors,  and  provided  he  fulfills 
the  duties  which  the  State  exacts  from  its  citizens. — 
W.  E.  H.  Lecky. 


Heavy  taxes  upon  malt  liquors  and  upon  light  wines 
made  the  ginshop  flourish  in  England.  Wise  statesman- 
ship has  always  encouraged  the  use  of  the  milder  bever- 
ages as  a  means  of  temperance.  Prohibition  falls  most 
severely  upon  malt  and  vinous  liquors  because  of  their 
greater  bulk,  and  incites  to  the  use  of  strong  drink  or 
stronger  drugs . — Hon.  Frederick  W.  Lehmann,  U.  S. 
Solicitor-General. 

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PROHIBITION. 


A  Menace  to  American  Liberties — Its  Crimes,  Failures 

and  Follies. 

The  justest  laws  are  the  truest. — Epictetus. 

Civil  Liberty  is  the  not  being  restrained  by  any  law 
but  which  conduces  in  a  greater  degree  to  the  public 
welfare. — Paley. 

THE  intolerance  of  prohibition  is  the  same  quality 
in  kind  as  the  intolerance  of  Puritanism.  Both 
are  as  hostile  to  liberty  as  darkness  is  to  light. 
Both  have  their  animating  spirit  in  that  principle  of 
tyrannic  bigotry  which  would  impose  its  rule  upon  all 
men,  which  is  constantly  active  in  one  form  or  another, 
and  against  which  eternal  vigilance  is  the  only  safe- 
guard. 

This  intolerant  curse  of  Puritanism — the  true  par- 
ent and  ancestor  of  modem  prohibition — prevailed 
during  a  brief  period  of  English  history,  leaving  such 
bitter  lessons  as  mankind  will  never  forget.  The 
Seventeenth  Century  had  the  Puritan ;  the  Twentieth 
Century  has  the  Prohibitionist. 

Liberty  is  the  mother  of  arts — especially  personal 
liberty,  for  paradoxical  though  it  seem,  personal  lib- 
erty may  exist  where  there  is  very  little  political  lib- 
erty or  indeed  none  at  all.  This  was  the  case  under 
some  of  the  Caesars,  under  many  European  princes  at 
the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  or  revival  of  arts  and 
learning,  and  during  the  splendid  despotism  of  Louis 
XIV.  Hence  the  fact  that  these  and  similar  periods, 
devoid  of  political  liberty,  were  yet  marked  by  many 
productions  of  literary  genius  and  by  great  progress 

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in  the  arts,  need  not  be  viewed  as  an  anomaly.  We 
can  at  least  assure  ourselves  that  there  was  a  large 
measure  of  personal  liberty  in  those  times ;  that  popu- 
lar life  was  free,  even  though  severed  from  the  realm 
of  politics  and  government;  that  men  were  not  so 
dogged  and  harassed  by  a  jealous  tyranny  in  their  daily 
lives  as  to  be  incapable  of  that  sense  of  freedom  which 
is  no  less  necessary  to  the  appreciation  than  to  the 
production  of  art. 

It  is  clear,  then,  that  the  liberal  arts  are  intimately 
related  to  and  dependent  upon  personal  liberty — 
the  artistic  spirit  cannot  work  in  chains.  Feeling  this 
to  be  true,  the  Puritans  made  ruthless  war  upon  both, 
and  in  consequence  of  their  savage  zeal,  art  did  not 
again  raise  its  head  in  England  for  more  than  a  hun- 
dred years .    Let  us  quote  a  paragraph  from  Macaulay : 

"Sculpture  fared  as  ill  as  painting.  Nymphs  and  Graces, 
the  work  of  Ionian  chisels,  were  delivered  over  to  Puritan 
stone-masons  to  be  made  decent.  Against  the  lighter  vices 
the  ruling  faction  made  war  with  a  zeal  little  tempered  by 
humanity  or  by  common  sense.  Sharp  laws  were  passed 
against  betting.  It  was  enacted  that  adultery  should  be 
punished  with  death.  The  illicit  intercourse  of  the  sexes, 
even  where  neither  violence  nor  seduction  was  imputed, 
where  no  public  scandal  was  given,  where  no  conjugal  right 
was  violated,  was  made  a  misdemeanor.  Public  amusements, 
from  the  masques  which  were  exhibited  at  the  mansions  of 
the  great  down  to  the  wrestling  contests  and  grinning  matches 
on  village  greens,  were  vigorously  attacked.  One  ordinance 
directed  that  all  the  Maypoles  in  England  should  forthwith 
be  hewn  down.  Another  proscribed  all  theatrical  diversions. 
The  playhouses  were  to  be  dismantled,  the  spectators  fined, 
the  actors  whipped  at  the  cart's  tail.  Rope-dancing,  puppet 
shows,  bowls,  horse-racing,  were  regarded  with  no  friendly 
eye.  But  bear-baiting,  then  a  favorite  diversion  of  high  and 
low,  was  the  abomination  which  most  strongly  stirred  the 
wrath  of  the  austere  sectaries.  It  is  to  be  remarked  that  their 
antipathy  to  this  sport  had  nothing  in  common  with  the  feel- 

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ing  which  has  in  our  time  induced  the  legislature  to  interfere 
for  the  purpose  of  protecting  beasts  against  the  wanton 
cruelty  of  men.  The  Puritan  hated  bear-baiting,  not  because 
it  gave  pain  to  the  bear,  but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the 
spectators." 

At  last  Puritanism  attempted  its  crowning  outrage 
upon  and  invasion  of  personal  liberty  when,  in  1664, 
the  Long  Parliament  ordered  that  Christmas  Day 
should  be  strictly  observed  as  a  fast  and  (again  quot- 
ing the  historian)  "that  all  men  should  pass  it  in  be- 
moaning the  great  national  sin  which  they  and  their 
fathers  had  so  often  committed  on  that  day,  by  romp- 
ing under  the  mistletoe,  eating  boar's  head  and  drink- 
ing ale  flavored  with  roasted  apples." 

Public  hatred  of  this  act  was  expressed  in  formid- 
able riots.  The  people  long  remembered  it  with  bitter 
resentment  and  the  Puritan  paid  dearly  on  the  day 
of  reckoning. 

History  furnishes  numerous  examples  that  of  all 
possible  forms  of  "tyranny  none  has  been  always 
deemed  so  galling  and  oflFensive  as  that  which  invades 
the  sacred  province  of  personal  liberty;  or,  in  other 
words,  which  seeks  to  interfere  with,  to  regulate  and 
control  the  reserved  and  natural  rights  of  the  indi- 
vidual. Such  is  the  officious  tyranny  that  would 
meddle  with  matters  of  dress  and  diet  concerning  which 
the  individual  is  properly  absolute  and,  as  the  saying 
goes,  a  law  unto  himself;  assuming,  of  course,  that 
his  personal  habits  in  the  way  of  eating  and  drinking 
and  clothing  himself  do  not  constitute  a  nuisance  to 
his  neighbor  or  the  community. 

Among  the  natural  rights  of  men — those  innate 
prerogatives  conceded  by  the  general  voice  of  man- 
kind— none  is  more  deeply  founded,  none  more  vigi- 
lantly cherished,  more  jealously  defended  and  more 

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truly  incontestable  than  this.  Yet  it  is  this  inalien- 
able right  of  humanity  which  the  zealots  of  Prohibition 
would  take  away. 

A  great  historian  has  said  that  even  a  despotism 
may  be  tolerated  long  if  it  have  wisdom  enough  to 
abstain  from  those  oppressions  that  drive  men  mad. 
To  this  category  surely  belong  such  intolerable  vio- 
lations of  personal  rights  as  are  comprehended  under 
the  policy  of  prohibition.  If  there  is  anything  better 
calculated  to  drive  men  mad  than  a  system  which 
thwarts  the  indulgence  of  their  natural  appetites,  it 
has  heretofore  escaped  the  notice  of  history.  We  do 
not  go  so  far  as  to  say  that  prohibition  has  taken  out 
the  first  caveat  of  this  ingeniously  perverted  instru- 
ment for  goading  men  to  desperation,  but  it  is  cer- 
tainly entitled  to  all  the  lapsed  rights  of  the  original 
patentees.  The  principle  of  prohibition,  as  we  have 
already  sufficiently  shown,  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
worst  despotisms  which  have  disfigured  the  annals  of 
humanity.  It  is  the  complete  negation  of  personal 
liberty  and  the  exact  antithesis  of  natural  right.  Yet 
this  and  nothing  less  than  this  is  put  forward  as  a  pub- 
lic policy,  and  in  some  quarters  executed  as  such,  in  a 
country  where  liberty  is  solemnly  guaranteed  to  the 
humblest  citizen! 

When  the  final  chapter  of  the  history  of  prohibition 
comes  to  be  written — and  Time  is  even  now  at  work 
upon  it — the  Great  American  Fraud  will  appear  in  its 
true  significance.  Men  will  then  wonder  how  it  was 
possible  that  an  idea  so  repugnant  to  the  spirit  of 
liberty  could  have  become  naturalized  on  American 
soil.  Even  greater  will  be  their  astonishment  that  a 
fanaticism  which  was  honestly  accepted  and  believed 
in  by  so  small  a  fraction  of  the  people,  should  some- 
times have  succeeded  in  imposing  its  detestable  rule 

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upon  large  communities.  Not  less  will  they  cease  to 
marvel  when  the  true  explanation  dawns  upon  them 
— that  hypocrisy  had  gone  hand  in  hand  with  intoler- 
ance to  promote  this  unworthy  cause ;  that  public  men 
had  been  coerced  into  giving  their  support  to  that 
against  which  their  conscience  revolted ;  that  the  whip 
of  bigotry  had  availed  far  more  than  the  tongue  of 
logic  or  persuasion  in  securing  its  brief  ascendancy; 
that  men  had  voted  it  into  power  while  knowing  it  to 
be  a  Wrong  and  a  Lie  and  secretly  purposing  to  vio- 
late laws  of  their  own  making ;  that  it  had  corrupted 
the  public  morality,  debauched  the  legislature  and 
soiled  the  process  of  the  courts;  finally,  that  no  cause 
ever  championed  by  men  had  been  indebted  for  its 
partial  success  in  so  large  a  degree  to  the  baser  ele- 
ments of  human  nature. 

Prohibition  Record  Up  to   Date. 

Maine — Adopted  prohibition  in  1846;  repealed  in 
1856;  re-enacted  prohibition  in  1858. 

New  Hampshire — Adopted  in  1855;  repealed  in 
1903. 

Vermont — Adopted  in  1 850 ;   repealed  in  1 903. 

Massachusetts — Adopted  in  1852  ;  repealed  in  1868 ; 
readopted  in  1869;  repealed  in  1875. 

Rhode  Island — Adopted  in  1852;  repealed  in  1863; 
readopted  in  1886;  repealed  in  1889. 

Connecticut — Adopted  in  1854;  repealed  in  1872. 

New  York — Adopted  in  1855;  declared  unconstitu- 
tional. 

Ohio — Adopted  in  1851 ;  annulled  by  a  license  tax 
law. 

Indiana — Adopted  in  1855;  declared  unconstitu- 
tional. 

Michigan — Adopted  in  1855 ;  repealed  in  1875. 

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Illinois — Adopted  in  1851;  repealed  in  1853. 

Wisconsin — Adopted  in  1855;  vetoed  by  governor. 

Iowa — Adopted  partial  prohibition  in  1855;  full 
prohibition  in  1 884 ;  mulct  law  in  1893. 

Nebraska — Adopted  in  1855 ;  repealed  in  1858. 

Kansas — Constitutional  amendment  in  1880. 

North  Dakota — Constitutional  provision   in  1890. 

South  Dakota — Constitutional  provision  in  1890; 
repealed  in  1896. 

Georgia — Adopted  prohibition  in  1907. 

Oklahoma — Adopted  prohibition  in  1907. 

Alabama — Adopted  prohibition  in  1908;  repealed 
same  in  191 1. 

Mississippi — Adopted  prohibition  in  1908. 

Tennessee — Adopted  prohibition  in  1909. 

North  Carolina — Adopted  prohibition  in  1909. 

The  Reaction. 

Recent  events  indicate  strongly  that  the  Southern 
States  which  were  overwhelmed  by  the  prohibition 
tidal  wave  a  few  years  ago,  are  weary  of  their  costly 
and  disastrous  experiment  and  eager  to  return  to 
license.  The  general  elections  of  November,  1910, 
make  this  clear  to  the  most  obtuse  or  prejudiced 
observer. 

Missouri,  Florida,  Utah  and  Oregon  rejected  con- 
stitutional prohibition.  Alabama  elected  a  Gov- 
ernor and  Legislature  pledged  to  repeal  prohibition. 
South  Carolina  chose  a  Governor  on  a  local  option 
platform.  Conditions  in  Tennessee  favor  the  repeal  of 
the  prohibition  law.  Texas  elected  a  Governor  and 
Legislature  opposed  to  State-wide  prohibition.  South 
Dakota,  now  license,  rejected  a  form  of  county  pro- 
hibition. Arizona's  constitutional  convention  voted 
to  turn  down  a  prohibition  amendment.  New  Mex- 
ico has  wisely  decided  to  let  dry  laws  alone. 

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In  the  States  named,  as  in  others,  it  is  evident  that 
the  so-called  prohibition  "tidal  wave"  has,  in  a  large 
measure,  subsided  and  that  there  is  small  likelihood  of 
its  gaining  new  ground  or  recovering  what  it  has  lost. 

Concurrently  it  appears  no  less  clear  that  the  people 
are  resolved  upon  a  firm  administration  of  just  laws 
governing  the  liquor  trade.  Reviewing  the  elections 
as  a  whole  and  in  an  impartial  spirit,  it  must  be 
granted  that,  taken  by  and  large,  they  offer  a  remark- 
able popular  endorsement  of  the  American  theory 
of  home  rule  and  the  license  system.  Naturally, 
the  change  of  sentiment  is  most  striking  in  the  South 
where  scarcely  more  than  two  years  ago  the  prohibi- 
tion agitation  assumed  the  features  of  a  genuine 
crusade.  But  North  and  West  and  East  the  influ- 
ences of  reaction  are  equally  at  work. 

Settled  Forever  for  Missouri. 

We  congratulate  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  on  the  over- 
whelming defeat  of  the  prohibition  amendment.  It 
is  a  wise  and  righteous  decision  of  the  people  which 
saves  both  the  city  and  the  State  from  moral  and  ma- 
terial disaster.  The  Post-Dispatch  takes  a  peculiar 
pleasure  in  extending  these  congratulations.  This 
paper  took  the  lead  in  the  battle  against  Amendment 
No.  lo.  It  began  before  the  voters  had  registered. 
Its  appeal  "to  save  St.  Louis"  met  with  a  tremendous 
popular  response.  An  immediate  result  was  the 
largest  registration  of  voters  in  the  history  of  the  city. 
It  led  the  fight  thereafter  and  in  the  result  it  finds 
justification  of  its  leadership  and  approval  of  its  con- 
duct. 

So  large  is  the  majority  against  the  prohibitory 
amendment  that  a  fair  conclusion  is  that  every   point 

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raised  in  objection  to  it  was  effective.  There  is  not  a 
shadow  of  doubt  that  both  the  city  and  the  State  are 
unalterably  opposed  to  prohibition,  because  it  in- 
fringes personal  liberty;  because  it  promotes  vice, 
immorality  and  disrespect  for  law,  order  and  decency ; 
because  it  impairs  business  stability,  upsets  values 
and  lessens  material  prosperity.  The  verdict  is  that 
prohibition  is  neither  good  morals,  good  business  nor 
good  sense.  So  emphatically  has  this  judgment  been 
written  that  the  question  of  its  practicability  or  ad- 
vantage or  necessity  should  never  again  be  brought 
forward  in  Missouri  to  assume  the  proportions  of  a 
political  issue. 

*j»  *•*  't*         'l^  ^^  ^^ 

Without  such  a  campaign  and  without  the  splendid 
object  lesson  of  a  regulative  liquor  law  wisely,  impar- 
tially and  rigidly  enforced,  prohibition  would  have 
been  a  real  and  continuing  menace.  Out  of  the  cam- 
paign comes  the  teaching  that  there  must  be  not  only 
no  modification  of  this  liquor  law  or  its  administration 
towards  laxness,  but  there  must  be  such  amendments 
to  it  as  experience  has  taught  will  bring  the  purposes 
of  the  law  still  nearer  to  realization.  Regulative  laws 
and  their  perfect  enforcement  are  the  bulwarks  of  the 
morality,  decency  and  prosperity  which  prohibition 
would  destroy. — St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch. 


There  has  been  in  all  Governments  a  great  deal  of 
absurd  canting  about  the  consumption  of  spirits.  We 
believe  the  best  plan  is  to  let  people  drink  what  they  like, 
and  wear  what  they  like;  to  make  no  sumptuary  laws 
either  for  the  belly  or  the  back. — The  Rev.  Sidney 
Smith,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's. 

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Is   Prohibition    Good   For   The   State? 

IN   THE    LIGHT   OF   COMMON   SENSE   AND     HUMAN     EXPE- 
RIENCE:    NO. 

Someone  has  defined  history  as  philosophy  teaching 
by  example.  Surely  there  has  been  no  lack  of  such 
teaching  as  to  the  effects  and  consequences  of  prohi- 
bition wherever  tried  in  this  country. 

Among  the  States  which  have  made  a  more  or  less 
disastrous  trial  of  prohibition  and  have  abandoned 
it  for  license,  we  may  name  Vermont,  Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island,  New  Hampshire,  Michigan,  Iowa, 
Illinois,  Nebraska,  Pennsylvania  and  South    Dakota. 

These  members  of  our  commonwealth  have,  at 
different  times  but  with  almost  equal  emphasis, 
answered  the  question  propounded  above :  they  have 
replied  that  prohibition  was  not  good  for  them. 

But  why  was  prohibition  not  good  for  them  ? 

Prohibition  did  not  benefit  the  States  named,  and 
cannot  benefit  any  State,  for  certain  moral  and  ma- 
terial reasons.  On  the  contrary,  it  did  them  great  and 
positive  harm. 

Let  us  first  barely  glance  at  the  moral  evils  wrought 
by  prohibition — evils  which  it  must  always  produce, 
as  the  tree  beareth  fruit  according  to  its  kind. 

Prohibition  refuses  to  recognize  natural  laws,  and 
it  has  therefore  failed  even  where  every  condition  and 
circumstance  seemed  to  favor  it. 

Prohibition  is  the  parent  of  illicit  traffic,  w^hich 
enormously  aggravates  the  drink  evil.  It  is  a  viola- 
tion of  the  American  spirit  and  a  contradiction  of  our 
theory  of  government. 

It  is  an  axiom  that  laws  which  are  not  founded  in 
right  and  reason  can  never  be  enforced.  The  habitual 
disregard  for  prohibitory  statutes  wherever  they  are 

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presumed  to  be  in  force  tends  to    create  and  foster 
disrespect  for  all  law. 

On  this  very  point  the  Committee  of  Fifty  (headed 
by  such  men  as  President  Eliot  of  Harvard,  Bishop 
Potter,  Seth  Low,  Hon.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  Hon. 
Charles  J.  Bonaparte,  Dr.  Felix  Adler,  Prof.  W.  O. 
Atwater,  and  Richard  Watson  Gilder)  has  made  a 
searching  report  in  which  they  say : 

"There  has  been  concurrent  evil  of  prohibitory  legislation. 
The  efforts  to  enforce  it  during  forty  years  have  had  some 
unlooked  for  effects  on  public  respect  for  courts,  judicial 
proceedings,  oaths  and  laws  in  general,  and  for  officers  of 
the  law,  legislators  and  public  servants." 

The  Committee  goes  on  to  point  out  that  "the 
public  has  seen  law  defied,  a  whole  generation  of 
habitual  lawbreakers  schooled  in  evasion  and  shame- 
lessness,  courts  ineffective  through  fluctuations  of 
policy,  delays,  perjuries,  negligencies  and  other  mis- 
carriages of  justice,  officers  of  the  law  double-faced 
and  mercenary,  legislators  timid  and  insincere,  candi- 
dates for  office  hypocritical  and  truckling,  and  office- 
holders unfaithful  to  pledges  and  reasonable  public 
expectation.  Through  an  agitation  which  has  al- 
ways had  a  moral  end,  these  immoralities  have  been 
developed  and  made  conspicuous. ' ' 

Finally  this  eminent  and  unimpeachable  Committee 
reaches  these  conclusions,  which  would  seem  to  settle 
decisively  the  moral  side  of  the  question : 

"Almost  every  sort  of  liquor  legislation  creates  some  spe- 
cific evil  in  politics." 

"Legislation  to  secure  the  ends  of  prohibition  intensifies 
political  dissensions,  incites  to  social  strife  and  abridges  the 
public  sense  of  self-respecting  liberty." 

"It  cannot  be  positively  affirmed  that  any  one  kind  of 
liquor  legislation  has  been  more  successful  than  any  other  in 
promoting  real  temperance." 

102 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

So  much  for  the  greater  moral  evils  that  attend 
prohibition  and  testify  significantly  that  it  is  by  no 
means  "good  for  the  State."  We  have  said  nothing 
of  the  secret  drinking,  the  addiction  to  baneful  drugs, 
the  crime-breeding  "speak-easies"  and  similar  name- 
less dives,  the  special  crop  of  evils  for  the  individual 
and  the  home,  which  are  equally  chargeable  to  prohi- 
bition. These  are  indeed  known  of  all  men  and  ask 
no  commentary. 

Now  as  to  the  material  side  of  the  question,  "Is 
prohibition  good  for  the  State  ?"  This  in  truth  is  even 
easier  to  answer  and  claims  a  more  emphatic  negative. 
A  very  few  facts  and  figures  will  suffice  to  establish 
our  position. 

It  is,  of  course,  to  be  taken  for  granted  that  the 
State  is  not  indifferent  to  its  material  prosperity  or  to 
any  conditions  injuriously  affecting  the  same.  Such 
a  condition  is  brought  about  speedily  and  inevitably 
under  prohibition.  The  North  American  Review,  a 
conservative  authority,  says  on  this  point : 

"The  States  of  the  Union,  without  exception,  which  have 

adopted  prohibitory  laws,  either  in  whole  or  in  part,  have 

either  experienced  a  material  decrease  in  population,  or  have 
fallen  very  far  behind  the  other  States  in  their  growth. 

•  "In  906  towns  located  in  3  3  different  States,  644  of  them  under 
prohibition  orlocal  option  laws  and,  of  course,  legally  permitting 
no  liquor  to  be  sold  in  them,  the  average  tax  rate  on  each 
$100.00  of  valuation  in  1902  was  $2.43  in  the  prohibition 
towns,  and  $1.59  in  the  towns  where  Hquor  was  permitted. 
The  average,  therefore,  was  59  per  cent,  higher  in  the  pro- 
hibition than  in  the  licensed  towns.  A  similar  investigation 
gives  like  results  as  to  rents  and  real  estate  values  in  such 
localities." 

North,  South,  East  and  West,  wherever  prohibition 
gets  a  foothold,  the  immediate  and  certain  results  are 
increased  taxes,  stagnation  of  business  and  decline   of 

103 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

local  prosperity.  Increase  of  population  is  conceded 
to  be  "good  for  the  State."  Well,  Maine  is  the  oldest, 
the  banner  prohibition  State.  Her  population  in 
i860  was  21.2  to  the  square  mile;  thirty  years  later 
it  was  21.7.     How  is  that  for  prohibition  ? 

Is  pauperism  "good  for  the  State  ?"  Sparsely  popu- 
lated Maine,  "all  dry,"  at  least  in  theory,  has  163  out 
of  every  100,000  of  its  people  living  in  almshouses, 
while  thickly  populated  license  New  Jersey  has  only 
94  in  the  same  proportion. 

So  we  begin  to  see  that  the  tangible,  material  fruits 
of  prohibition  are  loss  of  population,  economic  ruin 
and  misery,  pauperism,  discontent  and  crime.  None 
of  these  things  is,  however,  "good  for  the  State." 
and  in  all  of  them  the  prohibition  States  have  achieved 
the  head  of  the  column. 

Finally,  prohibition  deprives  the  State  of  enormous 
revenue  by  which  many  public  institutions  of  social, 
charitable  and  educational  utility  are  maintained. 
This  revenue  cannot  otherwise  be  supplied  without 
working  great  hardship  to  the  people  and  inviting  a 
train  of  economic  disorders. 

Perhaps  the  Fathers  of  our  country  knew  what  was 
"good  for  the  State."  It  is  certain,  at  any  rate,  that 
Jefferson,  Madison  and  Hamilton,  with  the  majority 
of  our  early  lawmakers,  favored  and  sought  by  legis- 
lation to  foster  the  native  wine  and  brewing  industries. 
And  it  may  be  pointed  out  that  in  more  than  one 
crisis  of  our  history  the  public  revenue  derived  from 
these  has  proved  exceedingly  "good  for  the  State." 


The  introduction  of  beer  in  America  has  done  more 
for  temperance  than  all  the  temperance  societies  and  all 
the  prohibition  laws  combined. — Henry  Watterson. 


104 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Prohibition  Keeps   Maine  Poor. 

The  following  item,  credited  to  the  Bangor  News, 
recently  appeared  in  the  New  York  Sun: 

"The  total  cost  of  the  Enforcement  Commission  created  by 
the  Sturgis  law,  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1905,  from  the 
beginning  of  the  present  year  to  the  first  of  this  month  has 
been  $24,018.75,  while  the  fines  and  fees  collected  in  the  same 
period  amount  to  $4,477.82,  which  makes  the  net  cost  of  the 
Commission  thus  far  this  year  $19,540.93. 

"Since  June,  1907,  when  the  enforcement  deputies  made 
their  second  appearance  in  this  State  by  raiding  in  Somerset 
County,  the  total  cost  of  the  Commission  has  been  $42,979.62, 
while  the  sum  of  $8,142.88  has  been  received  in  fines  and  fees 
from  prosecutions,  leaving  the  net  cost  $34,836.74." 

The  humor  of  this  paragraph  lies  in  the  Sun's  head- 
ing, but  the  joke  is  not  calculated  to  set  the  homy- 
handed  Maine  farmers  laughing  to  split  themselves! 

The  total  resources  of  all  banks  in  Maine,  in  com- 
parison with  other  States,  according  to  the  report  of 
the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency  on  June  i,  1907,  was 
as  follows: 

AVERAGES 
STATE  RESOURCES    PER  CAPITA 

Maine $182,523,663  254.57 

New  Hampshire 124,308,511  284.46 

Vermont 92,809,820  264.41 

Massachusetts 1,456,344,818  470.54 

Rhode  Island 243,836,859  486 .  70 

Connecticut 406,568,508  393.96 

New  York 5,436,879,448  648.87 

New  Jersey 501,402,167  223.34 

Pennsylvania 2,204,708,023  311 .84 

The  average  per  capita  for  the  New  England  States 
was  $408.67  and  for  the  Middle  Eastern  States  $438.33, 
showing  Maine  to  be  much  below  the  average. 

105 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Figures  that  Speak. 

Honest  statistics  fail  to  serve  the  prohibitionist. 
The  United  States  census  of  1910  demonstrated  that 
prohibition  centres  run  behind  in  the  natural  growth 
of  population  as  conapared  with  localities  where  people 
are  not  restricted  in  their  personal  habits  of  nutrition 
and  enjoyment  of  life,  and  now  another  striking  fact 
is  revealed  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  the  Treasury. 
It  relates  to  saving,  thrift  and  prosperity.  For  years 
the  prohibitionists  have  insisted  that  where  the  saloon, 
the  brewery  and  the  distillery  disappear,  savings-bank 
deposits  increase.  The  Treasury  report  shows  that 
the  very  contrary  is  a  fact:  The  two  principal  pro- 
hibition States,  Maine  and  Kansas,  have  lower  average 
deposits  in  their  savings  banks  than  almost  every 
State  not  dominated  by  prohibitionism,  while  North 
Dakota,  also  a  prohibition  State  for  a  number  of  years, 
has  not  a  savings  bank  that  the  agents  of  the  U.  S. 
Comptroller  of  the  Currency  could  find!  New  York, 
Connecticut  and  Montana  have  average  savings- 
banks'  deposits  almost  doubling,  trebling  and  more 
than  quadrupling  those  of  Kansas  and  Maine.  Here 
are  the  figures:  Maine,  $386.48;  Kansas,  $176.92; 
North  Dakota,  $0.00 ;  New  York,  $509.28;  Connecticut, 
$473.13;  Montana,  $823.37. 

These  figures  tell  their  own  eloquent  story. 


A  statute  cannot  he  fully  enforced  in  a  community 
where  the  sentiment  is  opposed  to  it,  and  where  it  is 
attempted  to  enforce  it  there  oftentimes  result  more  evil 
than  good,  more  harm  than  benefit,  and  all  kinds  of 
disorders  and  difficulties  are  brought  upon  us  by  that 
attempt. — Brand  Whitlock,  Mayor  of  Toledo,  Ohio. 

106 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Prohibition   the  Remedy. 

DR.     WILLIAMS     ADMITS     THE    TOTAL    FAILURE      OF    THE 

ENFORCEMENT     SYSTEM. 

Now  what  are  the  facts  of  liquor  production  for, 
let  us  say,  the  past  twenty  years,  during  which  time 
the  prohibition  movement  had  made  spectacular 
advances  ? 

Why,  briefly  these:  In  1890  the  amount  of  Hquor 
consumed  in  the  United  States  aggregated  less  than 
a  billion  gallons,  the  per-capita  consumption  being 
15.53  gallons.  In  1907  the  amount  of  liquor  con- 
sumed had  risen  above  the  two-billion-gallon  mark, 
the  per-capita  consumption  being  23.53  gallons. 

Throughout  this  period  there  has  been  a  steady 
increase  both  in  the  aggregate  quantity  and  in  the 
per-capita  consumption.  And  this,  be  it  recalled,  is 
the  very  decade  which  the  prohibitionists  point  to 
with  such  enthusiasm  as  witnessing  the  rapid  spread 
of  local  option. 

In  1908  and  1909,  however,  there  was  a  distinct 
decline  from  the  high  mark  of  1907,  and  it  did  appear 
that  the  long-awaited  turn  in  the  tide  had  come.  But 
when  the  new  statistics  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June, 
1910,  came  to  light  all  hopes  aroused  by  the  statistics 
of  the  previous  two  years  were  rudely  shattered. 
For  it  appeared  that  the  recession  of  those  two  years 
was  only  a  momentary  ebbing  of  the  tide  as  if  to 
gather  new  force;  and  the  flood  of  alcohol  now  rose 
again  close  to  the  "high  tide"  of  1907. 

In  the  past  twenty  years,  then,  the  consumption  of 
liquor  has  more  than  doubled  in  the  United  States. 
In  1890  there  was  comparatively  little  territory  under 
prohibition  laws;  in  1910  about  half  the  territory  of 
the  United  States  is  under  such  laws.     We  are  forced 

107 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

to  conclude  either  that  one-half  the  territory  of  tho 
country  now  consumes  more  than  double  what  the 
entire  territory  consumed  twenty  years  ago,  or  else 
to  make  the  alternative  concession  that  the  "dry" 
territories  are  far  enough  from  feeing  "dry"  in  any 
literal  sense. 

In  point  of  fact,  the  conclusion  seems  forced  upon 
us  that  the  passing  of  State-wide  prohibitory  laws, 
and  the  great  accessions  to  the  locally  "dry"  territory 
in  the  years  1908-9  did  for  the  moment  restrict  the 
sale  of  liquor  in  these  territories ;  but  that  only  a  few 
months  were  required  in  which  to  establish  new  chan- 
nels of  illicit  distribution,  after  which  the  traffic  went 
ahead  with  renewed  impetus. 

SIXTY    YEARS    OF     PROHIBITION.       ; 

In  the  figures  just  given  I  have  purposely  limited 
the  view  to  the  most  recent  epoch,  because  the  period 
in  question  has  been  marked  by  steady  and  rapid 
progress  of  the  prohibition  movement.  It  may  be 
worth  while,  however,  to  illustrate  on  a  wider  scale 
the  futility  of  the  temperance  movement,  as  hitherto 
prosecuted,  in  checking  the  consumption  of  alcohol. 
The  figures  are  no  less  than  appalling  and  should  com- 
mand the  attention  of  every  well-wisher  of  the  race, 
whatever  his  temperance  proclivities.  It  appears 
that  in  1850,  at  the  time  the  first  great  prohibition 
movement  was  just  gaining  headway,  the  annual  per- 
capita  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages  in  the 
United  States  was  4.08  gallons.  In  1860  it  had  risen 
to  6.43  gallons;  in  1870  to  7.70  gallons;  in  1880  to 
10.08  gallons;  in  1890  to  15.53  gallons;  in  1900  to 
17.68  gallons;  in  1910  to  more  than  23  gallons. 

It  appears,  then,  that  the  aggregate  net  result  of 
sixty  years  of  temperance  legislation  is  that  the  aver- 

108 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

age  American  of  to-day  consumes  almost  six  times  as 
much  liquor  as  did  the  average  American  of  1850. 
The  redeeming  feature  of  the  case  is  that  the  average 
man  now  drinks  vastly  more  beer  and  relatively  less 
spirits;  but  this  change  is  not  one  for  which  prohi- 
bition can  be  responsible.  It  is  obvious  that  in  an 
attempt  to  evade  prohibition  laws  the  more  condensed 
spirits  (being  easier  to  handle,  ship  and  conceal)  will 
tend  to  take  the  place  of  the  more  bulky  ones ;  hence 
in  so  far  as  prohibition  has  affected  the  relative  status 
of  distilled  spirits  and  beer,  its  influence  must  presum- 
ably have  favored  the  former.  In  point  of  fact  the 
consumption  of  distilled  spirits  alone  in  the  year  1896 
(the  year  in  which  Kentucky  passed  the  local  option 
law  as  just  noted)  had  fallen  to  1.01  gallons  per  capita. 
But  now  the  consumption  of  spirits  again  increased, 
year  by  year,  and  in  1907  it  had  risen  to  1.63  gallons 
per  capita. 

^  SfC  3|C  3fC  9f!  •(* 

Briefly,  then,  great  as  I  conceive  the  evils  of  the  use 
of  liquor  to  be,  I  find  nothing  in  the  evidence  to  lead 
me  to  believe  that  they  can  most  advantageously  be 
combated  by  so  drastic  a  procedure  as  the  enactment 
of  a  Federal  prohibitory  law.  I  believe  that  here,  as 
elsewhere,  the  social  organism  must  progress  by 
evolution  rather  than  by  revolution.  We  cannot  in  a 
day  or  in  a  decade  convince  the  eight  or  ten  million 
men  in  the  United  States  who  consimie  a  certain 
quantity  of  liquor  each  day  (the  vast  majority  of  them, 
let  it  be  conceded,  never  drinking  to  the  point  of  in- 
toxication) that  they  will  be  happier  and  better  off 
for  the  foregoing  of  their  indulgence. 

Hence  a  general  prohibition  law  would  from  the 
outset  have  to  deal  with  a  population  among  whom 
practically  half  of  the  adult  males  would  be  in    a 

109 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

rebellious  frame  of  mind — crying  out  in  no  uncertain 
terms  against  the  infringement  of  their  sacred  personal 
liberties. 

Add  that  the  heads  of  families  aggregating  probably 
not  less  than  three  million  people  would  suddenly  be 
deprived  of  their  sole  means  of  livelihood,  and  that 
properties  valued  in  the  aggregate  at  perhaps  two 
billion  dollars  would  as  suddenly  become  worthless, 
and  the  seriousness  of  the  social  and  economic  crisis 
that  would  be  precipitated  begins  to  reveal  itself  in 
something  like  its  true  proportions. 

Personally  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand  how  anyone 
who  has  the  slightest  grasp  of  economic  questions  can 
contemplate  with  equanimity  the  anarchistic  possi- 
bilities— nay,  certainties — which  reveal  themselves 
through  the  slightest  use  of  the  imagination  in  con- 
nection with  these  figures.  To  me  at  least  it  seems 
obvious  that  the  only  thing  which  has  kept  the  pro- 
hibition movement  before  the  people  of  the  United 
States  is  the  simple  fact  that  prohibition  does  not 
prohibit. — Dr.  Henry  Smith  Williams  in  ''Ladies  Home 
Journal,''  Jan.  i,  1911. 


If  every  indirect  effect  of  a  man's  acts  upon  his  fellows 
shall  give  to  the  government  the  right  of  control  over  them, 
there  are  no  hounds  to  its  powers.  He  may  he  constrained, 
then,  not  only  in  his  drink,  hut  in  the  whole  of  his  diet, 
in  his  dress,  in  his  speech,  in  the  comfort  and  luxury  of 
his  home,  in  his  labors  a'nd  in  his  recreations.  Among 
some  peoples  government  has  gone  to  this  extent,  hut  such 
governments  are  not  free,  and  they  are  alien  to  the  genius 
of  our  people. — ^Hon.  Frederick  W.  Lehmann,  U.  S. 
Solicitor-General . 

110 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Governor  Patterson  Condemns  Prohibition. 

Prohibition  is  fundamentally  and  profoundly  wrong 
as  a  governmental  policy,  and  in  a  country  where  the 
largest  measure  of  freedom  of  action  is  accorded  the 
individual  it  becomes  intolerable. 

For  a  State,  through  its  lawmaking  power,  to  at- 
tempt to  control  what  the  people  shall  eat  and  drink 
and  wear — except  to  see  that  they  are  protected  from 
imposition — is  tyranny  and  not  liberty. 

No  State  has  yet  attempted  to  forbid  what  a  man 
should  eat,  but  pure  food  laws  are  necessary  to  see 
that  what  he  eats  is  not  adulterated  or  misbranded, 
and  that  he  obtains  what  he  wants  without  substitu- 
tion or  deceit  by  the  dishonest  manufacturer  or  dealer. 

No  State  has  yet  attempted  by  law  to  prescribe  the 
manner  of  dress  for  the  people,  but  it  would  be  com- 
petent for  the  State  to  provide  by  law  that  the  goods 
should  be  properly  marked  so  as  to  prevent  impo- 
sition. *  *  *  I  a^ni  convinced  that  any  attempt  to 
abolish  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  liquor  is  abortive, 
in  that  it  does  not  accomplish  the  result  hoped  for. 
And  again  that  it  violates  the  plainest  and  most 
obvious  rule  of  individual  action  and  personal  free- 
dom. 

*^^  *Tj  ^^  ^^0  ^^ 

*J*  *Jv  ^*  iji  ^^ 

Shall  we  destroy  property  to  make  men  honest  ? 

Shall  we  abolish  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder 
because  men  sometimes  use  it  to  murder  their  fellow- 
men? 

Can  we  make  men  virtuous  by  law,  or  is  it  only 
through  education.  Christian  influence  and  the  growth 
of  intelligence,  consciousness  and  responsibility  in 
man  himself? 

Ill 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  answer  is  but  one,  and  that  is  that  man  must 
work  out  his  own  destiny  under  human  law,  as  he 
must  his  own  salvation  under  divine  law. 

The  commandments  of  God  forbid  the  doing  of 
certain  things,  but  His  creatures  have  the  election  to 
keep  or  break  these  commandments. 

Reward  comes  to  those  who  observe  them  and  pim- 
ishment  to  those  who  do  not. 

In  the  scheme  of  human  government  man  may 
make  laws  which  forbid,  and  he  may  be  punished  if 
he  breaks  those  laws,  but  to  remove  temptation  by 
law  or  to  make  men  good  by  law  is  an  asstimption  of 
authority  as  unjustified  by  reason  as  it  is  useless  in 
practice. 

The  manufacturers  of  beer  and  liquor  have  invested 
large  sums  of  money  at  the  invitation  of  the  State 
and  pay  the  taxes  required  by  her  laws. 

An  act  to  destroy  the  value  of  their  plants  would 
be  confiscation  and  without  compensation  of  any  sort. 

If  an  individual  should  apply  a  torch  and  burn 
property  to  the  ground,  he  could  be  held  responsible 
both  civilly  and  criminally  for  his  act. 

If  the  State  applies  the  torch  of  statutory  confisca- 
tion there  is  no  remedy,  for  the  State  is  sovereign  and 
has  the  power  to  destroy. 

But  with  the  power  and  with  no  redress  by  the  in- 
dividual, should  not  the  State  be  slow  to  apply  the 
torch  ?  And  if  it  does  in  the  exercise  of  its  sovereignty, 
should  it  not  compensate  the  citizen  for  his  loss  ? 

:ic        ^        ^        ijs        ^        ^ 

In  my  opinion  the  choice  which  is  logically  and  in- 
evitably presented  is  between  regulation  and  control 
by  law  of  the  liquor  traffic,  and  secret  or  open  vio- 
lation of  the  law. 

112 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

It  is  the  choice  between  openness  and  evasion,  be- 
tween fairness  and  hypocrisy,  between  real  tempta- 
tion and  its  counterfeit. 

Any  law  that  will  not  be  respected  and  cannot  be 
enforced  ought  not  to  be  placed  upon  the  statute 
books. 

A  law  that  will  breed  lying  and  deceit  in  the 
people  is  not  a  temperance  measure  but  an  in- 
temperance measure. 

«t«  «!«  «I«  «S«  *|«  «i« 

'I*        *i*        *!*        *r»        *|*        *j^ 

England  has  been  a  nation  for  centuries  and  has 
sown  the  seeds  of  civilization  over  the  habitable  globe, 
but  prohibition  has  never  been  accepted  in  England 
as  a  moral  issue,  or  even  a  desirable  thing  from  an 
economic  standpoint. 

Neither  France,  Germany,  nor  any  of  the  older 
nations  have  thought  it  was,  nor  has  the  United  States 
as  a  government  treated  prohibition  as  a  moral  issue. 

Indeed,  its  policy  has  been  the  reverse,  for  it  not 
only  recognizes  the  right  of  the  people  to  make  and 
use  liquor,  but  Congress  has  refused  repeatedly  to 
enact  a  law  to  prevent  the  shipment  of  liquor  from 
other  States  into  prohibition  States. 

In  the  very  large  majority  of  the  States  of  the 
Union  there  is  no  considerable  sentiment  for  prohibi- 
tion, and  if  we  compare  the  moral  tone  of  the  people, 
their  intelligence  and  wealth,  in  the  States  w^here  pro- 
hibition does  not  prevail  with  the  few  States  where  it 
does,  I  think  a  fair  and  accurate  observer  would  be 
bound  to  conclude  that  prohibition  neither  elevates 
morally,  materially  nor  intellectually. — From  veto 
message  of  Gov.  Patterson  of  Tennessee,  January  1 1 , 1 909. 

113 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Eminent  Divines  Condemn  Prohibition. 

Cardinal  Gibbons: 

"The  establishment  of  prohibition  in  Chicago  or  other  large 
cities  would  be  impracticable  and  would  put  a  premium  on 
the  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks. 

"When  a  law  is  flagrantly  and  habitually  violated  it  brings 
legislation  into  contempt.  It  creates  a  spirit  of  deception  and 
hypocrisy,  and  compels  men  to  do  insidiously  and  by  stealth 
what  they  would  otherwise  do  openly  and  above  board.  You 
cannot  legislate  men  by  civil  action  into  the  performance  of 
good  and  righteous  deeds." 

Bishop  Hall,  Verraont: 

"Prohibition  drives  underground  the  mischief  which  it 
seeks  to  cure,  making  it  more  difficult  to  deal  with  the  evil 
and  impossible  to  regulate  the  trade,  as  for  instance,  in  the 
quality  of  liquor  sold." 

Rev.  Dr.  Rainsford,  New  York: 

"To  drink  is  no  sin.  Jesus  Christ  drank.  To  keep  a  saloon 
is  no  sin.  And  any  policy  that  claims  the  name  of  Christ 
or  does  not  claim  His  name,  that  deals  with  the  well-nigh 
universal  taste  of  man  for  alcohol  on  the  basis  of  law  and 
order  alone,  cannot  commend  itself  to  the  best  intelligence 
and  is  doomed  to  fail." 

Bishop  Clark,  Rhode  Island: 

"Prohibition  has  been  disastrous  to  the  cause  of  temper- 
ance." 

Bishop  Grafton,  Wisconsin: 

"I  cannot  see  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  compulsory 
abstinence.  Rabid  temperance  workers  have  accomplished 
very  little  toward  destroying  the  drink  evil." 

Rt.   Rev.   P.  J.   Donohue,   Roman  Catholic    Bishop, 

Wheeling,  W.  Va. : 

"While  I  recognize  the  evils  of  the  liquor  traffic,  I  am  never- 
theless driven  to  the  conviction  that  prohibition  will  be  a 
failure  in  the  attempt  to  cope  with  such  evils.  In  many 
States  it  is  already  a  failure,  the  net  results  of  such  legislation 
being  to  multiply  illicit  bars,  and  at  the  same  time  to  deprive 
the  commonwealth  of  the  revenue  accruing  from  license." 

114 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Bishop  Bashford,  Peking,    China: 

"If  I  had  the  power  to  thrust  prohibition  on  a  community 
I  would  not  do  it  unless  the  community  wished  it." 

Rev.  Dr.  Parkhurst,  New  York: 

"I  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that  the  more  beer  and  wine 
there  is  produced  in  this  country  and  the  more  freely  it  is 
transported  from  State  to  State  the  less  whiskey  will  be  used 
and  the  smaller  the  amount  of  drunkenness." 

Rev.  Dr.  Blanchard,  Portland,  Me.: 

"My  eyes  were  opened  to  the  great  evils  of  prohibition  in 
a  very  few  years.  The  clubs  organized  by  young  men,  the 
selling  of  vile  decoctions  by  women  and  children,  the  hypoc- 
risy and  corruption,  arrested  my  attention." 

Rev.  W.  A.  Wasson,  New  York; 

"The  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  is  and  has  always  been  con- 
sidered not  only  legitimate  as  a  beverage,  but  it  is  consecrated 
and  hallowed  in  the  most  solemn  and  weighty  rite  of  the 
Christian  Church.  Now  you  cannot,  by  a  mere  law,  eradicate 
a  sentiment  and  destroy  an  institution  that  has  stood  for 
ages,  and  that  is  so  deeply  rooted  in  our  social  life." 

Very  Rev.  Dr.  D.  J.  Hartley,  Little  Rock,  Ark.: 

"Everyone  knows  that  there  are  many  saloons  that  are 
perfectly  orderly  and  law-abiding,  where  people  go  to  drink 
their  beer  in  peace  with  congenial  companions,  and  where  a 
drunkard  is  scarcely  ever  seen.  Have  I,  as  a  minister,  any 
more  right  to  interfere  with  the  business  of  such  a  place  than 
the  saloon-keeper  would  have  to  disturb  the  peace  of  my  con- 
gregation while  at  worship?" 

Monsignor  Harkins,  Holyoke,  Mass.: 

"I  was  here  when  the  prohibitory  laws  were  in  effect  in  this 
State  and  know  the  evils  which  existed  under  them.  Under 
no-license  in  Holyoke  there  would  be  less  drinking,  but  more 
drunkenness." 

Rabbi  Hirsch,  Chicago: 

"The  best  safeguard  against  drunkenness  is  that  drinking 
should  be  enjoyed  openly.  The  saloon  in  America  is  fre- 
quented solely  by  men,  and  a  certain  stigma  attaches  to  those 

115 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

who  are  seen  there.  The  worst  thing  in  American  social  Ufe 
is  the  separation  of  the  sexes.  In  Germany,  where  whole 
families  are  in  the  habit  of  drinking  together  in  places  of  pub- 
lic resort,  where  the  vv^ife  accompanies  the  husband  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course,  excess  is  not  found ,  and  the  tone  of  the  German 
cafes  is  as  high  morally  as  that  of  the  German  homes." 

Bishop  Chas.  D.  Williams,  Michigan: 

"I  am  in  sympathy  with  the  purposes  those  who  advocate 
prohibition  have  in  mind,  but,  while  their  motives  are  ever 
so  laudable,  the  means  proposed  to  accomplish  the  end  is 
impracticable.  In  fact,  I  consider  prohibition  at  this  time 
wrong  because  it  is  destructive. ' ' 

Rev.  Lyman  Abbott: 

' '  It  was  not  the  method  of  Jesus.  H  e  lived  in  an  age  of  total 
abstinence  societies  and  did  not  join  them.  He  emphasized 
the  distinction  between  His  methods  and  those  of  John  the 
Baptist,  that  John  came  neither  eating  nor  drinking;  the 
Son  of  Man  came  eating  and  drinking.  He  condemned 
drunkenness,  but  never  in  a  single  instance  lifted  up  His  voice 
in  condemnation  of  drinking.  On  the  contrary,  He  com- 
menced His  public  ministry  by  making  wine  in  considerable 
quantity,  and  of  fine  quality,  and  this  apparently  only  to  add 
to  the  joyous  festivities  of  a  wedding." 

Bishop  Webb,  Milwaukee : 

"The  Episcopal  clergy  is  inclined  to  regard  with  leniency 
the  saloon  in  all  its  phases  so  long  as  the  saloon  is  not  detri- 
.  mental,  on  its  face,  to  public  interest  and  morals.  I  believe 
that  the  general  tendency  of  the  Episcopal  clergy  is  to  favor, 
rather  than  oppose,  the  well-regulated  saloon.  The  saloon, 
when  at  its  best,  certainly  has  many  things  in  its  favor.  It 
is  a  gathering  place  of  people,  and  in  many  instances  of  good 
people." 

Bishop  Burgess,  New  York: 

"A  law  dies  the  moment  it  ceases  to  accord  with  the  con- 
victions of  a  strong  minority  of  J^the  people.  It  is  no  use 
keeping  it  on  the  statute  books,  for  all  it  does  is  to  become 
one  of  the  richest  sources  of  unholy  revenue  to  unscrupulous 
police  and  officials," 

116 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Rev.    S.     Parkes    Cadman,    Central     Congregational 
Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.: 

"When  you  enact  a  law  intended  to  do  more  than  it  ought 
to  do,  it  generally  ends  in  doing  less  than  it  should  do.  For 
that  reason  I  am  opposed  to  prohibition  by  statute.  I  would 
rather  see  America  free  first  and  then  have  its  citizens  use  its 
freedom  for  moral  ends." 

Bishop  Keane,  Wyoming: 

"What  does  it  mean?  Absolute  prohibition  of  the  manufac- 
ture of  liquor?  You  take  away  then  from  science  and  from 
the  medical  profession  and  from  the  several  other  classes  of 
every  useful  people  a  quite  needed  commodity,  so  that  I 
could  not  in  justice  to  the  human  race  advocate  the  absolute 
prohibition  of  the  manufacture  of  liquor." 

Bishop  Gailor,  Tennessee : 

"Many  people  thought  State-wide  prohibition  to  be  the 
ideal  remedy.  Instead  of  calling  to  their  aid  some  experts  on 
the  subject  and  having  laws  framed  that  could  be  enforced, 
they  forced  through  the  legislature  a  measure  that  has  led  to 
civic  degeneracy.  It  is  impracticable  and  its  violation  is 
productive  of  hidden  and  shameful  evils.  You  cannot  pass 
laws  that  way.  The  reformers  should  leave  law  making  to 
wise  experts,  and  be  content  with  educating  public  sentiment. ' ' 

Bishop  Daniel  S.  Tuttle,  Presiding  Bishop  of  the  Prot- 
estant Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States: 

"All  true  Americans,  it  seems  to  me, ought  to  strive  to  main- 
tain and  perpetuate  American  principles.  State-wide  pro- 
hibition violates  and  local  option  supports  this  principle, 
therefore  I  am  opposed  to  State-wide  prohibition  and  in  favor 
of  local  option." 


All  men  do  not  believe  in  the  enforcement  of  all  laws 
all  the  time,  and  secondly,  a  statute  is  not  law  merely 
because  it  is  on  the  statute  books. — Brand  Whitlock, 
Mayor  of  Toledo,  O. 

117 


Text- Book  oj  True  Temperance. 

President  Taft  on  Prohibition. 

Nothing  is  more  foolish,  nothing  more  utterly  at 
variance  with  sound  policy  than  to  enact  a  law  which, 
by  reason  of  conditions  surrounding  the  community, 
is  incapable  of  enforcement.  Such  instances  are  some- 
times presented  by  sumptuary  laws,  by  which  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors  is  prohibited  under  penalties 
in  localities  where  the  public  sentiment  of  the  imme- 
diate community  does  not  and  will  not  sustain  the 
enforcement  of  the  law.  In  such  cases  the  legislation 
usually  is  the  result  of  agitation  by  people  in  the 
country  districts  who  are  determined  to  make  their 
fellow-citizens  in  the  city  better.  The  enactment  of 
the  law  comes  through  the  country  representatives, 
who  form  a  majority  of  the  Legislature,  but  the  en- 
forcement of  the  law  is  among  the  people  who  are 
generally  opposed  to  its  enactment,  and  under  such 
circumstances  the  law  is  a  dead  letter.  *  *  *  The 
constant  violation  or  neglect  of  any  law  leads  to  a 
demoralization  of  all  laws. — From  ''Four  Aspects  of 
Civic  Duty,''  by  Hon.  Wm.  H.  Taft. 


The  wise  know  that  foolish  legislation  is  a  rope  of 
sand  which  perishes  in  the  twisting;  that  the  State 
must  follow  and  not  lead  the  character  and  progress  of 
tlie  citizen.  The  law  is  only  a  memorandum.  We  are 
superstitious  and  esteem  the  statute  somewhat;  so  much 
life  as  it  has  in  the  character  of  living  men  is  its  force. 
— Emerson. 


118 


PROHIBITION   A   CRAZE. 


Col.   Watterson    Diagnoses  This   and   Other    Popular 

Fanaticisms. 

RELIGION  and  politics  mix  no  more  than  oil  and 
water.  Religion  relates  to  the  soul  of  man. 
Politics  relates  to  the  body  of  man.  Religion  is  spir- 
itual. Where  it  is  not,  it  becomes  either  despotism 
or  hypocrisy.  Politics  is  concrete,  materialistic, 
aimed  at  the  economic  disposition  of  public  affairs. 

The  moment  that  a  politician  gets  hold  of  a  senti- 
mental or  moral  issue  which  seems  to  have  a  popular 
echo  he  thinks  he  has  a  gold  mine  and  runs  into  all 
sorts  of  excesses.  The  moment  the  theologian  finds 
himself  in  undisputed  power  he  wants  to  compel  every- 
body to  think  as  he  thinks  and  to  do  as  he  does  by  act 
of  conventicle.  The  separation  of  Church  and  State 
in  the  construction  of  our  republican  autonomy  had 
its  origin  in  the  dread  of  our  fathers  of  reUgious  bigotry, 
which  had  kept  the  world  in  a  state  of  bloody  chaos 
for  two  thousand  years. 

Prohibitionism  is  simply  a  craze.  From  time  to 
time  we  have  had  many  such  ebullitions  of  impractical 
sentimentality,  developing  into  irrational  popular 
fury.  There  was  the  anti-Mason  outburst.  A  worth- 
less tinker  by  the  name  of  Morgan,  who  had  printed 
a  book  pretending  to  reveal  the  secrets  of  Masonry, 
made  a  great  ado  in  western  New  York,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  and  as  far  away  from  base  as  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  the  excitement  ran  to  fever  heat.  It  got 
into  politics.     There  was   organized  an    anti-Mason 

119 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

party.  This  party  proved  strong  enough  to  determine 
for  a  number  of  years  the  poHtical  complexion  of  the 
Empire  State.  Seward  and  Weed  rose  to  power  upon 
its  wave  of  ignorance  and  malevolence.  Nobody  ever 
knew  just  what  became  of  Morgan.  One  day  he  dis- 
appeared. A  body  was  fished  out  of  the  lake  near 
Niagara.  It  could  not  be  identified  as  the  missing 
tinker,  but  "  'tis  a  good  enough  Morgan  till  after  the 
election,"  attributed  to  Thurlow  Weed,  became  a  say- 
ing of  the  time  and  has  remained  an  aphorism  in 
political  slang  from  that  day  to  this. 

Hardly  had  the  fanaticism  of  anti-Masonry  died  out 
than  the  fanaticism  of  Know-Nothingism  came  in. 
It  was  heralded  and  organized  by  an  adventurer  of 
the  name  of  Judson,  who  went  by  the  pen-name  of 
Ned  Buntline.  The  official  title  he  gave  it  was  the 
Native  American  party.  To  its  opposition  to  for- 
eigners it  added  opposition  to  Catholics.  It  was  a 
secret  society.  To  all  inquiries  from  the  outside  its 
lodge  members  were  required  to  answer,  "I  know 
nothing."     Thus  it  became  the  Know -Nothing  party. 

The  Know-Nothings  flourished  for  a  few  years. 
They  were  years  of  hatred  and  malice,  not  unmixed 
with  crime.  In  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Balti- 
more there  were  brutal  anti-foreign  and  anti-Catholic 
riots.  In  Louisville  its  legacy  of  evil  was  Bloody 
Monday. 

The  Know-Nothing  organization  was  at  war  with 
all  our  conceptions  and  ideals  and  inspirations  of  jus- 
tice and  freedom.  Henry  A.  Wise  struck  it  a  death 
blow  in  Virginia.  Andrew  Johnson  struck  it  another 
in  Tennessee.  At  last  it  passed  out  with  a  bang  and 
a  stench. 

The  last  of  the  "crazes"  was  Free  Silver.  Men  went 
wild  about  it.    Careers  were  made  and  wrecked  by  it. 

120 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

It  swept  over  the  South  and  West  Hke  a  prairie  fire. 
In  four  successive  national  elections  it  defeated  and 
discredited  Democracy.  And  what  was  there  in  Free 
Silver  for  anybody  to  get  excited  about  ? 

It  was  a  fiscal  question  pure  and  simple;  no  more 
and  no  less.  It  had  by  right  and  reason  as  little  to 
generate  heat  as  might  the  suggestion  that  two  land 
two  make  four.  Its  sole  merit  lay  in  a  single  aspect, 
that  of  creating  fifty-cent  dollars,  appeaUng  solely  to 
the  debtor  class.  To  the  Democratic  party  it  proved 
a  delusion  and  a  snare.  It  ran  its  course  of  insane 
folly,  and  went  to  the  bone-yard,  like  anti-Masonry 
and  Know-Nothingism  before  it. 

In  combating  the  prohibition  craze  we  seek  to  save 
Democracy.  It  is  quite  as  dissonant  to  Democracy 
as  anti-Masonry  and  Know-Nothingism.  We  have 
been  sufficiently  punished  for  the  craze  of  free- 
silverism. 

Prohibition  as  a  scheme  to  make  men  good  by  Act 
of  Assembly  is  precisely  of  a  piece  with  the  others.  It 
is  a  pure  fantasy.  It  does  not  promote  either  temper- 
ance or  virtue.  It  arouses  human  passion  to  frenzy 
by  invading  private  rights.  It  does  not  reduce  drunk- 
ards. It  multiplies  Pharisees  and  malefactors.  It 
has  no  just  recognition  or  belonging  in  the  economy 
of  government  or  the  autonomy  of  true  religion.  It  is 
in  its  essence  ignorant,  tyrannous  and  dishonest. 
They  who  advance  it  as  a  political  argument  are  either 
bigots  or  cheats.  —  Col  Henry  Waiter  son  in  Louisville 
'  'Courier- Journal.'" 


Temperance  means  moderation;  and  when  you  say 
that  a  country  has  a  temperate  climate,  you  mean  that 
it  has  an  enjoyable  climate,  not  that  it  has  no  climate 
at  all. — Max  O'Rell. 

121 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

''k  Tree  Is  Known  by  Its  Fruits." 

The  habitual  disregard  of  the  prohibitory  law  en- 
genders disrespect  for  all  law. 

It  benumbs  the  moral  sense  and  leads  to  evasion, 
subterfuge  and  hypocrisy,  resulting  not  infrequently 
in  perjury. 

Its  blighting  effect  on  the  material  prosperity  of  the 
people  is  strongly  marked. 

It  cuts  off  from  communities  the  revenue  derived 
from  the  liquor  business  without  lessening  the  evils 
of  intemperance. 

It  largely  increases  public  expense  in  the  vain  effort 
to  enforce  the  law. 

It  adds  seriously  to  the  burden  of  taxation. 

It  depreciates  the  value  of  real  estate  and  throws 
many  out  of  employment. 

It  discourages  investment.  Capital  has  learned  to 
shun  prohibition  localities. 

It  is  tyrannical  and  interferes  unwarrantably  with 
the  rights  of  the  citizen. 

The  long  list  of  States  which  have  tried  and  repu- 
diated prohibition  shows  it  to  be  destructive  of  moral 
welfare  and  prosperity. 

A  Bishop's  "Don't." 

Don't  become  intemperate  in  preaching  temper- 
ance. Intemperance  is  not  only  overindulgence  in 
liquor. — Bishop  Neely,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church. 

122 


Text-Book  o]  True  Temperance. 
Prohibition's  Disastrous  History. 

A  DREAM  OF  FANATICISM  THAT  NEVER  HAS 
BEEN  REALIZED. 

During  the  decade  immediately  preceding  the  Civil 
War  a  great  "temperance  wave"  swept  over  the 
country.  Within  a  period  of  five  years  eight  States, 
viz.:  the  six  New  England  States,  Michigan  and  Ne- 
braska, adopted  prohibition.  New  York,  Indiana 
and  Wisconsin  also  enacted  prohibitory  laws,  which, 
however,  never  went  into  effect,  having  been  declared 
unconstitutional  by  the  highest  courts  in  those  States. 

Now,  again,  after  a  lapse  of  fifty  years,  the  country 
is  witnessing  another  "temperance  wave,"  which  has 
already  risen  higher  than  its  predecessor.  Nor  is  the 
end  yet  in  sight.  While  in  some  sections  of  the  coun- 
try the  "wave"  has  spent  its  force  and  appears  to  be 
receding,  in  other  sections  it  is  increasing  in  volume 
and  strength.  There  are,  at  present  (August,  1909), 
eight  States  in  which  statutory  prohibition  obtains — 
four  in  the  South,  three  in  the  West  and  one  in 
New  England.  Under  the  local  option  system  a 
number  of  other  States  are  being  prohibitionized 
on  the  instalment  plan.  Not  long  ago  it  was  esti- 
mated that  saloons  were  being  closed  at  the  rate  of 
thirty  a  day — nearly  1 1 ,000  a  year. 

The  prohibition  leaders  boast  that,  while  ten  years 
ago  there  were  only  six  million  people  living  in  "dry" 
territory,  there  are  now  thirty-eight  miUion.  If  pro- 
hibition and  temperance  be  the  same  thing,  we  are 
certainly  making  prodigious  strides  toward  the  mil- 
lennium. But  sober-minded  people  have  no  faith  in 
the  professions  and  promises  of  prohibitionists.  Fifty 
years  ago  the  leaders  of  the  crusade  thought  they  saw 
the  dawn  of  the  perfect  day,  when  there  would  not  be 
a  dram  shop  nor  a  drunkard  in  all  the  land.     They 

123 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

were  confident  that  the  problem  of  intemperance, 
which  had  perplexed  and  baffled  mankind  for  thou- 
sands of  years,  was  as  good  as  solved.  The  great 
dragon  was  about  to  be  slain  and  his  dead  carcass 
hurled  into  the  bottomless  pit.  But  it  turned  out  to 
be  all  a  dream.  The  dragon  was  not  slain;  he  was 
not  even  seriously  wounded.  If  he  disappeared  at 
all,  it  was  only  to  betake  himself  to  the  cellar  to  await 
the  passing  of  the  storm.  In  the  course  of  a  few 
years  the  "temperance  wave"  passed  away,  and  the 
frenzy  and  hysteria  that  caused  it,  and  was  caused  by 
it,  died  out. 

The  crusade  not  only  did  not  solve  the  liquor 
problem,  but  it  complicated  the  problem  with  new 
difficulties.  The  States  that  adopted  the  prohibitory 
system  soon  found  themselves  confronted  with  two 
evils  instead  of  one,  the  old  disease  of  intemperance 
and  the  new  "remedy"  of  prohibition.  And  now  the 
successors  of  the  men  that  rallied  around  the  standard 
of  Neal  Dow  are  making  precisely  the  same  promises 
and  predictions  that  were  made  of  old.  They  assure 
us  that  the  present  movement  means  business.  They 
prophesy  that  this  wave  will  not  subside  until  it  has 
swept  over  every  foot  of  American  soil  and  has  done 
to  the  "rum"  traffic  what  Jehovah  did  to  the  Egyp- 
tians in  the  Red  Sea.     *     *     * 

No  legislative  system  has  ever  been  more  exten- 
sively nor  fairly  tested  than  that  of  prohibition.  Dur- 
ing the  last  sixty  years  it  has  been  tried  on  the  State- 
wide scale  in  many  different  sections  of  the  country 
and  under  the  most  diverse  social  and  political  con- 
ditions, the  periods  of  trial  ranging  from  three  years 
in  Nebraska  to  fifty-three  years  in  Vermont.  By 
its  record,  by  what  it  has  done  and  by  what  it  has  not 
done,  prohibition  must  be  judged.      On    every  page 

124 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

of  that  record,  from  beginning  to  end,  arc  written  the 
words  failure,  folly,  farce.  Nowhere  and  at  no  time, 
in  all  its  history,  has  prohibition  accomplished  a  single 
one  of  its  avowed  objects.  Nowhere  has  it  abolished 
the  liquor  traffic ;  nowhere  has  it  prevented  the  con- 
sumption of  liquor  nor  lessened  the  evil  of  i  ntem- 
perance.  Neither  as  a  State-wide  system  nor  imder 
local  option  has  prohibition  ever  made  the  slightest 
contribution  toward  the  solution  of  the  liquor  problem. 
The  one  solitary  service  that  it  has  rendered  to  society 
is  that  of  furnishing  a  warning  example  of  the  su- 
preme folly  of  attempting  to  legislate  virtue  into 
men's  lives. 

There  could  be  no  stronger  evidence  of  the  failure 
of  prohibition  than  the  fact  that  seven  of  the  eight 
States  that  adopted  the  system  fifty  years  ago  have 
since  abandoned  it  and  gone  back  to  the  policy  of 
license  and  regulation.  The  people  of  these  States 
adopted  prohibition  in  good  faith.  They  honestly  and 
earnestly  desired  to  wipe  out  intemperance.  They 
realized  that  intemperance  was  directly  or  indirectly 
the  cause  of  much  crime,  poverty  and  disease;  that  it 
was  a  financial  burden  on  the  State ;  and  that  it  was  a 
hindrance  to  material  prosperity  and  to  moral  prog- 
ress. They  thought  it  was  a  better  policy  to  abolish 
than  to  license  and  regulate  a  traffic  that  seemed  to 
them  to  be  the  root  and  source  of  this  evil.  Now,  to 
claim  that  prohibition  was  even  measurably  successful 
in  these  States,  that  it  accomplished  even  a  little  good, 
is  to  insult  the  intelligence  of  the  people  of  New  Eng- 
land. No  sensible  person  can  believe  that  these  seven 
States  would  have  deliberately  repudiated  a  system 
that  they  had  adopted  in  high  hopes  and  with  high 
moral  purpose  if  they  had  found  that  that  system  was 
making  for  sobriety,  prosperity  and  good  citizenship 

« 

125 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  it  is  always  easier  to  secure 
the  enactment  than  the  repeal  of  laws  of  a  reputed 
moral  purpose,  the  repudiation  of  prohibition  by 
these  States  is  all  the  more  significant.  The  only  con- 
clusion consistent  with  reason  and  common  sense  is 
that  the  people,  after  years  of  bitter  experience,  found 
that  they  had  built  on  false  hopes,  and  that  conditions 
were  not  only  no  better  but  far  worse  under  prohibi- 
tion than  they  had  been  under  the  license  system. 
— Rev.  Wm.  A.  Wasson. 

Hearing  From  Maine. 

PROHIBITION    THE   REAL  ISSUE    IN  THE   LATE  ELECTION. 

When  the  State  of  Maine,  after  being  continuously 
Republican  in  State  matters  for  thirty  years  and  in 
National  elections  for  more  than  fifty  years,  went 
Democratic  at  the  recent  election,  Sept.  12,  1910,  the 
strongest  deciding  factor  was  the  prohibition  issue. 

This  was  largely  the  issue  on  which  the  Demo- 
cratic party  made  its  fight.  The  Republican  party  in 
Maine  stood  for  strict  laws  preventing  the  sale  of 
liquor  and  other  rigid  laws  for  their  enforcement  over 
the  heads  of  local  officials. 

The  Democratic  party  asserted  that  prohibition 
was  both  a  failure  and  a  farce ;  that  under  it  the  sur- 
reptitious sale  of  liquor  had  increased  to  an  enormous 
extent ;  that  arrests  for  selling  liquor  and  for  drunken- 
ness had  continuously  increased;  that  "blind  tigers" 
and  dives  had  multiplied;  that  a  large  share  of  the 
traffic  had  been  driven  from  the  saloon  into  the  home, 
and  that  prohibition  was  productive  of  corruption  and 
hypocrisy. 

Statistics  gathered  by  an  administration  favorable 
to  prohibition  was  presented  to  the  voters,  and  a  ma- 

126 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

jority  of  voters  decided  that  they  would  have  no  more 
of  prohibition. 

These  statistics  showed: 

That  in  twenty-seven  of  the  large  centres  of  Maine 
there  were  for  years  903  saloons  doing  an  open  liquor 
business. 

That  when  the  State  administration  sent  deputies 
to  close  up  these  saloons  the  sale  of  liquor  was  driven 
into  private  homes  and  has  gone  on  there  to  a  great 
extent. 

That  in  1909  there  were  707  persons,  both  men  and 
women,  committed  for  running  saloons,  "kitchen 
bars,"  or  otherwise  selling  liquor. 

That  in  the  same  year  3,609  persons  were  committed 
for  intoxication. 

That  these  arrests  were  only  a  fraction  of  the  total 
extent  of  liquor  selling  and  intoxication,  and  that  a 
large  proportion  of  the  arrests  for  liquor  selling  were 
of  those  selling  liquor  in  private  homes. 

That  of  the  total  of  6,646  persons  committed  to  jail 
in  Maine  in  1909  for  all  offenses,  not  less  than  one-half, 
or  3,069,  were  sentenced  for  intoxication. 

That  nearly  all  the  liquor  sold  was  the  worst  kind 
of  whiskey,  brandy  and  gin,  adulterated  and  mis- 
branded  and  often  poisoned.  The  records  of  the  Su- 
preme Judicial  Court  of  Maine  proved  this. 

That  there  are  eighteen  express  companies  organ- 
ized and  run  for  the  sole  purpose  of  transporting  and 
selling  whiskey. 

That  enormous  quantities  of  liquor  came  into  the 
State  by  express  and  freight.  In  the  city  of  Portland 
from  600  to  800  gallons  of  whiskey  arrived  by  freight 
every  morning,  and  even  in  cities  of  only  1,500  in- 
habitants fifty  quarts  of  whiskey  came  by  express 
every  day. 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

That  the  rural  regions  were  Hkewise  filled  with 
liquor  selling  by  "pocket  peddlers,"  the  ordering  of 
liquor  by  express  and  an  enormous  consimiption  of 
hard  cider. 

That  there  was  scarcely  a  drug  store  in  the  State 
which  did  not  sell  liquor.  Of  the  total  niunber  of 
arrests  a  considerable  proportion  were  those  of  drug- 
gists. 

That  the  cocaine,  raorphine  and  opium  habits  had 
spread  to  an  appalling  extent.  The  records  of  the 
chiefs  of  police  showed  this  conclusively. 

That  12.8  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  of  divorces 
decreed  were  granted  on  specific  grounds  of  intoxica- 
tion; that  of  the  28.6  per  cent,  of  divorces  granted  on 
grounds  of  cruel  and  abusive  treatment,  a  large  num- 
ber were  directly  traceable  to  intoxication,  as  also  a 
large  proportion  of  the  4.4  per  cent,  granted  on  the 
ground  of  non-support. 

That  a  large  proportion  of  the  inmates  of  the  State 
insane  asylums  were  alcoholics  or  were  suffering  from 
derangement  caused  indirectly  by  excess  of  alcohol- 
ism. 

These  are  some  of  the  facts  that  influenced  the  ma- 
jority of  Maine's  voters  to  vote  for  an  administration 
which  is  pledged  to  resubmit  the  whole  prohibition 
question  to  the  people  and  repeal  the  obnoxious  laws 
prevailing  in  Maine  for  more  than  fifty  years. 

Majority  Want  License. 

Says  a  writer  in  the  New  York  Press,  Oct.  9,  19 10: 
"Few  persons  in  Maine  believe  in  a  wide-open  State,  but 
many  of  them  do  believe  in  a  local  option  law  and  in  a  mod- 
erately low  license  fee  for  the  sale  of  beer  and  light  wines  and 
an  extremely  high  license  fee  for  the  sale  of  hard  liquors.  The 
desire  is  to  do  away  with  the  vile  places  that  now  exist  and 
with    the   vile  'prohibition  whiskey'  that  they   provide  and, 

128 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

attempt  to  regulate  the  liquor  business  by  dignified  recogni- 
tion. One  speaker  in  the  recent  campaign  voiced  the  opinions 
of  many  of  the  citizens  when  he  summed  up  the  situation  by 
saying:  'Men  always  have  used  stimulants  and  we  cannot 
eradicate  the  appetite  by  legislation  nor  by  corps  upon  corps 
of  deputy  sheriffs.  Since  the  selling  of  liquor  exists,  let  us 
see  that  it  exists  not  as  a  source  of  blackmail  for  the  unscru- 
pulous politician  or  ward  worker  of  any  party,  not  as  a  means 
of  undermining  the  constitutions  of  our  young  people  with 
the  vile  drugged  concoctions  that  these  places  sell  and  which 
are  bought  because  a  man  can  buy  nothing  else;  let  us  not 
cover  our  eyes  and  make  believe  that  we  do  not  know  it  exists 
when  each  sheriff  points  to  the  amount  of  fines  he  has  col- 
lected from  the  drunk  and  the  rumseller  as  proof  that  he  has 
faithfully  administered  his  office,  when  there  were  more  ar- 
rests of  women  and  young  girls  for  drunkenness  in  this  country 
this  year  than  ever  before  in  the  history  of  the  State.  Since 
the  traffic  persists,  let  us  handle  it  like  men,  and  if  we  must 
have  it,  let  us  have  it  decently  and  reputably,  not  as  sneaks 
and  perjurers.'  " 

Maine's  Social  Revolution. 

As  an  honest  man  honestly  attempting  to  enforce 
the  law,  I  knew  that  the  viewpoint  of  Governor  Cobb 
would  be  extremely  interesting,  looking  back  over  the 
four  years.  I  went  to  him  and  asked  him  to  state  to 
me  what  he  thought  after  four  years  of  attempting  to 
make  the  people  obey  the  law.  He  went  over  what  he 
had  endeavored  to  do  and  what  he  had  accomplished. 
He  said:  "If  I,  for  the  social,  economic  and  moral 
benefit  of  the  rising  generation  of  the  State  of  Maine, 
were  to  choose  between  the  enforcement  of  prohibition 
as  I  have  been  able  to  enforce  it  with  my  best  efforts" 
(and  never  any  man  put  forth  such  efforts)  ,"if  I  were  to 
choose  between  prohibition  as  I  have  been  able  to  en- 
force it  and  selling  rum  as  freely  as  sugar  over  the 
counter  of  my  store,  I  would  unhesitatingly  declare 
for  free  rum."     Now,  gentlemen,  you  see!     There  is  a 

129 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

man  who  went  through  it.     Now  those  things  are  get- 
ting abroad  through  the  State  of  Maine. 

I  could  give  you  hundreds  of  stories  similar  in  nature 
to  those  I  have  given,  but  to  all  intents  the  same  thing. 
I  have  summed  it  all  up  in  the  declaration  of  this  one 
man — the  only  one  in  my  memory  who  ever  honestly 
attempted  to  enforce  the  law.  We  have  never  had 
prohibition  in  the  State  of  Maine  before,  except  in 
theory.  What  has  it  cost  ?  It  has  cost  a  social  revo- 
lution and  that  is  all  there  is  to  it. — Holman  Day. 


Because  I  believe  that  our  present  system  does  more 
harm  than  good — because  I  believe  that  an  opportunity 
ought  to  be  given  to  opponents  to  express  their  views — 
because  I  believe  that  local  option  would  prohibit  where 
prohibition  is  possible — because  I  believe  that  education 
and  religion  are  more  potent  than  law — because  I  be- 
lieve that  ancient  laws  should  be  changed  to  express 
present  convictions — /  plead  as  an  independent  Repub- 
lican for  resubmission. — Rev.  Henry  Blanchard, 
D.D.,  of  Portland,  Me. 


Disrespect  for  Arbitrary  Laws. 

Mr.  Arthur  von  Briesen,  President  of  the  Legal  Aid 
Society  of  New  York,  in  the  course  of  an  address  on 
"Disrespect  for  Law"  before  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science,  Philadelphia,  in 
October,  1910,  said  among  other  things : 

"I  was  in  Portland,  Maine,  three  years  ago,  and  found  that 
the  State  of  Maine  was  what  they  call  a  Prohibition  State,  that 
is,  a  State  which  prohibited  anyone  from  drinking  a  glass  of 
wine  or  ale,  which  might  be  wholesome,  but  the  law  was  so 
arranged  that  everyone  might  drink  whiskey  and  that  of  the 
worst  and  most  harmful  kind.  A  friend  of  mine,  in  the  city 
government  of  Portland,  told  me  that  each  and  every  year 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

during  his  administration  as  mayor  of  that  city,  over  twenty- 
five  per  cent,  of  the  inhabitants  of  Portland  were  put  in  jail 
for  drunkenness.  Here  was,  therefore,  a  whole  city  of  law- 
breakers, resulting  in  the  moral  destruction  almost  of  a  large 
number  of  men  who  without  such  stupid  laws  would  have  been 
able  to  exercise  their  self-control  and  to  conduct  themselves 
just  as  we  do,  without  restraint.  Though  all  sorts  of  liquid 
and  solid  nourishment  and  of  temptations  face  us,  yet  we 
know  how  to  resist  them.  The  law  should  make  for  decent 
self-control  in  order  to  produce  a  good  crop  of  citizens.  By 
the  prohibitory  law  we  take  the  opportunity  away  from  peo- 
ple to  exercise  their  manly  qualities,  and  to  improve  their 
moral  status. 

'  'There  is  another  aspect :  that  while  the  majority  says,  you 
shall  not  drink,  think  what  would  happen  if  the  majority 
should  ever  change,  and  should  order:  'you  must  drink.' 
Such  things  could  happen. 

"You  see  disrespect  for  law,  therefore,  in  all  the  cases  I  have 
given  you.  You  see  it  in  these  prohibitive  measures ;  you  see 
it  in  lynch-law  excesses,  in  strikers'  excesses,  in  smuggling 
tendencies,  all  evidences  of  the  greed  of  man  to  rush  to  his  ad- 
vantage; law  or  no  law,  court  or  no  court. 

"All  this  is  due  to  a  lack  of  healthy  public  opinion.  It  is 
public  opinion  that  really  makes  the  law,  and  not  so  much  the 
lawmaker.  On  the  statute  books  of  Connecticut  are  still  some 
of  those  "blue  laws,  "which,  if  enforced,  would  have  some  of  us 
enjoying  the  burning  of  witches  and  the  like.  They  are  not 
enforced.  Why  should  they  remain  on  the  statute  books? 
Would  it  not  be  an  honest  thing  to  take  them  off,  and  not  en- 
cumber our  lives  with  statutes  requiring  citizens  to  adapt 
themselves  to  laws  that  are  no  longer  enforceable,  because 
public  opinion  forbids?" — Legal  Aid  Review,  Oct.,  19 lo. 


131 


RECORD   OF  FAILURE. 


The  Unanswerable   Proof  That  Prohibition   Does  Not 

Prohibit. 

EVERY  person  or  firm  dealing  in  intoxicating 
liquors  must  procure,  each  year,  a  stamp  or 
license  from  the  Internal  Revenue  Department 
of  the  United  States.  The  number  of  such  licenses 
issued  in  a  State  in  any  year  shows,  therefore,  the 
number  of  persons  or  firms  selling  liquor  in  such 
State  during  the  year  in  question. 

The  report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Internal  Revenue  for  1901  shows  that  in  that  year 
Vermont  had  608,  and  New  Hampshire  1,581  retail 
liquor  dealers.  Both  States  were  then  under  pro- 
hibition. 

In  1903,  both  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  aban- 
doned prohibition  as  a  failure  and  adopted  license 
systems. 

The  report  of  the  Internal  Revenue  Commissioner 
for  1906  shows  that  in  that  year,  under  license,  Ver- 
mont had  305  and  New  Hampshire  972  retail  liquor 
dealers. 

Vermont  had,  therefore,  in  1901,  303  more  retailers 
of  liquor  than  in  1906,  or  double  as  many  liquor  sellers 
under  prohibition  as  under  license.  While  New 
Hampshire  had  609  more  liquor  dealers  in  1901  under 
prohibition  than  she  had  in  1906  under  licence. 

In  1 90 1,  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont  together 
had,  while  under  prohibition,  one  retail  liquor  dealer 
for  every  304  of  their  population,  or  a  greater  number 
in  proportion  to  population  than  the  average  (one  for 

132 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

every  t^t^T)  of  population)  in  all  of  the  license  States  in 
the  Union. 

From  the  report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner 
of  Internal  Revenue  for  1906  it  is  shown  that  the 
number  of  retail  liquor  dealers  in  proportion  to  popu- 
lation in  each  of  the  States  given  below  was  as  follows : 

Prohibition  States: 

Kansas,  i  for  every  366  of  population. 
Maine,  i  for  every  1,158  of  population. 
North  Dakota,  i  for  every  319  of  population. 

License  States: 

Arkansas,  i  for  every  825  of  population.  f 

Alabama,  i  for  every  854  of  population. 

Delaware,  i  for  every  413  of  population. 

Florida,  i  for  every  525  of  population. 

Georgia,  i  for  every  i  ,218  of  population. 

Kentucky,  i  for  every  483  of  population. 

Massachusetts,  i  for  every  552  of  population. 

Mississippi,  i  for  every  2 ,884  of  population. 

Missouri,  i  for  every  321  of  population. 

Nebraska,  i  for  every  380  of  population. 

New  Hampshire,  i  for  every  424  of  population. 

North  Carolina,  i  for  every  i  ,892  of  population. 

Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory,  i  for  every  450 
of  population. 

Texas,  i  for  every  515  of  population. 

Virginia,  i  for  every  704  of  population. 

Vermont,  i  for  every  1,127  of  population. 

West  Virginia,  i  for  every  439  of  population. 

These  seventeen  States  (all  license  at  that  time) 
had  fewer  retail  liquor  dealers  in  proportion  to  the 
population  than  had  prohibition  North  Dakota. 

Maine  had  more  sellers  in  proportion  to  population 
than  Vermont,  Georgia,  North  Carolina  or  Texas. 

133 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Kansas  had  more  retail  liquor  dealers  in  proportion 
to  population  than  Massachusetts  or  Kentucky,  or 
many  other  States. 

Oklahoma  had  fewer  liquor  dealers  in  proportion 
to  population  than  Kansas  or  North  Dakota. 

North  Dakota  had  more  liquor  dealers  in  propor- 
tion to  population  than  the  average  in  all  the  license 
States  and  Territories  of  the  Union,  and  45  per  cent, 
more  than  South  Dakota. 

Thus,  official  statistics  of  absolute  accuracy  prove 
that  prohibition  does  not  prohibit.  This  conclusion 
is  made  much  stronger  if  it  is  considered  that  none  of 
the  prohibition  States  contain  large  cities,  which  have 
always  increased  the  proportion  of  saloons,  while 
many  of  the  license  States  have  one  or  more  large  cities. 

From  the  same  authoritative  source  it  may  be 
learned  that  local  prohibition,  in  communities  under 
local  option  laws,  is  equally  a  failure.  It  does  not 
prevent  the  sale.  It  only  drives  it  into  more  secret 
and  disreputable  hands  and  places. 

Unconditional  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  in  the 
present  generation,  with  our  complex  citizenship,  is  a 
practical  impossibility,  and  the  money  expended, 
and  efforts  put  forth  by  the  Anti-Saloon  League  and 
kindred  organizations,  with  the  prohibition  idea  as  the 
ruling  motive,  have  been  unwisely  directed.  Since 
the  formation  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,  the  per- 
capita  consumption  of  distilled  liquors  has  increased 
from  a  gallon  to  a  gallon  and  one-half,  and  of  fer- 
mented liquors  from  fifteen  gallons  to  twenty-two 
gallons.  The  only  practical  and  permanent  solution  of 
the  liquor  problem  lies  in  education  and  the  enactment 
of  laws  which  are  reasonable  and  which  will  make  the 
successful  control  of  the  traffic  possible. — Rev.  Dr.  Helt, 
former  Superintendent  of  Anti-Saloon  League,  Indiana. 

134 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Theoretical  Prohibition. 

I  am  a  drinker,  but  I  am  also  a  theoretical  prohibi- 
tionist. The  faets  that  I  am  about  to  set  down  are 
facts  that  I  have  gathered  out  of  my  own  personal 
experiences.  What  I  want  to  show  is  that  an  im- 
mense amount  of  liquor  is  sold  in  "dry"  communities. 

Legally,  over  half  of  the  United  States  is  "dry" 
territory.  Prohibition  literature  states  that  five- 
eighths  of  the  incorporated  towns,  cities  and  villages 
of  the  United  States  forbid  the  sale  of  liquor.  Only  a 
few  "wet"  spots  remain  in  the  South.  State-wide 
prohibition  has  blanketed  four  Southern  States. 

Prohibition  has  scored  the  greatest  triumph  of  any 
modem  reform  movement.  The  leaders  are  cheered 
and  aspire  now  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants 
throughout  the  nation. 

These  are  facts.  Here  are  more.  I  have  traveled 
over  the  United  States  in  all  sections,  stopping  in 
hundreds  of  towns.  I  never  have  found  a  city,  town, 
or  cross-roads  village  in  the  last  five  years  in  which, 
within  two  hours,  I  failed  to  get  a  drink.  This  is  re- 
gardless of  laws,  their  enforcement,  or  the  feeling  of 
the  community  as  expressed  at  the  polls.  This  is  a 
broad  statement,  but  anyone  possessing  the  price  of  a 
drink  can  get  it  anywhere,  unless  by  his  own  actions 
he  arouses  suspicion  that  he  is  likely  to  be  seeking 
evidence.  It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  argue 
the  merits  or  the  demerits  of  prohibition,  but  rather 
to  state  existing  conditions  as  I  found  them. 

****** 

It  is  the  same  everywhere.  I  have  purchased  drinks 
in  at  least  fifty  "dry"  towms  and  never  have  encoun- 
tered serious  difficulty  anywhere.  The  only  real 
trouble  I  ever  had  was  at  one  place  where  I  w^as  de- 
tected pouring  the  vile  whiskey  they  served  into  a 

135 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

cuspidor.    Suspicion  fell  upon  me  and  I  could  not  buy 
another  drink  in  that  town. 

One  of  the  favorite  arguments  of  prohibitionists  is 
that  even  if  they  cannot  prevent  drinking  men  from 
getting  drinks  the  next  generation  will  not  be  tempted 
and  therefore  will  not  know  the  curse  of  liquor.  I 
hugged  this  idea  to  my  breast  and  hoped  that  it  was 
true.  Observation  in  dry  places  does  not  bear  out  the 
theory.  In  almost  every  hidden  den  and  "blind  pig" 
I  visited  I  found  that  a  great  proportion  of  those  drink- 
ing were  minors.  I  found  that  the  boys  were  drinking 
whiskey,  and  not  beer.  I  found  in  many  cases  that 
the  prohibitory  laws  aroused  the  antagonism  and  the 
curiosity  of  youth  and  brought  boys  to  the  places. — ■ 
From  ''Drinking  in  Dry  Places,''  American  Magazine, 
January,  191 1. 

As  the  New  York  "Sun"  Sees  It. 

The  New  York  Suit  reviewing  the  situation  not  long 
ago,  said: 

"In  the  eyes  of  our  Southern  friends,  prohibition  in  prac- 
tice does  not  fulfill  all  the  promises  of  its  preliminary  attitude. 
It  has  already  been  shown  that,  in  Virginia  at  least,  it  neither 
promotes  morality  and  good  public  conduct  nor  contributes  to 
the  general  revenue.  In  Georgia  and  Alabama,  more  par- 
ticularly in  Savannah  and  Atlanta,  as  in  Birmingham  and 
Huntsville,  it  now  appears  that  prohibition  has  stimulated 
the  criminal  record  and  at  the  same  time  crimped  the  treas- 
ury. The  returns  from  those  States  tell  their  own  tale,  while 
the  forbodings  of  the  taxpayers  find  voice  in  half  the  news- 
papers. Above  all  things,  it  is  now  apparent  that  prohibition 
does  not  prohibit,  if  'drunks  and  disorderlies'  count  for  any- 
thing; and  the  shrinkage  in  the  public  income  is  flagrant  to 
the  most  easy-going  inspection. 

"There  is  no  escaping  the  sombre  chronicle.  Prohibition 
does  not  prohibit.  Morality  fares  worse  under  the  new  law 
than  under  the  old,  and  we  must  console  ourselves  with  the 
complacency  of  a  few  unthinking  zealots." 

136 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Dry   Laws   Favor   Drinking. 

REMARKABLE  INCREASE   OF   ILLICT   STILLS EDITORIAL 

VIEWS  ON  REVENUE  REPORT. 

We  are  drinking  more  alcoholic  drinks  than  ever 
(says  Harper's  Weekly),  more  not  only  in  gross,  but 
per  capita.  So  the  Internal  Revenue  Bureau  says 
after  toting  up  its  receipts  for  the  year  ending  on  the 
30th  of  last  June  (19 10).  Here  is  its  report  of  some 
of  the  products  that  paid  taxes: 

163,000,000  gallons  of  distilled  spirits,  30,000,000  gallons 
more  than  the  year  before. 

59,485,117  barrels  of  fermented  liquors,  an  increase  of 
3,000,000  barrels. 

7,600,000,000  cigars,  160,000,000  more  than  1909. 

6,830,000,000  cigarettes,  an  increase  of  1,000,000,000. 

402,000,000  pounds  of  plug,  fine-cut,  cube-cut,  granulated, 
or  sliced  smoking  or  chewing  tobacco  or  snufT,  4,000,000 
pounds  more  than  the  year  before. 

141,862,282  pounds  of  oleomargarine,  50,000,000  pounds 
increase. 

It  appears  that  the  consumption  of  spirits  increased 
last  year  by  over  twenty  per  cent.  Perhaps  taxes 
were  paid  on  more  liquor  than  was  drunk,  but  the  pay- 
ments from  year  to  year  are  a  pretty  close  measure  of 
consumption.  That  drinking  should  increase  in  the 
face  of  so  much  prohibition  and  local-option  legisla- 
tion causes  some  astonishment,  but  is  not,  we  believe, 
contrary  to  experience.  Legislation  may  have  an 
effect  on  manners,  methods,  and  details  of  consump- 
tion, but  it  does  not  change  habits.  Prohibition,  if 
Maine  is  any  criterion,  does  not  help  at  all  in  promot- 
ing temperance.  Local  option  may  do  good,  but  is 
more  likely  to  benefit  the  rising  generation  than  the 
one  whose  habits  are  formed. 

It  is  possible  that  in  spite  of  the  Internal  Revenue 

187 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

figures  the  manner  of  drinking  may  be  improved  and 
the  drinks  better  distributed. 

It  bears  on  this  subject  that  of  the  nine  millions  of 
population  in  New  York  State  seven  millions  live  in 
cities.  Local  option  in  this  State  is  confined  to  coun- 
try townships.  The  increase  of  city  population  all 
over  the  country  has  doubtless  a  relation  to  this  in- 
crease in  the  consumption  both  of  alcohol  and  to- 
bacco. The  nervous  tension  of  city  life  is  greater  than 
of  country  life,  calling  more  for  stimulants,  and  af- 
fording more  convenient  opportunities  to  get  them. 
Drinking  and  smoking,  too,  are  both  social  practices, 
and  there  is  more  society  in  the  cities  than  in  the 
country. 

The  consumption  of  spirits  has  increased  more  in 
proportion  than  the  consumption  of  beer,  and  the  con- 
sumption of  cigarettes  more  than  of  cigars.  The  re- 
port is  not  complimentary  to  prohibitive  legislation. 

How  Prohibition  Helps  the   Moonshiner. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Internal 
Revenue  (1910)  shows  that  regardless  of  prohibition 
laws  the  production  of  distilled  spirits  has  greatly  in- 
creased during  the  past  fiscal  year.  The  futility  of 
such  laws  is  clearly  demonstrated  by  the  figures  gath- 
ered by  the  Government.  For  the  fiscal  year  ended 
June  30,  1 910,  there  were  produced  163,893,960  tax- 
able gallons.  This  is  an  increase  of  24,000,000  gallons 
over  the  previous  year,  and  an  increase  of  30,000,000 
gallons  over  1908. 

The  commissioner  says:  "While  the  enactment 
of  State-wide  prohibitory  laws  in  some  States  and  of 
local  option  laws  in  other  States  has  greatly  reduced 
the  number  of  distilleries  of  the  smaller  classes,  and  in 
some  districts  has  reduced  the  number  of  rectifiers  and 

138 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

wholesale  and  retail  liquor  dealers,  the  production  and 
withdrawal  for  consumption  of  distilled  spirits  have 
greatly  increased  during  the  fiscal  year. " 

In  addition  to  this  the  commissioner  points  out 
that  there  were  reported  during  the  year  5,100  viola- 
tions of  internal  revenue  laws  as  compared  with  4,039 
the  year  previous.     The  total  number  of  seizures  was 

3,184. 

The  commissioner  adds:  "All  of  the  agents'  force 
available  for  raiding  has  been  used  during  the  year  in 
detecting  illicit  distilling,  which  practice  has  increased 
steadily,  especially  in  those  States  where  State-wide 
prohibitory  laws  have  been  enacted.  During  the 
fiscal  year  1910  there  were  seized  and  destroyed  1,911 
distilleries,  as  compared  with  1,743  for  the  fiscal  year 
1 909.  In  raiding  these  distilleries  last  year  one  officer 
was  killed,  three  seriously  wounded,  and  there  were  a 
number  of  minor  casualties.  Most  cases  of  illicit  dis- 
tilling are  found  in  the  States  of  Alabama,  Georgia, 
North  and  South  Carolina." 

The  expenditures  for  violating  internal  revenue 
laws  was  $111,554;  illicit  stills  seized,  1,259;  illicit 
distilleries  seized  and  destroyed,  1,911;  arrests,  470; 
gallons  of  spirits  reported  for  seizure,  63,821.  Ala- 
bama had  447  stills  and  distilleries  seized,  Florida  78, 
Georgia  1,150,  North  Carolina  619,  South  Carolina 
342,  Tennessee  107  and  Virginia  216. 

Effect  of  Dry  Laws. 

Commenting  on  this  report  of  the  Internal  Revenue 
Department,  the  conservative  New  York  Times  notes 
that  as  the  nation  passes  more  prohibition  and  dry 
local  option  laws,  it  becomes  more  addicted  to  drink- 
ing and  smoking.  The  consumption  of  narcotics, 
says  the  Times,  has  increased  per  capita  for  more  than 

139 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

a  generation.  Of  wines  and  liquors  each  individual 
in  the  United  States,  according  to  the  statistical  ab- 
stract, drank  an  average  of  7.70  gallons  in  1870,  10.08 
gallons  in  1880,  15.53  gallons  in  1890,  17.69  gallons  in 
1900,  and  in  1909,  21.85  gallons.  Most  of  this  in- 
crease has  been  in  the  lighter  fermented  beverages. 
But  the  consuraption  of  distilled  spirits  has  also 
steadily  increased  since  1896  from  i.oi  gallons  per 
capita  to  1.37  gallons  in  1909.  The  figures  for  the 
present  year  will  not  comfort  the  prohibitionists,  but 
they  do  show  that,  in  a  country  full  of  State  and  local 
prohibitory  ordinances,  prohibition  does  not  make  the 
people  more  abstinent. 

The  **Sun"  Answers  a  Question. 

It  is  notorious  that  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  of  the 
internal  revenue  preventive  service,  large  quantities 
of  whiskey  and  other  intoxicating  liquors  are  illicitly 
produced  and  sold,  not  only  by  the  "moonshiners"  of 
remote  country  districts,  but  also  in  the  towns  and 
cities.  More  than  10,000  illicit  distilleries  were  seized 
during  the  last  eight  years,  and  it  is  conceded  that  this 
is  only  a  small  percentage  of  the  illicit  stills  actually 
operated.  What  happens  under  prohibition  is  simply 
that  instead  of  drinking  lawfully  produced  liquors, 
from  which  the  Government  derives  a  revenue,  the 
people  who  desire  stimulants  drink  alcoholic  com- 
pounds illicitly  distilled  and  brewed.  This  is  clearly 
shown  by  the  police  records  of  certain  prohibition 
States,  where  the  arrests  for  drunkenness  are  in  pro- 
portion to  population  greater  than  in  States  permit- 
ting the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors.  It  is  often  asked 
by  prohibitionists:  Why  do  the  liquor  interests  op- 
pose prohibitory  laws  if  these  laws  do  not  decrease  the 
consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages?     The  answer  is 

140 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

that  these  laws  do  decrease  the  sale  of  such  beverages 
produced  under  the  supervision  of  the  United  States 
Government,  on  which  the  honest  brewer  or  distiller 
pays  taxes,  but  increase  the  sale  of  illicit  products, 
and  thereby  deprive  the  Government  of  revenue, 
while  furnishing  impure  and  dangerous  compounds  to 
the  consumer. —  New  York  ''Sun.'' 


Jefferson's  Dictum  Recalled. 

The  Washington  Post  comments: 

"From  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue 
it  is  computed  that  our  people  annually  consume  per  capita 
I  4-5  gallons  of  spirituous  liquors  and  20  gallons  of  malt  liq- 
uors. In  the  estimate  no  account  is  taken  of  imported  grog — 
spirituous,  malt,  or  vinous — and  that  is  considerable.  Nor  is 
reckoning  had  of  domestic  vinous  liquors  on  which  no  tax  is 
laid,  possibly  in  deference  to  the  opinion  of  one  of  the  shrewd- 
est observers  mankind  has  produced,  even  Thomas  Jefferson, 
who  opined  that  no  nation  is  drunken  where  wine  is  both 
abundant  and  cheap. 

"Wine  is  abundant  and  cheap  in  France,  in  Italy  and  in 
Spain,  and  its  use  universal  from  infancy  to  old  age;  and  in 
their  rural  communities  these  are  the  least  drunken  of  the 
Christian  nations  of  Europe. 

"There  can  be  no  doubt  that  our  people,  notwithstanding  the 
efforts  of  temperance  societies  and  prohibition  parties,  con- 
sume enormous  quantities  of  alcoholic  liquors.  It  seems  that 
the  Teuton  is  bom  with  the  appetite  and  the  Celt  also,  and 
certainly  the  African  is  pretty  well  endowed  with  the  thirst  for 
strong  drink. 

"May  we  hasten  to  learn  how  not  to  abuse  the  use  of  it." 


I  am  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that  the  more  wine  there 
is  produced  in  this  country  and  the  more  freely  it  is 
transported  from  State  to  State,  the  smaller  will  be  the 
amount  of  drunkenness. — Dr.  Parkhurst. 

141 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
The   Shame   of    Maine. 

RESPONSIBLE     WITNESSES    TESTIFY    TO     THE    EVILS    OF 

PROHIBITION. 

Major  Holman  F.  Day,  of  Maine,  a  Republican 
leader  and  a  man  of  character  and  repute  in  his  State, 
in  an  article  in  Appleton's  Magazine  on  the  Maine  law, 
gives  this  testimony  as  to  its  operation  and  effective- 
ness in  promoting  temperance.     He  says : 

"There  are  scores  of  'phony  expresses'  doing  business  in 
private  packages.  One  agent,  on  trial,  said  that  he  averaged 
150  deliveries  daily  in  Portland.  During  the  dry  time  in 
Lewiston  the  city  liquor  agency,  conducted  under  the  State 
law  to  supply  liquor  for  medicinal  and  mechanical  purposes, 
averaged  a  business  of  more  than  $1,000  a  week,  and  the  popu- 
lation of  the  city  is  less  than  30,000. 

"Other  municipal  agencies  did  a  correspondingly  large 
business.  The  agency  system  is  Maine's  prohibitory  safety 
valve.  Enforcement  coupled  with  a  closed  municipal  agency 
would  breed  revolt.  The  State  liquor  agent  sold  $110,000 
worth  of  liquors  last  year.  These  agencies  carry  full  lines  of 
all  kinds  of  liquors,  even  bottled  cocktails,  the  exact  medicinal 
use  of  which  is  not  stated.  The  last  legislature  threatened  to 
investigate  the  whole  agency  system,  but  the  serious  illness  of 
the  State  agent  interfered  with  the  plans  for  hearings. 

"Lastly,  in  considering  the  ways  for  getting  liquor,  we  come 
to  the  so-called  kitchen  bar-rooms — places  where  strong  drink 
is  dispensed  in  the  homes,  and  in  Lewiston,  where  they  flour- 
ish most  rankly,  there  are  hundreds  of  such  places.  There  is 
no  regulation  of  them.  The  veriest  toper  who  has  the  price 
can  buy.  The  quality  of  the  liquor  dispensed  can  hardly  be 
described.  Chemists  who  have  analyzed  some  of  it  after  its 
capture  by  officers  say  that  it  is  composed  of  alcohol,  tobacco 
steepings  and  stupefying  drugs.  Much  of  the  stuff  is  com- 
pounded in  Maine,  and  the  makers  of  it  buy  labels,  corks  and 
caps  in  New  York  or  Boston  and  produce  a  neat  'long-necker' 
of  apparently  good  whiskey.  Many  victims  of  this  stuff  have 
died  after  being  arrested  for  intoxication,  and  men,  apparently 
crazed  by  the  compound,  have  hanged  themselves  in  their 
cells." 

142 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

One  could  summon  no  end  of  witnesses  to  testify  to 

the  failure  of  prohibition  in  Maine,  but  it  would  be  a 

needless  task.     We  will  call  only  two,  and  first.  Sheriff 

Pennell,  of  Portland,  Me.     He  says: 

"Prohibition  has  lowered  the  moral  tone  of  the  community- 
Prohibition  has  added  intemperance  to  hypocrisy.  Prohibi- 
tion caused  423  court  cases  in  1902  for  violation  of  law.  Pro- 
hibition caused  833  court  cases  in  1905-6.  The  prohibitory 
laws  show  the  utter  impossibility  of  reducing  the  traffic  by 
such  methods." 

THE    FINNISH    COMMISSION. 

Very  lately  a  Finnish  commission,  composed  of 
parliamentary  and  municipal  ofificers,  visited  this 
country  with  a  view  to  studying  the  liquor  question 
in  Maine  and  other  States.  Before  they  returned 
home,  they  reported  some  of  their  observations  and 
experiences  through  the  Eastern  Argus,  of  Portland. 
They  declared  that  they  found  women  and  children 
engaged  in  the  surreptitious  sale  of  liquor  under  con- 
ditions of  utter  degradation.  Everywhere  they  ob- 
tained liquor  with  the  greatest  ease,  and  usually 
found  it  of  the  vilest  quality.  They  affirmed  that 
they  had  seen  more  drunkenness  in  Portland,  Me., 
than  in  any  other  American  city  which  they  had 
visited.  But  what  especially  seemed  to  shock  them 
was  the  demoralization  of  children,  owing  to  their  be- 
ing pressed  into  the  illicit  liquor  trade.  On  this  point 
they  said: 

"How  can  those  hundreds  of  children  that  now 
are  partly  used  in  this  liquor  business  and  partly 
act  as  Warners  against  the  authorities,  grow  to  be 
law-abiding,  sober  and  useful  members  of  this  great, 
free  Union? 

"That  is  one  point  we  can't  understand,  and 
neither  can  we  understand  how  people  who  want  to 

143 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

provide  morality  for  their  country,  and  have  seen 
what  we  saw,  can  wish  to  uphold  a  law  that  in  such 
a  way  debases  themselves  and  their  offspring." 

OBJECT  LESSONS  FOR  THE  YOUNG 

A  sociological  writer  was  investigating  the  effect  of 
such  a  law  upon  the  moral  sense  of  the  rising  genera- 
tion in  Maine.  I  asked  him  to  go  with  me  and  we 
would  talk  of  it  as  we  went  along.  Our  way  took  us 
down  through  Center  Street  in  Portland.  We  saw  a 
mob  of  some  two  hundred  composed  largely  of  chil- 
dren— about  fifteen  or  twenty  men  and  a  mob  of  two 
hundred  children  screaming  and  shouting  and  climb- 
ing on  the  fences  to  look  and  throw  stones  and  other 
missiles.  My  companion  asked,  "What  is  this?" 
"This  is  one  of  the  effects  I  was  going  to  tell  you  about 
the  prohibition  law  on  the  morals  of  the  rising  gen- 
eration," I  said.  "This  is  almost  the  only  exemplifi- 
cation of  the  power  of  the  law  that  these  children  ever 
see,  and  they  see  this  not  only  daily  but  many  times 
each  day,  because  these  men,  you  understand,  are 
running  around  picking  up  pints  and  quarts  and 
scattered  bottles  of  beer.  These  children  are  encour- 
aged by  their  elders  to  curse  the  officers  and  throw 
things  at  them  and  chase  them  off  the  premises." 
Now  you  think  of  what  that  means  to  the  children! 
What  does  it  mean  in  regard  to  other  laws  if  that  is  the 
only  one  they  are  called  upon  to  witness  the  enforce- 
ment of? — Holman  Day, 

PROHIBITION    IN    MAINE    PORTS. 

Maine  prohibition  has  been  a  standing  joke  with 
the  professional  humorists.  Admiral  Evans,  after  his 
experience  in  the  ports  of  Maine,  regards  it  as  a  re- 
proach to  the  State.  Nowhere  else,  he  says,  did  he 
ever  have  so  much  trouble  with  drunken  sailors.     The 

144 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

character  of  the  places  where  liquor  was  sold  to   his 
men  and  the  quality  of  the  liquor  was  equally  vile. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  complaints  made 
against  the  prohibition  system  as  it  works  out  in  prac- 
tice. In  Maine  the  law  is  probably  as  well  enforced 
as  anywhere  else.  But  illicit  liquor-selling  is  highly 
profitable,  and  a  large  number  of  people  who  are  not 
necessarily  immoral  look  upon  it  with  favor.  The  re- 
sult is  that  lawbreaking  in  this  respect  has  become  a 
recognized  industry  to  be  carried  on  with  caution,  and 
the  authorities  more  or  less  wink  at  it. 

If  the  use  of  liquor  were  universally  looked  upon  as 
a  crime,  as  murder  and  theft  are,  prohibition  would  be 
enforced  by  public  opinion  as  well  as  by  law.  In 
mixed  communities  and  large  centres  of  population  it 
may  act  outwardly  as  a  partial  restraint,  but  at  the 
same  time  it  tends  to  breed  a  condition  of  lawlessness 
in  which  citizens  and  law  officers  are  in  sympathy. 
Maine  is  no  worse  than  other  prohibition  places. — 
New  York  World. 

"GIVE    THE    FACTS,"    SAID    ROOSEVELT. 

After  my  first  article  came  out  I  was  called  to 
Washington  by  the  then  President  Roosevelt,  who  I 
found  was  taking  a  great  interest  in  this  matter.  He 
was  kind  enough  to  tell  me  he  wanted  to  see  facts  pre- 
sented and  that  the  time  for  theories  had  gone  past. 
"We  all  know  we  want  facts.  I  can  sit  down  and  talk 
theories — but  it  is  facts  we  want.  The  State  of  Maine 
has  been  trying  prohibition  for  sixty  years.  That  is 
long  enough  to  try  anything.  What  has  been  accom- 
plished in  the  State  ?  The  American  people  down  in 
Alabama,  Tennessee  and  other  States  are  waiting  to 
hear  the  facts.  They  want  to  sit  on  them  as  a  jury  in 
order  to  get  the  right  viewpoint." — Holman  Day. 

145 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Prohibition  Repudiated. 

OFFICIALS   TESTIFY  TO    FAILURE   OF   DRY   LAWS. 

The  Great  Oregon  Home  Rule  Association,  in  an 
effort  to  obtain  facts  and  advice  on  prohibition,  in 
October,  1910,  telegraphed  the  Governors  of  States 
and  Mayors  of  cities  where  it  has  been  tried. 

Following  is  a  copy  of  the  telegram  addressed   to 

the  Governors  and  Mayors  where  prohibition  has  been 

tried  or  is  now  on  trial : 

"Oregon  must  choose  this  fall  either  State-wide  prohibition 
with  a  search  and  seizure  provision,  or  home  rule.  The  latter 
gives  incorporated  towns  and  cities  under  present  county 
local  option  law  and  the  criminal  laws  of  the  State  power  to 
regulate,  control,  suppress  or  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants 
within  the  municipality.  Has  experience  in  your  State 
proved  that  State- wide  prohibition  is  successful?  What 
choice  in  the  above  would  you  make?" 

These  are  some  of  the  replies: 

LAW     ENFORCEMENT     LAX. 

E.  H.  Crum,  Mayor  of  Memphis,  Tenn.,  says: 
"Prohibition  is  a  total  failure  in  the  large  cities  of  Tennes- 
see. Impossible  of  enforcement,  as  vast  majority  of  urban 
population  opposes  it.  Has  brought  'blinders'  to  rural  com- 
munities where  none  existed  before.  Attorney-General  Estes 
states  that  it  is  impossible  to  secure  indictments  from  grand 
jury,  to  say  nothing  of  the  refusal  of  trial  juries  to  convict. 
Replacing  the  old  license  law,  it  has  made  matters  worse,  be- 
cause there  is  left  none  of  the  former  powers  of  regulation. 
Lately  it  has  taken  big  revenues  from  cities,  counties  and 
States." 

Mayor  Coughlin,  of  Fall  River,  Mass.,  says: 

"Observation  and  experience  convince  me  it  is  better  ma- 
terially to  have  a  rational  enforcement  of  the  regulations  of  the 
liquor  traffic  than  prohibition.  Men  are  not  made  righteous 
by  sumptuary  laws.  This  city,  after  seven  months  of  no  li- 
cense and  its  evil  fruits,  reversed  itself  last  December  by  2,148 
votes.  Conditions  were  bettered  by  change.  Drunkenness 
has  been  lessened. ' ' 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Governor  Pothier,  of  Rhode  Island,  replied: 

"Rhode  Island  Constitution  was  amended  on  April,  1886, 
prohibiting  manufacturing  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor,  but 
owing  to  unsatisfactory  working  the  amendment  was  re- 
pealed in  June,  1889.  At  present  the  cities  and  towns  vote 
each  year  on  the  question  under  the  local  option  law,  with  ap- 
parent satisfaction  to  all  interests." 

Governor  Davidson,  of  Wisconsin,  says: 

"In  our  State  law  is  local  option  with  power  to  grant  or 

refuse  liquor  licenses  under  strict  regulation  in  towns,  villages 

and  municipalities  by  direct  vote  of  electors  in  each  commu- 

,nity.     The  system  is  quite  satisfactory  from  the  standpoint  of 

regulation  and  home  rule." 

LAW    DECLARED    A    FAILURE. 

Malcolm  R.  Patterson,  Governor  of  Tennessee,  says: 
"Prohibition  is  a  failure  in  Tennessee,  just  as  it  has  been  in 
every  other  State  where  it  has  been  tried  and  as  it  will  be  in 
Oregon  if  adopted.  Local  option,  with  high  license,  regula- 
tion and  control  by  law,  is,  in  my  judgment,  the  only  practical 
way  to  deal  with  a  difficult  subject.  The  experience  of  Ten- 
nessee with  prohibition  has  resulted  in  decreased  revenues,  dis- 
turbance of  political  conditions,  bad  feeling  engendered 
among  the  people,  and  with  no  corresponding  benefit  what- 
ever, so  far  as  I  or  any  other  conservative  citizen  of  that 
State  can  see." 

The  reply  of  Mayor  Thompson,  of  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.,  follows: 

"The  prohibition  law  in  this  State  has  not  been  a  success 
from  my  viewpoint.  If  I  had  to  choose  for  the  municipality 
of  Chattanooga  to-day,  I  would  like  to  see  it  return  to  the 
excise  law  under  which  we  had  segregation,  regulation  and 
high  license.  Under  these  conditions  no  city  in  the  entire 
South  was  better  regulated  than  Chattanooga." 

Mayor  Ashley,  of  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  says: 
"My  observation  is  that  State-wide  prohibition  has  been  a 
failure.     Absolute  home  rule  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic 
is  the  proper  treatment  of  the  subject  matter." 

Mayor  House,  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  says: 

"If  you  want  your  tax  rate  increased,  your  revenues  re- 

147 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

duced,  real  estate  values  decreased  and  business  in  general 
hampered  without  promoting  temperance,  morality  or  re- 
ducing the  amount  of  liquor  consumed,  favor  State-wide 
prohibition.  If  you  would  avoid  all  these  evils,  vote  for  home 
rule  by  cities." 

Prohibition  Fifty  Years  Ago. 

VIEWS    OF    GOV.    ANDREW    OF    MASSACHUSETTS. 

When  Massachusetts  had  a  prohibition  law  the  moral 
consequences  were  so  deplorable  that  the  best  people 
of  the  State  entered  into  conflict  with  the  worst  in  the 
effort  to  get  rid  of  the  obnoxious  statute.  Among  the 
leaders  for  decency  was  John  A.  Andrew,  Massachu- 
setts' famous  war  Governor,  who  wrote  the  following: 

"I  aver  that  a  statute  of  prohibition,  aiming  to  banish  from 
the  table  of  an  American  citizen,  by  pains  and  penalties,  an 
article  of  diet  which  a  large  body  of  the  people  believe  to  be 
legitimate,  which  the  law  does  not  even  pretend  to  exclude 
from  the  category  of  commercial  articles,  which  in  every  na- 
tion, and  in  some  form  in  all  history,  has  held  its  place  among 
the  necessities  or  the  luxuries  of  society,  is  absurdly  weak,  or 
else  it  is  fatal  to  any  liberty.  Whenever  it  will  cease  to  be 
absurdly  weak,  society,  by  the  operation  of  moral  causes,  will 
have  reached  a  point  where  it  will  have  become  useless;  or 
else  it  will  be  fatal  to  any  liberty,  since,  if  not  useless,  but 
operated  and  fulfilled  by  legal  force,  its  execution  will  be  per- 
petrated upon  a  body  of  subjects  in  whose  abject,  characters 
there  will  be  combined  the  essential  qualities  which  are  need- 
ful to  cowardice  and  servility. 

"Do  you  tell  me  that  no  beverage  into  which  alcohol  enters, 
used  in  cooking,  or  placed  upon  the  table,  fitly  belongs  to  the 
catalogue  of  foods? 

"I  answer:  That  is  a  question  of  science,  which  neither 
Governor  nor  Legislature  has  any  lawful  capacity  to  solve  for 
the  people. 

"Do  you  tell  me,  then,  that  whether  the  catalogue  be  ex- 
purgated or  not,  all  such  food  is  unwholesome  and  unfit  to  be 
safely  taken? 

"I  answer:  That  is  a  question  of  dietetics.  And  it  is  for  the 
profession  of  medicine.     There  is,  in  principle,  no    odds   be- 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

tvveen  proscribing  an  article  of  diet  and  prescribing  a  dose  of 
physic  by  authority  of  law.  The  next  step  will  be  to  provide 
for  the  taking  of  calomel,  antimony  and  Epsom  salts  by  acts 
of  the  general  court. 

"Do  you  tell  me,  however,  that  all  such  beverages,  in  their 
most  innocent  use,  involve  a  certain  danger;  that  possibly 
anyone  may,  probably  many,  and  certainly  some  will,  abuse 
it,  and  thus  abuse  themselves;  and  by  consequence  that  all 
men,  as  matter  of  prudence,  and  therefore  of  duty,  ought  to 
abstain  from  and  reject  it? 

"I  answer:  That  is  a  question  of  morals,  for  the  answer  to 
which  we  must  resort  to  the  Bible,  or  to  the  church,  or  to  the 
teachings  of  moral  philosophy.  The  right  to  answer  it  at  all, 
or  to  pretend  to  any  opinion  upon  it,  binding  the  citizen, 
has  never  been  committed  by  the  people,  in  any  free  govern- 
ment on  earth,  to  the  decision  of  the  secular  power.  If  the 
State  can  pass  between  the  citizen  and  his  church,  his  Bible, 
his  conscience  and  God,  upon  questions  of  his  own  personal 
habits,  and  decide  what  he  shall  do,  on  merely  moral  ground, 
then  it  has  authority  to  invade  the  domain  of  thought,  as  well 
as  of  private  life,  and  prescribe  bounds  of  freedom  of  con- 
science. There  is  no  barrier,  in  principle,  where  the  Govern- 
ment must  stop,  short  of  the  establishment  of  a  State  church 
prescribed  by  law,  and  maintained  by  persecution. 

"Do  you  tell  me  that  the  using  of  wine  or  beer  as  a  beverage, 
however  temperately,  is  of  dangerous  tendency,  by  reason  of 
its  example?  Do  you  insist  that  the  temperate  use  of  it  by 
one  man  may  be  pleaded  by  another  as  the  occasion  and 
apology  for  its  abuse  ? 

"I  answer:  That  if  the  Government  restrains  the  one  man 
of  his  just  rational  liberty  to  regulate  his  private  conduct  and 
affairs,  in  matters  innocent  in  themselves,  wherein  he  offends 
not  against  peace,  public  decorum,  good  order,  nor  the  per- 
sonal rights  of  any,  then  the  Government  both  usurps  un- 
delegated powers  and  assumes  to  punish  one  man  in  advance 
for  the  possible  fault  of  another.  The  argument  that,  be- 
cause one  man  may  offend,  another  must  be  restrained,  is  the 
lowest  foundation  of  tyranny,  the  cornerstone  of  despotism. 
Liberty  is  never  denied  to  the  people  anywhere  on  the  ground 
that  liberty  is  denied  to  the  good  or  right,  in  itself.  The  uni- 
versal pretext  of  every  despotism  is,  that  liberty  is  dangerous 
to  society — that  is,  that  the  people  are  unfit  to  enjoy  it. 

149 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"Do  you  tell  me  that  these  arguments  have  a  tendency 
indirectly  to  encourage  and  defend  useless  and  harmful  drink- 
ing, and  that  silence  would  have  been  better — for  the  sake  of  a 
great  and  holy  cause? 

"I  answer:  That  He  who  governs  the  universe  and  created 
the  nature  of  man,  who  made  freedom  a  necessity  of  his  de- 
velopment, and  the  capacity  to  choose  between  good  and  evil 
the  crowning  dignity  of  His  reason,  knew  better  than  to  trust 
it  to  the  expedients  of  political  society.  The  great  and  holy 
cause  of  emancipation  from  vice  and  moral  bondage,  is  moral, 
and  not  political." — Johyi  A.  Andrew,  Governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 


Under  local  option  many  persons  who  are  not  prohi- 
bitionists habitually  vote  for  no  license  in  the  place 
where  they  live,  or  where  their  business  is  carried  on. 
Persons  who  object  to  public  bars,  although  they  use 
alcoholic  drinks  themselves,  may  also  support  a  local 
no-license  system.  By  forethought,  such  persons  can 
get  their  own  supplies  from  neighboring  places  where 
license  prevails.  If  their  supplies  should  be  cut  off, 
they  might  vote  differently. — Committee  of  Fifty 


150 


CF  THE 

U  RSITY 


AS   IS    MAINE,    SO   IS    KANSAS. 


How   Statistics  Are  Faked  to  Support  Prohibition  — 
Paupers  Accounted  for  As  Insane. 

KANSAS  official  statistics  are  constructed  after 
a  pattern  calculated  to  bring  joy  to  the  heart 
of  the  optimist,  and  the  farther  away  from  Kansas 
the  statistics  are  circulated  the  better  for  the  "cause," 
for  even  a  Kansas  optimist  enjoys  a  joke.  The 
danger  of  circulating  the  statistics  too  near  home  was 
emphasized  recently  when  the  attention  of  the  State 
Board  of  Health  was  called  to  the  vital  statistics  of 
the  State,  which  showed  that  the  average  length  of 
life  in  Kansas  w^as  a  mere  130  years.  Whereupon  a 
member  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  called  upon 
the  proper  authorities  to  stick  a  little  closer  to  facts, 
or  at  least  to  sugarcoat  the  dose  so  that  it  would  stand 
a  reasonable  chance  of  going  down,  even  away  from 
Kansas. 

East,  west,  north,  and  south,  Kansas  statistics  have 
been  quoted  to  prove  that  "50  per  cent,  of  our  jails 
and  more  than  60  per  cent,  of  our  poorhouses  have 
been  practically  evacuated,"  the  Governor  of  the 
State  making  the  statement  over  and  over  again  until 
perhaps  he  has  finally  reached  the  condition  where  he 
may  believe  it  true. 

Another  favorite  expression  of  Kansas  officials,  and 
it  is  scattered  continuously  to  the  ends  of  the  earth, 
is  one  dealing  with  "an  unprecedented  diminution  of 
crime,"  although  the  actual  records  of  the  Kansas 
State  Penitentiary  do  not  bear  out  this  rosy-hued 
theory. 

151 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  biennial  report  issued  by  the  penitentiary  in 

1 908  quotes  the  chaplain  of  the  prison  as  follows: 

"It  will  be  noticed  that  the  number  of  prisoners  on  June 
30,  1908,  is  the  largest  ever  before  reported.  But  it  will  also 
be  noted,"  adds  the  chaplain,  "that  on  June  30,  1906,  the 
number  of  Kansas  prisoners  was  818,  while  on  June  30,  1908, 
the  number  was  776,  a  decrease  of  42  in  the  two  years.*' 

Since  that  time  the  official  prison  statistics  have 
been  confined  principally  to  the  elusive  and  illurai- 
nating  phrase:  "An  unprecedented  diminution  in 
crime." 

The  record  of  the  Kansas  State  Prison  has  grown, 
however,  since  the  date  of  that  last  official  report, 
until  852  prisoners  were  enrolled  there — a  larger  num- 
ber than  was  enrolled  during  the  previous  "banner" 
year.  And  the  record  is  still  growing;  J.  K.  Codding, 
warden  of  the  penitentiary,  within  the  past  few  weeks, 
making  a  public  statement  to  the  effect  that  "the 
records  show  that  we  have  125  more  convicts  now 
than  two  years  ago,"  which  brings  the  population  of 
the  Kansas  penitentiary  up  to  901  inmates,  with  the 
chances  that  it  is  still  growing. 

It  should  be  said  to  the  credit  of  Warden  Codding, 
however,  that  he  has  made  every  possible  effort  to 
keep  down  the  prison  record,  even  to  the  extent  of 
making  a  public  appeal  to  Governor  Stubbs  to  exer- 
cise his  power  of  parole  in  order  to  prevent  an  over- 
flow at  the  prison,  to  say  nothing  of  the  damaging 
effect  of  an  overcrowded  prison  on  the  prosperity 
statistics  of  the  prohibition  State. 

Warden  Codding  has  furnished  still  further  infor- 
mation concerning  conditions  in  the  Kansas  peniten- 
tiary in  his  public  appeal  to  Governor  Stubbs  issued 
late  in  September  of  last  year  (1910).  In  asking  for 
an  additional  appropriation  of  one  cent  per  day,  per 
man,    for   the    board   of   the  prisoners  of  the  State, 

152 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Warden  Codding  made  the  statement  that  the  Kan- 
sas prisoners  were  not  sufficiently  fed.  To  quote 
verbatim  the  picturesque  language  of  Warden  Cod- 
ding: 

"The  Kansas  prisoners  go  hungry  to  bed,"  the  great 
and  prosperous  State  unable  to  furnish  them  with 
sufficient  food,  though  most  of  them  are  continually 
at  hard  labor  in  the  prison  coal  mines  or  in  the  twine 
factory  maintained  by  the  institution. 

Up  to  date  the  appeal  of  the  warden  of  the  State 
penitentiary  has  fallen  on  barren  ground,  and  the 
State  prisoners  are  still  "going  hungry  to  bed." 

The  Poor  Farms  Fake. 

Aside  from  its  "unprecedented  diminution  of  crime," 

the  most  frequently  quoted  statistics  of  Kansas  read 

about  as  follows: 

"Something  of  the  beneficent  influences  of  prohibition  upon 
society  may  be  discerned  in  the  official  statistics,  disclosing 
that  at  the  end  of  the  last  fiscal  year  twenty-eight  county 
poor  farms  were  without  tenants." 

It  is  true,  that  at  the  time  of  the  extensively  quoted 
report,  that  Kansas  had  twenty-eight  counties  with- 
out any  poor  farm  inmates;  many  of  them,  however, 
never  had  a  poor  farm  to  empty,  and  nearly  all  of 
them  are  boarding  out  their  destitute  poor,  presum- 
ably to  the  lowest  bidder,  after  the  fashion  in  vogue 
in  other  States  before  the  dawn  of  civilization. 

When  the  actual  facts  are  known  concerning  the 
Kansas  poor  farms,  it  is  not  that  facts  have  been  dis- 
torted to  bolster  up  a  false  prosperity  standard  that 
invites  the  keenest  criticism,  nor  is  it  the  reporting  of 
empty  poor  farms  in  counties  where  such  civilizing 
influences  as  poor  farms  have  never  existed,  but 
rather  the  uncivilized  manner  in  which  many  of  these 

153 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

tenantless  poor- farm  counties  "empty"  their  poor 
farms  by  unloading  their  pauper  citizens  upon  the 
State,  sending  them  to  the  State  insane  asylums  as 
"indigent  insane." 

The  State  law  allowing  a  few  dollars  a  week  to  a 
county  for  the  care  of  its  "indigent  insane,"  in  .case 
the  State  for  lack  of  room  is  unable  to  admit  an  "indi- 
gent insane"  patient  into  one  of  its  asylums,  holds 
the  key  to  the  secret  of  the  no-poor-farm  counties, 
and  it  is  a  significant  fact  that  every  one  of  the  "ten- 
antless poor-farm"  counties  is  represented  in  one  or 
another  of  the  State  insane  asylums  with  one  or  more 
"indigent  insane"  patients;  which  makes  it  apparent 
that  when  a  Kansan  finds  himself  within  the  shadow 
of  the  poorhouse  he  is  immediately  adjudged  "in- 
sane." 

On  page  182  of  the  Second  Biennial  Report  of  the 

Board   of   Control,   State   Charitable   Institutions   of 

Kansas  (1908)    is  given  an  inkling  of  real  conditions 

in  the  care  of  the  Kansas  poor : 

"The  great  modem  problem,"  reads  the  report,  "is  not  how 
to  get  inmates  into  the  institutions  for  the  insane,  hut  it  is  how 
to  get  them  out.  *  *  *  During  recent  years,  there  has  been 
an  extraordinary  increase  of  more  than  no  per  cent,  in  the 
number  of  insane  in  hospitals.  *  *  *  Persons  who  have 
been  failures  in  life,  on  account  of  weak  intellect,  are  sent  to 
the  insane  hospitals  instead  of  to  the  county  almshouse. 
Old  people,  whose  minds  are  failing  along  with  their  bodies,  are 
sent  to  the  insane  hospitals  by  the  county  authorities,  rather 
than  helped  at  home." 

Dr.   T.   C.   Biddle,   Superintendent  of  the  Topeka 

State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  on  page  385  of  the  same 

report,  says: 

"There  is  doubtless  a  real  increase  in  the  percentage  of 
insanity  in  Kansas  as  elsewhere.  However,  the  real  in- 
crease is  not  as  great  as  hospital  statistics  suggest,  because  of 
the  fact  that  many  cases  are  committed  who  formerly  re- 

154 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

mained  in  the  homes  or  elsewhere  without  commitment.  The 
tendency  of  the  times  to  shift  the  burden  of  the  care  of  the 
aged  to  the  State  is  illustrative  of  this  inclination  of  modern 
society.  *  *  *  It  is  possible  that  the  tendency  *  *  * 
will  render  it  necessary  for  the  State  to  institute  some  re- 
strictive measures  in  order  that  the  State  hospitals  may  not  he 
converted  into  almhouses  for  the  care  of  various  types  of  in- 
competents and  defectives." 

The  same  physician,  on  page  384  of  the  report,  in 

referring  to  the  mortuary  record  of  the  institution 

says: 

"The  advanced  age  of  the  deceased  is  due  in  part  to  the  in- 
creasing ages  *  *  *  hut  a  'inore  important  factor  is  the 
growing  practice  of  transferring  the  care  of  the  aged  *  *  * 
from  the  home  to  the  State.  *  *  *  This  increasing  ten- 
dency of  both  friends  of  the  aged  and  public  officials,  to 
transfer  their  duty  in  caring  for  the  aged  upon  the  State,  is  an 
important  item  in  explaining  the  apparent  and  real  increase 
of  insanity  in  the  State.  Many  of  these  old  people  are 
brought  to  the  institution  in  the  last  days  of  senile  decline, 
both  mental  and  physical.  They  are  exactly  the  same  type  of 
cases  that  in  former  years  were  cared  for  at  home,  or  perhaps 
in  the  county  almshouse.  Now  they  are  adjudged  insane  and 
transferred  to  the  care  of  the  State,  occupying  many  beds 
that  could,  with  greater  benefit,  be  given  to  acutely  insane, 
who,  for  'want  of  room,'  are  now  compelled  to  remain  in  jails 
or  other  unsuitable  places.  The  foregoing  facts  suggest  that 
an  effort  should  be  made  in  the  way  of  legislative  enactment 
to  place  some  restriction  on  this  abuse  of  the  bounty  of  the 
State." 

What  a  fearful  indictment  of  the  charity  of  pros- 
perous Kansas! 

While  Kansas  cares  for  her  aged  poor  in  the  insane 

asylums,  the  helpless  children  are  cared  for   in  the 

county  almshouse,   page   320   of  the   Report   of   the 

Board  of  Control  offering  the  following  illumination 

on  the  subject : 

"It  is  a  blot  on  the  fair  record  of  Kansas  that  no  law  has 
ever  been  passed  forbidding  the  placing  of  children  in  alms- 

155 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

houses.  *  *  *  Children  who  have  spent  a  portion  of  their 
lives  in  a  county  almshouse  seldom  overcome  the  stigma  that 
attaches  to  their  name  therefrom.  In  March,  1908,  the 
Board  of  Control  sent  out  blanks  to  the  county  clerk  of  each 
county,  asking  for  statistics  in  regard  to  the  classes  kept  in 
the  almshouses.  *  *  *  From  the  information  gathered  it  was 
found  that  eleven  counties  were  still  keeping  children  in  their 
almshouses,  although  the  length  of  residence  there  seemed  to 
be  only  for  a  short  time.  It  is  not  known  whether  more  than 
the  eleven  counties  are  sending  children  to  the  county  alms- 
house or  not." 

The  fact  that  the  Legislature  of  1905  passed  a  law 
requiring  the  superintendent  of  each  county  alms- 
house to  see  that  the  children  who  are  kept  in  the 
almshouse  are  educated,  shows  that  the  system  is 
ofificially  tolerated  in  Kansas. 

Enlightened  Kansas. 

In  conclusion,  another  quotation  or  two  from  the 
official  documents  of  Kansas  will  throw  a  little  more 
light  on  enlightened  Kansas,  whose  prohibitory  laws 
have  been  graduated  from  the  joke  of  other  years  to 
the  screaming  farce  of  to-day. 

H.  W.  Charles,  Superintendent  of  the  Boys'  Indus- 
trial School  of  Kansas,  is  quoted  on  page  80  in  the 
third  Semi- Annual  Bulletin  of  the  Kansas  State 
Charitable  Institutions,  as  follows: 

"I  can  only  refer  briefly  to  the  fact  that  the  owners  of  homes 
are  always  found  on  the  side  of  law  and  order.  The  man 
without  property  is  the  one  to  listen  to  the  harangue  of  the 
anarchist  and  to  engage  in  riot  and  bloodshed.  Poverty  is 
not  a  virtue ;  it  is  a  crime . " 

Page  85  of  the  same  document  quotes  Dr.  Sherman 

L.  Axford,  of  the  State  Penitentiary: 

"If  there  is  one  good  reason  why  the  inmates  of  the  various 
charitable  and  penal  institutions  of  the  State  should  be  fur- 
nished an  ounce  of  tobacco  each  day  it  has  never  been  made 
clear  to  me." 

156 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Great  and  glorious  Kansas!  Benign  example  of  a 
prohibition  State,  with  its  relic  of  the  dark  ages! 
Where  prohibition  actually  prohibits — in  the  State 
Penitentiary,  the  insane  asylums  and  the  almshouses 
of  the  State  of  the  made-to-order  prosperity  sta- 
tistics! 

Kansas  Wet  After  Thirty  Years. 

Kansas,  prohibition  in  name  for  the  past  twenty- 
eight  years,  is  again  in  the  throes  of  a  crusade  against 
the  illegal  sale  of  intoxicating  beverages  (says  the 
New  York  World),  and  the  present  campaign  is  bring- 
ing some  interesting  facts  to  the  attention  of  the  pub- 
lic. In  connection  with  the  last  attempt  to  make  Kan- 
sas prohibition  in  reality  as  well  as  in  name  it  is  sig- 
nificant that  the  movement  is  being  agitated  by  State 
officials  alone,  and  that  the  administrative  heads  of 
the  various  cities  in  the  Sun  Flower  State  apparently 
have  little  or  no  sympathy  with  the  policy  maintained 
at  Topeka. 

Almost  without  exception  the  municipal  authorities 
are  and  have  been  for  the  past  quarter  of  a  century 
opposed  to  State-wide  prohibition,  holding  that  the 
sale  of  intoxicants  or  the  prohibition  thereof  should 
be  treated  as  a  local  issue,  to  be  decided  by  the  citi- 
zens of  the  towns  affected. 

So  strong  is  this  sentiment  that  until  two  years  ago 
when,  acting  under  the  personal  supervision  of  Gov- 
ernor Hoch,  an  ardent  prohibitionist,  the  Attorney- 
General  of  the  State,  began  his  crusade  against  the 
open  saloon,  it  had  been  impossible  to  convict  for 
illegal  selling,  save  where  the  seller  was  a  disreputable 
character  and  his  resort  an  unmistakable  menace  to 
the  moral  welfare  of  the  community. 

157 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"The  saloon  has  been  practically  banished  from 
our  State  and  its  baneful  influence  almost  entirely 
eliminated,"  was  the  statement  of  Governor  Hoch  not 
long  ago.  In  view  of  the  fact  that  Kansas  for  the  past 
twenty-nine  years  has  been  under  State-wide  prohibi- 
tion rule,  the  above  statement  of  Governor  Hoch,  were 
it  borne  out  by  facts,  would  probably  appear  superflu- 
ous to  the  reader  who  is  not  informed  upon  the  usual 
results  of  ineffective  prohibitory  legislation. 

"Prohibition  for  nearly  thirty  years!  Why  should 
not  the  saloon  have  been  eliminated  by  this  time?" 
is  the  question  that  would  naturally  arise.  But  Kan- 
sas has  been,  as  it  is  at  the  present  time,  only  "pro- 
hibition" in  name.  The  Sunflower  State  is  one  of  the 
"wettest"  per  capita  in  the  Union,  and  a  careful  in- 
vestigation of  the  Kansas  situation  will  bear  out  this 
assertion. 

Kansas  has  a  population  slightly  in  excess  of 
1,500,000,  and  nearly  80  percentage  of  citizens  live  in 
the  rural  districts.  The  report  of  the  Internal  Rev- 
enue Collector  for  the  State  of  Kansas  shows  that  at 
present  4,500  stamps  permitting  the  sale  of  liquor  in 
Kansas  are  in  active  operation.  These  4,500  retail 
liquor  dealers  are  almost  without  exception  druggists. 
A  conservative  estimate  places  the  number  of  "boot- 
leggers" and  "joint-keepers,"  as  illicit  dealers  are 
termed,  in  excess  of  2,000.  Eliminating  the  latter 
class  and  considering  only  the  dealers  who  hold 
United  States  Internal  Revenue  stamps,  Kansas  has 
one  retail  liquor  seller  for  every  334  of  population. 

The  terrific  reduction  of  the  normally  large  Repub- 
lican majority  in  the  recent  (1910)  State  election  is 
directly  attributed  to  popular  disgust  with  prohibition 
and  the  fanatical  attitude  of  Governor  Stubbs. 

158 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Oklahoma's   Costly   Trial. 

PROHIBITION     PUTS  A     HEAVY     BURDEN     ON     THE      TAX- 
PAYERS. 

What  prohibition  has  cost  Oklahoma  in  the  short 
period  during  which  it  has  been  presumably  in  force 
is  indicated  in  the  following  extract  from  an  article 
in  Leslie  s  Weekly,  September  15,  1910: 

The  first  State  appropriation  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  has 
long  since  been  expended,  the  second  of  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  for  the  present  3^ear  has  also  been  used,  and  a  similar 
appropriation  for  the  ensuing  year,  now  available,  will  likely 
vanish  before  the  close  of  the  fall  campaign.  Added  to  this 
the  immense  profits  of  the  State  agency,  where  liquor  is  dis- 
pensed to  the  "sick"  of  the  State  under  the  guidance  of 
official  State  bartenders,  have  been  swallowed  up  in  the  man- 
agement of  the  business,  the  agency  officially  reported  running 
at  a  loss  of  something  like  six  thousand  dollars  some  few 
months  ago.  Despite  these  facts  an  official  of  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League,  in  the  March  issue  of  the  organ  of  the  prohi- 
bitionists, made  the  statement  that  the  law  had  not  cost 
Oklahoma  as  much  as  thirty-five  thousand  dollars  up  to  and 
including  March  ist  of  this  year  ! 

For  the  purpose  of  investigation  sixteen  counties  of  Okla- 
homa were  selected  and  the  official  records  examined,  to  as- 
certain the  cost  of  the  prohibitor}'-  law  to  the  State,  as  well 
as  to  inquire  into  general  conditions,  particularly  with  regard 
to  drunkenness  and  the  general  criminal  record.  The  in- 
vestigation covered  Grady,  Comanche,  Caddo,  Kiowa, 
Garv'in,  Murray,  Carter,  Johnston,  Seminole,  Pittsburg, 
Muskogee,  Okmulgee,  Tulsa,  Creek,  Tecumseh  and  Canadian 
counties.  Records  showed  that  the  aggregate  cost  of  the 
prohibitory  law  to  these  counties  alone,  exclusive  of  the  share 
of  the  State  appropriations,  amounted  to  close  to  four  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars,  while  in  almost  every  instance  crime 
and  drunkenness  are  decidedly  on  the  increase,  murder  cases 
as  numerous  as  other  crimes. 

In  each  of  these  counties  the  total  number  of  criminal 
cases  on  the  court  dockets  was  taken,  also  the  number  of 
liquor-law-violation  cases,  the  salaries  of  the  court  officials 
and  the  total  jury  and  sheriff  fees.     The  share  of  the   cost 

159 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

to  the  county  of  the  prohibitory  law  was  based  on  the  num- 
ber of  liquor-law-violation  cases  as  compared  with  the  other 
criminal  cases  on  the  docket.  The  official  records  proved 
beyond  question  that  the  prohibitory  law  had  cost,  for  the 
first  two  and  one-half  years  of  its  existence,  as  follows: 

Grady     County.  .$21 ,717.73  Seminole  County..!  8,857.50 

28,022.74  Pittsburg  "  ..  25,000.00 

22,871.46  Muskogee  "  ..  40,000.00 

15,406.00  Okmulgee  "  ..  22,495.26 

14,860.11  Tulsa  "..  26,155.85 

5,275.85  Creek  "  .  .  19,007.75 

14.923.90  Pottawatomie    "  .  .  25,731.29 

9,590.40  Canadian  "  ..  29,643.72 


Comanche 

Caddo 

Kiowa 

Garvin 

Murray 

Carter 

Johnston 


In  many  counties  the  prohibitory  law  practically  created 
the  county  court,  elevating  it  from  a  small  probate  court  on  a 
nominal  fee  system,  and  creating  a  salary  fund  to  pay  the 
salaries  of  the  judge  and  other  court  officials.  The  rule  in 
most  of  the  counties  seems  to  be  that  the  county  court 
grinds  for  the  benefit  of  the  violators  of  the  prohibitory  law, 
to  the  great  cost  of  the  county  as  well  as  to  its  moral  disad- 
vantage. It  is  not  at  all  unusual  to  find  the  county  court 
devoting  more  than  two-thirds  of  its  time  to  the  liquor-law- 
violation  cases  and  the  sheriff  fees  of  the  county  doubled 
and  trebled  again  and  again  by  reason  of  the  prohibitory  law. 


Giving  Judgment  Against  Themselves. 

Referring  to  an  article  in  its  own  columns  on  the  in- 
crease of  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages,  the 
National  Prohibitionist  says: 

"In  the  first  year  of  the  existence  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,, 
the  chief  champion  of  non-partisanism,  the  American  people 
drank  16.95  gallons  of  intoxicating  liquor  per  capita.  In 
1907,  after  some  fourteen  years  of  activity  on  the  part  of  the 
League,  the  American  people  drank  23.54  gallons  per  capita. 
In  19 10,  with  enormous  'whitening'  of  the  map  and  marvel- 
ous voting  out  of  saloons  and  creation  of  'dry'  territory,  the 
American  people  drank,  by  the  careful  estimate  of  this  article, 
22.73  gallons  per  capita.  Of  course,  this  doesn't  prove  that 
the  Anti- Saloon   League  leaders  are  dishonest  or    that    the. 

160 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

people  who  support  the  Anti- Saloon  League  are  not  actuated 
by  the  highest  motives;  but  it  does  prove  that  the  non-partisan 
local  option  system  of  dealing  with  the  drink  evil  is  a  dead, 
flat  failure." 

Iowa's  Prohibition  Period. 

EVIL     CONDITIONS     THAT      LED     TO     INSTITUTION 

OF     MULCT     LAW. 

The  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics,  published 
by  the  Iowa  State  Historical  Society,  gives  the  fol- 
lowing account  of  that  State's  experience  of  prohibi- 
tion (between  1884  and  1890): 

"The  demand  for  intoxicating  liquors  as  a  beverage 
had  not  decreased,  and  where  there  is  a  demand  for  a  thing  it 
is  seldom  difficult  to  find  some  means  of  supply.  In  this  case 
it  is  common  knowledge  that  during  the  early  periods  of 
prohibition  in  Iowa  the  saloon  was  replaced  by  the  'drugstore,' 
the  'hole  in  the  wall,'  the  'blind  tiger,'  the  'blind  pig'  and 
the  'boot-legger.' 

"The  pharmacy  law  had  given  to  registered  pharmacists  the 
sole  right  to  sell  intoxicating  liquors  for  medical,  mechanical, 
culinary  and  sacramental  purposes,  and  it  can  scarcely  be  a 
matter  of  wonder  that  immense  quantities  of  liquor  were 
bought  and  sold  under  cloak  of  this  provision. 

"Besides  the  drug  stores,  a  great  many  ingenious  means 
were  devised  to  defeat  the  law  and  supply  the  demand  for 
liquor.  The  first  alarming  evil  that  grew  out  of  the  proposed 
revolution  was  the  driving  of  drink  into  the  homes  of  the  people. 
Another  lamentable  feature  is  that  hundreds  of  business  men 
inaugurated  bars  in  their  places  of  business.  Agents  repre- 
senting manufacturers  of  ale,  beer,  wine  and  liquors  of  every 
description,  to  the  number  of  more  than  100,  for  a  time  trav- 
eled through  the  State,  taking  orders  for  private  stock  and 
home  consumption. 

BEER    DEPOTS     ESTABLISHED. 

"Throughout  the  country  in  many  parts  of  the  State  beer 
depots  were  established.  The  home  of  some  farmer  would  be 
designated  as  the  central  point  where  his  neighbors  could  call 
and  get  their  kegs  of  beer,  which  had  been  ordered  outside  and 

161 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

hauled  into  the  State.  Another  scheme  was  that  of  having  a 
simple  elevator  running  from  the  cellar  to  the  first  floor  of  a 
building,  so  arranged  that  no  one  could  see  from  whence  the 
liquors  came,  but  by  walking  into  the  room  and  placing  the 
money  on  the  counter  the  demand  would  be  supplied  at  once. 
Another  method  was  the  'blind  pig,'  or  'hole  in  the  wall'  under 
a  stairway.  By  simply  lifting  one  of  the  steps  hung  on  hinges 
the  liquor  desired  was  found  on  ice. 

"In  many  cities  hundreds,  if  not  thousands,  of  homes  were 
turned  into  neighborhood  saloons,  and  the  evidence  is  not 
lacking  to  show  that  in  some  portions  of  the  State  places  of 
this  character  existed  every  two  or  three  blocks,  where  one  or 
two  kegs  of  beer  were  sold  daily,  in  addition  to  whiskey.  It 
soon  became  apparent  that  there  was  a  great  inflow  of  liquor 
from  every  direction  into  the  State  of  Iowa. 

"At  a  meeting  of  the  State  Temperance  Alliance  at  Des 
Moines  in  January,  1887,  it  was  freely  admitted  that  in  many 
places  the  law  was  virtually  a  dead  letter,  because  a  majority 
of  the  people  were  opposed  to  its  enforcement.  At  this  meet- 
ing it  was  suggested  that  a  law  should  be  enacted  to  provide 
for  the  levying  of  a  tax  on  the  counties  in  which  prohibition 
was  not  enforced  and  that  the  proceeds  should  be  used  to 
enforce  the  law.  Of  course  such  a  law  would  have  been  un- 
constitutional had  it  been  enacted. 

PROHIBITION     RENOUNCED. 

"One  of  the  most  interesting  episodes  in  the  political  history 
of  Iowa  was  the  campaign  and  election  of  1889,  not  only  be- 
cause the  result  was  the  defeat  of  the  party  which  had  been  in 
power  in  the  State  since  1854,  but  also  because  of  the  circum- 
stances which  led  to  that  defeat.  In  an  attempt  to  explain 
the  Democratic  victory,  the  prohibition  question  must  be 
given  a  prominent  place..  This  election  may  be  said  to  mark 
the  beginning  of  the  return  swing  of  the  pendulum-  of  public 
opinion  against  prohibition. 

"In  their  platforms  the  parties  took  their  accustomed 
stand.  The  Democrats  declared  for  local  option.  The  Demo- 
cratic Governor  was  elected.  The  Republicans,  however, 
still  had  a  majority  in  the  Legislature. 

"The  four  years  from  1890  to  1894,"  continues  the  History, 
"may  be  characterized  as  a  period  of  reaction  against  the  pro- 
hibitory  law.     This   statement   may   meet   with   objections 

162 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

from  those  who  most  strongly  favored  the  law,  on  the  ground 
that  prohibition  was  not  given  a  fair  chance  under  the  Demo- 
cratic administration  of  Gov.  Boies;  but  the  facts  do  not 
warrant    this  objection. 

"The  Republican  party  still  stuck  to  prohibition,  and  Boies 
was  re-elected  with  the  entire  Democratic  ticket."  The  His- 
tory says:  "The  results  of  the  election  could  doubtless  be  ex- 
plained in  inany  ways;  but  this  second  Democratic  victory, 
more  sweeping  and  decisive  than  the  first  one,  is  clearly  an 
evidence  that  the  people  were  becoming  more  and  more  dissatisfied 
with  prohibition. 

LIBERTY     DEMANDED. 

"The  crisis  came  in  1894,  when  the  Republican  Legislature 
was  compelled  to  yield  to  the  demand  of  the  people,  sorely 
plagued  with  prohibition,  to  give  more  personal  liberty.  Then 
the  present  mulct  law  was  enacted,  which  permits  operation  of 
saloons  where  the  people  want  them  by  payment  of  a  license 
or  mulct  tax.  Ever  since  the  prohibition  period,  when  busi- 
ness was  crippled  and  social  conditions  of  the  State  disrupted, 
there  has  been  no  genuine  inclination  on  the  part  of  Iowa  to 
return  to  State-wide  prohibition.  Des  Moines,  the  capital 
city,  now  has  90  saloons  and  is  one  of  the  most  orderly  cities 
in  the  United  States. 

"The  recent  efforts  of  the  prohibitionists  to  enlist  the  aid  of 
the  Republican  party  have  met  with  a  frosty  reception.  The 
party  leaders  remember  too  well  the  result  of  the  trial  from 
1884  to  1890.  While  the  Democrats  favor  local  option,  they, 
too,  in  the  light  of  Iowa's  experience,  would  not  think  of 
openly  coming  out  for  prohibition. 

"In  the  period  in  which  Iowa  has  permitted  saloons  to  oper- 
ate under  the  mulct  law  there  has  been  less  crime  than  in  the 
prohibition  period.     The  death  rate  also  has  been  lower." 

Georgia's  Losing  Experiment. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  the  Atlanta  Constitution  there 

appeared  an  editorial  which  clearly  reflects  the  real 

situation  in  Georgia  to-day.     It  said  in  part : 

"The  belief  and  fear  of  our  contemporary,  the  Cedartown 
Standard,  expressed  in  the  following  editorial  statement,  has, 
unfortunately,  perhaps,  too  substantial  a  foundation : 

163 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"  'We  hope  that  we  are  wrong,  but  the  Standard  cannot 
help  but  believe  that  Georgia  is  going  to  be  obliged  to  take  her 
choice  between  an  increase  in  tax  rate  and  a  return  of  whiskey 
to  the  State  for  the  sake  of  revenue.' 

"The  Standard  might,  more  accurately,  have  put  it  in  this 
way:  'An  increase  in  tax  rate  or  a  return  to  the  taxation  of 
whiskey  sold  in  the  State,  for  the  sake  of  revenue.'     *     *     * 

"If  prohibition  really  prohibited,  there  would  be  an  end  of 
the  discussion  upon  that  score.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the 
revenue  has  been  seriously  abated,  but  the  traffic  goes  on  just 
the  same. 

"It  seems  the  height  of  folly  that  the  latter  should  exist 
without  the  former,  and  Georgia's  return  to  licensed  and  regu- 
lated sale  of  liquors,  beers  and  wines,  minus  the  open  bar- 
room, which  has  gone  to  stay,  is  a  question  which,  it  is  not 
doubted,  is  now  being  given  widespread  thought  and  con- 
sideration." 

The  Augusta  (Ga.)   Herald  is  equally  emphatic    in 

one  of  its  editorials  which  says: 

"There  are  at  present  no  bar-rooms  in  Georgia,  yet  liquor 
can  be  bought  by  whoever  has  the  money  to  pay  for  it  almost 
as  readily  as  could  be  done  before  the  prohibition  law  went 
into  effect." 

A    FEDERAL    OFFICIAL'S    TESTIMONY. 

N.  W.  Johnson,  of  the  International  Revenue  De- 
partment, is  quoted  as  follows  in  the  Baltimore  Ameri- 
can: 

"We  have  issued  over  500  licenses  in  Atlanta  so  far  for  the 
present  year  (1908),  but  before  Georgia  adopted  State  prohi- 
bition the  number  of  Government  licenses  was  the  same  as  the 
number  of  legally  operated  saloons  in  that  city — a  little  more 
than  100.  So  soon  as  the  saloons  closed  their  doors  the 
'boot-leggers'  began  their  trade." 

PROHIBITION    INCREASES    CRIME. 

Atlanta  has  been  no  exception  to  this  rule.  Mayor 
W.  R.  Joyner,  of  that  city,  says  that  "plain  drunks" 
arrested  under  prohibition  have  increased  as  follows: 

164 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"January  68,  February  128,  March  132,  April  149,  May  125, 
June  150,  July  272  and  August  293.  The  disorderly  conduct 
cases  in  January,  1907,  were  920,  and  in  August,  1907,  were 
1,030.  The  disorderly  conduct  cases  in  January,  1908,  were 
526,  and  in  August,  1908,  were  1,008.  Could  any  figures 
speak  more  eloquently  of  the  effectiveness  of  prohibition? 

"Nor  has  crime  in  general  decreased.  During  the  first  four 
months  of  1907  a  total  of  174  criminals  were  tried  and  con- 
victed of  felonies  in  the  superior  courts  of  the  State,  while 
during  the  first  four  months  of  1908  the  total  number  of  con- 
victions increased  to  212." 

The  Cocaine  Curse  in  the  South. 

A  recent  Chicago  dispatch  says : 

"Inroads  of  the  cocaine  habit,  which  the  Currier  Commis- 
sion has  found  to  be  the  American  curse,  as  opium  is  the  curse 
of  China  and  hemp  of  India,  has  suddenly  developed  into  a  new 
ominous  phase  of  the  race  problem  in  the  United  States, 
particularly  in  the  South. 

"  'Cocaine  now  ranks  with  whiskey  as  the  chief  provocative 
of  rape  and  its  consequent  lynching  bee  in  the  South,'  de- 
clare Charles  W.  Collins  and  John  Day,  of  the  Commission, 
in  the  preliminary  report  just  published  in  full  by  the  Chicago 
magazine,  Everyday  Life.  They  add:  'Already  among  the 
"fiends"  and  the  policemen  who  have  to  deal  with  them  there 
is  talk  of  "the  new  field."  The  phrase,  with  its  commercial 
suggestion,  comes  from  the  dealers  in  the  drugs,  retailers  and 
perhaps  wholesalers  also.  Every  "fiend,"  it  should  be  added, 
is  more  than  likely  to  be  a  peddler  of  the  "stuff,"  taking  his 
commission  in  the  same  misery  that  he  distributes.  This 
"new  field"  is  among  the  brutalized  negroes  of  the  South, 
who,  denied  easy  access  to  liquor  by  the  prohibition  move- 
ment, are  turning  to  drugs  as  a  substitute.' 

"The  Commission  quotes  from  Hampton's  Magazine  an 
article  by  Judge  Harris  Dickson,  of  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  who 
told  of  a  contractor  who  ordered  a  pound  of  cocaine  to  the 
astonishment  of  the  salesman  to  w^hom  the  order  was  given, 
who  expostulated,  saying:  'No  man  on  earth  can  possibly 
want  that  much  cocaine.'  The  contractor  reiterated  the 
order. 

"  'A  man  who  deliberately  puts    cocaine  into    a  negro   is 

165 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

more  dangerous  than  he  who  would  inoculate  a  dog  with  hy- 
drophobia,' commented  Judge  Dickson.  'The  deadly  drug 
arouses  every  evil  passion,  gives  the  negro  superhuman 
strength,  and  destroys  his  sense  of  fear.  Yet  the  steamboat 
negro  and  the  levee  negro  will  not  work  without  it.  So  the 
levee  contractor  makes  his  camp  look  like  a  cross-section  of 
hell,  but  he  gets  his  dirt  moved.'  " 

Opium  and  Prohibition. 

Speaking  of  Maine,  by  the  way,  Dr.  Hamilton  E. 
Wright,  the  eminent  sociologist,  has  recently  created 
a  sensation  by  showing  how  the  opium-smoking  habit 
has  increased  in  that  State,  especially  in  the  rural 
districts,  until  it  has  become  a  serious  menace  to  the 
community  at  large.  The  evil  is  not  confined  to 
Maine,  though  it  is  naturally  worse  in  prohibition  ter- 
ritory, the  policy  of  depriving  people  of  their  custom- 
ary stimulants  being  the  direct  potential  cause  of  it. 

In  line  with  and  confirmatory  of  Mr.  Wright's 
startling  revelation  is  a  statement  by  the  Rt.  Rev. 
C.  H.  Brant,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Manila. 
The  Bishop  declares  that  in  the  Southern  States, 
where  prohibition  has  become  almost  universal,  the 
increase  in  the  use  of  drugs,  per  capita,  is  greater  than 
the  increase  in  population.  He  goes  on  to  fortify  his 
statement  with  facts  and  figures  of  an  appalling  kind : 

"The  legitimate  amount  of  opium  calculated  as  absolutely 
necessary  for  medical  and  commercial  purposes  for  one  year's 
consumption  is  60,000  pounds.  Last  year  over  480,000 
pounds  was  brought  into  the  United  States  through  the  cus- 
toms house.  This,  of  course,  does  not  include  the  vast 
amount  that  is  smuggled  over  the  borders. 

"Investigation  develops  the  fact  that  40  per  cent,  of  the 
Chinese  are  addicted  to  the  use  of  the  drug.  Some  author- 
ities even  place  the  figures  as  high  as  60  per  cent.,  but  I  do  not 
think  that  is  correct. 

166 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"The  use  of  opium,  cocaine  and  other  such  drugs  is,  I  regret 
to  say,  largely  on  the  increase  all  over  the  United  States,  es- 
pecially in  localities  where  the  sale  of  liquor  is  prohibited." 

Bishop  Brant  admits  that  the  pure  food  laws  have 
done  good  work  regarding  the  sale  of  patent  medicines, 
btit  he  insists  that  the  drug  store  has  taken  the  place 
of  the  saloon  in  many  of  our  cities. 

One  of  these  days  it  may  occur  to  the  American 
people  that  they  are  paying  too  high  a  price  for 
prohibition ! 

Mortality  in   Maine. 

Maine  has  had  prohibition  for  more  than  fifty  years 
and  yet  from  1880  to  1900  the  death  rate  from  alco- 
holism in  that  State  increased  from  1.57  to  2.41,  an 
increase  of  53  per  cent.  The  death  rate  from  the 
same  cause  in  the  seventeen  license  States  during  the 
same  period  of  time  decreased  from  2.47  to  1.62,  a 
decrease  of  34  per  cent. 


Millions  of  our  people  are  classed  among  ike  drinking, 
with  a  very  small  per  cent,  of  them  classed  among  the 
drunkards,  or  persons  who  drink  to  excess.  These 
millions  will  resent  an  act  of  the  people  at  large  to  deprive 
them  of  what  they  regard  as  their  inherent  right,  and  will 
rebel  at  laws  enacted  to  that  end.  It  is  not  a  question 
of  how  best  to  deal  with  this  far-reaching  and  complex 
question.  Shall  provision  be  made,  and  especially  in 
our  cities,  under  strict  regulation,  to  supply  the  demand 
of  these  millions  of  our  citizens,  or  shall  we  ignore 
their  demand  and  unconditionally  prohibit  ilie  sale  of 
liquor  f — Rev.  Dr.  Helt,  former  Supt.  Anti-Saloon 
League,  Indiana. 

167 


THE   ANTI-SALOON  LEAGUE. 


A  Southern  Paper  Denounces  Its  Pernicious  Activity. 

ONE  misfortune  of  the  situation  is  that  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League  in  order  to  live  must  keep  going, 
must  always  be  doing  something,  or  pretending  to  be 
doing  something,  whether  the  activityiswise  or  unwise, 
the  conditions  for  it  are  propitious  or  unpropitious,  re- 
gardless of  whether  the  conditions  do  or  do  not  justify 
its  activities.     Unless  an  appearance  of  success   and 
extension  is  maintained,  the  public  ceases  to  contrib- 
ute and  therefore  expenses  of  organization  and  the 
salaries  of  agents  cannot  be  paid.     Too  often  it  hap- 
pens that  a  prohibition  raid  or  outbreak  of  activity  is 
the  result  of  diminishing  collections  from  the  public 
and  the  consequent  prodding  by  officers  of  a  prohibi- 
tion organization  of  its  agents,  than  of  any  judgment 
that  a  movement  is  demanded  in  the  interest  of  mo- 
rality or  the  public  welfare.     An  agent  so  prodded 
decides  on  a  campaign  in  some  selected  county,  town 
or  city.     He  begins  first  with  the  preachers  or  min- 
isters, of    course.     A   preacher   approached    on    this 
subject  is  helpless.     Whatever  his  inward  convictions 
may  be  as  to  the  conditions  and  needs  of  the  people 
about  him,  he  feels  that  his  religious  duty  requires 
him  to  join  in  any  proposed  warfare  against  saloons. 
He  knows  that  if  he  refuses  to  engage  in  such  a  fight 
when  called  on,   his  own  influence  will  be  impaired, 
probably  his  denominational  interests  endangered  and 
his  ow^n  piety  put  under  suspicion.     He  is  regarded 
and  regards  himself  as  an  enrolled  and  pledged  mem- 
ber of  the  prohibition  or  anti-saloon  forces  and  when 

168 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

he  is  summoned  to  the  cause  he  must  answer,  how- 
ever strong  his  secret  reluctance  may  be,  however 
earnestly  he  may  doubt  the  wisdom  of  the  war.  A 
large  majority  of  the  church  members  are  in  the  same 
position  precisely.  They,  too,  must  go  into  the  fight, 
whatever  their  own  private  convictions  or  interests 
may  be.  Most  of  the  women  are  enlisted,  of  course. 
They  are  naturally  emotional  and  rarely  look  beneath 
the  surface  of  things  or  beyond  the  immediate  moment. 
They  see  the  saloon  and  see  or  feel  the  harm  done  by 
the  whiske>  sold  in  it  and  jump  instantly  to  the  con- 
clusion that  if  they  can  close  the  saloon,  they  can 
abolish  liquor  drinking  and  all  its  evil  results. 

So  the  campaign  starts  with  these  powerful  forces 
organized.  All  kinds  of  appeals  are  made  to  the  senti- 
ments, emotions,  passions  and  interests  of  voters. 
All  kinds  of  pressure  are  brought  to  bear.  Spectacu- 
lar and  exciting  effects  are  carefully  studied  and  zeal- 
ously applied.  We  have  known  instances  in  which 
business  men  and  newspapers  were  threatened  with 
boycotts  unless  they  and  their  employees  supported 
the  anti-saloon  movement.  In  conditions  like  these, 
in  excitement  and  turmoil  and  hurrah,  amid  the  ring- 
ing of  church  bells,  the  blaring  of  brass  bands,  the  wav- 
ing of  banners  and  the  marching  and  shouting  and  sing- 
ing of  women  and  children,  voters  are  drummed, 
coaxed,  driven  and  drawn  to  the  polls.  Some  are 
aroused  by  artificial  and  extraordinary  methods  to  al- 
most ecstatic  excitement,  others  are  solemnly  warned 
that  a  vote  against  prohibition  means  for  them  con- 
demnation to  hell  fire.  Politicians  eager  to  be  on  the 
popular  side,  and  men  to  whom  the  applause  of  the 
crowd,  and  particularly  the  praise  and  plaudits  of 
women,  are  grateful,  join  in.  Not  infrequently  the  sa- 
loon men  have  made  trouble  for  themselves  by  disre- 

169 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

garding  the  law  or  by  offensive  activity  and  petty 
tyranny  in  local  politics.  In  these  conditions  a  ma- 
jority of  anywhere  from  one  to  one  or  two  hundred  is 
secured  against  license ;  whereat  there  is  great  rejoicing 
and  thanksgiving  and  a  mighty  proclamation  of  an- 
other grand  triumph  for  temperance,  sobriety,  morality 
and  religion.  The  anti-saloon  agent  goes  on  his  way 
to  attack  another  stronghold  of  Satan  and  leaves 
Satan  in  his  rear  to  do  as  he  will  with  the  no-license 
law  and  to  work  out  his  nefarious  schemes  through 
the  "blind  tigers"  and  "boot-leggers."  A  law  without 
any  real  force  of  public  sentiment  or  thought  behind  it, 
and  in  which  nobody  has  any  very  special  interest,  is 
left  to  execute  itself.  The  alleged  dry  territory  ceases 
to  pay  any  liquor  licenses  to  the  State  or  the  local 
government,  while  drunkenness  is  not  appreciably 
diminished,  everybody  can  get  liquor  who  knows 
where  to  go  for  it,  just  as  many  crimes  are  committed 
and  as  many  convicts  sent  as  before,  and  there  is  no 
special  improvement  in  thrift  or  taxable  values. 

The  News  Leader  is  against  the  continuance  of  this 
fussy  farce.  As  we  view  it,  it  is  all  on  the  surface. 
The  prohibition  is  merely  nominal  and  its  chief  prac- 
tical results  are  occasional  inconvenience  to  a  stranger 
or  an  invalid  and  the  diminution  of  the  public  rev- 
enue.— From  the  Virginia  ''News  Leader'' 

Lutherans  Repudiate  Anti- Saloon  League. 

"We  cannot  join  hands  with  the  prohibitionists  because 
their  principle  is  wrong,  in  so  far  as  they  mix  good  use  and 
misuse  of  things  that  in  themselves  are  gifts  of  God.  We 
regard  this  as  a  wrong  principle  to  prohibit  on  account  of 
misuse  of  the  use,  manufacture  and  sale  of  anything  that  in 
itself  is  not  bad." 

This  is  the  declaration  of   Rev.  Carl  Eissfeldt,  of 

170 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

the  Lutheran  Orphan  Home,  who,  at  the  recent 
Lutheran  Conference  of  Wisconsin,  was  authorized  to 
give  the  stand  of  the  Lutheran  clergy.     He  adds: 

"We  have  investigated  to  see  if  we  could  join  hands  with 
the  Anti-Saloon  Leagues.  We  find  that  while  they  claim 
they  are  not  identical  with  the  prohibition  movement,  declar- 
ing they  would  only  eliminate  the  evil  of  the  present  system, 
in  their  annual  report  it  is  plainly  stated  that  not  excessive 
drinking  or  misuse  of  any  beverage,  but  the  use,  manufacture 
or  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  is  a  work  of  the  devil." 

What  Appellate  Judges  Think  of  the  An ti- Saloon 

League. 

The  Anti-Saloon  League  in  Oklahoma,  being  en- 
gaged in  a  Congressional  fight,  recently  (1910)  de- 
nounced one  of  the  Appellate  judges  because  his  de- 
cision did  not  suit  the  League  in  all  points.  Four 
judges  of  the  Appellate  Court  issued  an  open  letter 
setting  forth  in  part  as  follows : 

"If  the  people  of  this  State  desire  the  safeguards  resulting 
from  a  compliance  with  prescribed  forms  of  procedure  abol- 
ished; if  they  are  willing  that  the  courts  and  judges  shall  be 
unrestrained  by  forms  of  procedure,  that  they  shall  render 
judgment  as  they  see  fit,  without  regard  to  the  nature,  sub- 
stance or  form  of  accusation  or  the  manner  of  procedure; 
if  the  constitutional  provision  that  no  man  shall  be  deprived 
of  liberty  or  property  except  by  due  process  of  law  be  re- 
pealed, and  there  be  substituted  therefor  a  provision  that  the 
courts  and  judges  render  such  judgment  as  they  deem  proper 
according  to  whatever  laws  they  may  choose  to  make  for  the 
case  during  the  trial,  then  let  them  amend  their  constitution 
and  laws  and  so  state.  And  when  that  is  done,  this  govern- 
ment will  no  longer  be  a  government  of  law,  but  only  a  gov- 
ernment of  men;  then  no  man  can  say  his  life,  liberty  or  prop- 
erty is  safe. 

"We  submit  that  this  letter  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League  is  a 
wilful  misrepresentation,  a  demagogical  rant,  or  else  it  con- 
victs its  authors  of  a  profound  and  intense  ignorance  both 

171 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

of  the  nature  and  character  of  our  government;  and  it  is  a 
false,  unjust  and  unwarranted  attack  upon  the  court  and  in 
particular  upon  an  honorable,  just  and  upright  judge." 


An  Ohio  Pastor's  Criticism. 

A  political  raovemeiit,  organized  with  the  view  of 
controlling  legislation  on  all  subjects,  is  the  rating 
given  the  Anti-Saloon  League  by  the  Rev.  Dan  F. 
Bradley,  pastor  of  the  Pilgrim  Congregational  Church, 
of  Cleveland,  O.  Mr.  Bradley  made  the  flat  charge 
that  the  League  is  trying  to  use  the  pastors  of  churches 
as  a  means  of  assisting  it  to  build  up  such  a  controlling 
political  force,  and  predicted  that  it  would  bring 
serious  embarrassment  to  the  leaders  of  the  forces  of 
Christianity  in  Ohio.  The  peril  of  the  situation,  he 
declared,  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  Leaguers  are  not 
men  endowed  with  the  experience  of  statesmen,  but 
lack  the  qualities  which  would  entitle  them  to  the 
perfect  confidence  of  the  voters  of  the  State. 

That  Mr.  Bradley  is  a  believer  in  honestly  directed 
temperance  is  shown  by  his  statement : 

"In  its  place  the  League  can  do  a  great  work,  and  it  has  ac- 
complished much  in  the  past.  But  we  must  admit  that  it  is 
now  in  danger  of  departing  from  the  ideals  of  those  who 
started  the  movement  for  the  purpose  of  educating  the  public 
mind  along  lines  of  temperance  reform.  The  League  is  forc- 
ing an  issue  between  pastors  and  their  laymen  in  this  matter 
of  asking  for  lists  of  names  politically  classified.  Ministers 
have  no  right  to  engage  in  a  business  of  this  kind.  Men  should 
be  given  the  privilege  of  attending  church  without  being 
asked  to  be  marked  as  Democrats,  Republicans,  Socialists  or 
Prohibitionists. ' ' 


No  nation  is  drunken  where  wine  is  cheap.  Its  ex- 
tended use  w'ill  carry  health  and  comfort  to  a  tnuch 
enlarged  circle. — Thomas  Jefferson. 

172 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  League's  Business   Methods. 

The  Rev.  T.  J.  Mackay,  rector  of  All  Saints'  Church, 
Omaha,  Neb.,  thus  characterizes  a  familiar  type  of 
Anti-Saloon  Leaguer: 

"All  that  is  necessary  is  to  put  the  machinery  of  the  law  into 
motion,  and  to  do  that  requires  money.  No  personal  effort 
on  the  part  of  the  individual  is  required,  the  'reformer*  will 
attend  to  that.  All  that  is  necessary  is  to  subscribe  $i  to  $5 
a  month  to  pay  legitimate  expenses,  and  he  will  do  the  rest. 
Secure  100  men  who  will  give  $5  a  month  for  this  glorious 
cause,  and  500  will  pledge  $1  per  month,  and  you  have  $12,000 
per  year  for  the  salary  of  the  'reformer'  and  his  necessary  ex- 
penses. 

"He  at  once  organizes  his  plan  of  campaign,  for  he  must 
continue  to  show  progress  or  his  salary  will  diminish.  He 
attacks  the  saloon  (which  most  men  admit  is  a  necessary  evil) 
through  the  legislature,  and  has  drastic  laws  passed  (not  a 
difficult  matter  in  any  legislative  body),  laws  which  are  ex- 
tremely difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  enforce  in  a  city  of  any 
size,  and  the  natural  spirit  of  opposition  which  is  aroused  to 
their  enforcement  is  proof  evident  to  its  supporter  that  he  is 
doing  good  work  and  earning  his  money.  These  supporters 
of  the  'reformer'  are  not  troubling  themselves  about  the 
method  he  employs.  Paid  spies  and  informers  are  sent  out  to 
procure  evidence  of  guilt,  a  method  held  in  absolute  detesta- 
tion by  all  honorable  men.  They  pay  their  money  and  they 
want  results.  While  they  would  bitterly  resent  any  inter- 
ference with  their  own  personal  liberties,  they  scruple  not  to 
attack  the  personal  liberties  of  others;  and  the  result  is  the 
arousing  of  a  bitter  feeling  of  resentment,  not  at  all  unnatural 
when  one  considers  the  source,  and  a  determined  effort  to  out- 
wit or  evade  a  law  which  is  considered  obnoxious,  and  methods 
unworthy  of  self-respecting  citizens  of  a  free  republic." 


Wherever  prohibition  has  been  tried  the  "driest" 
month  was  the  first  month  the  law  ivas  in  force  and  the 
*' driest''  year  was  the  first  year.  Btit  with  the  passage 
of  time  men  become  more  and  more  expert  in  violating 
the  law  and  evading  detection  and  punishment,  and  the 
law  becomes  correspondingly  ineffective. 

173 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Prohibition  Impossible. 

It  does  not  seem  to  us  that  there  is  any  prospect 
that  the  use  of  alcoholic  beverages  will  ever  cease  in 
the  United  States.  We  do  not  believe  in  compulsory 
total  abstinence  for  all  the  people.  It  is  not  practi- 
cable, and  we  doubt  if  it  would  be  beneficial.  This 
opinion  is  not  based  on  esteem  for  alcoholic  beverages, 
or  on  the  idea  that  they  do  people  good.  It  is  based 
merely  on  observation  of  the  habits  of  mankind  and  on 
some  reading.  You  cannot  run  a  country  on  the  lines 
of  an  inebriate  asylum,  nor  treat  its  population  like 
patients  who  must  be  kept  from  drink  at  any  cost, 
and  whether  they  like  it  or  not.  An  effort  was  made 
to  do  something  like  that  in  the  array  when  the  can- 
teen was  abolished.  It  has  been  a  great  failure  and 
has  helped  very  much  to  give  our  army  the  worst 
hospital  record  of  any  army  in  the  civilized  world.  The 
most  that  can  be  done  about  drink,  as  we  see  the  case, 
is  CO  minimize  its  temptations,  regulate  and  restrict  its 
manufacture  and  sale,  keep  it  away  from  the  young, 
disseminate  sound  instruction  as  to  its  effects,  favor 
the  mild  beverages  rather  than  the  stronger  ones, 
and  work  out  a  more  intelligent  treatment  of  drunken- 
ness and  drunkards. —  Harper's  Weekly. 


Prohibition  is  not  needed  to  sober  the  world.  The 
world  sobers  itself.  Every  economic  consideration  en- 
forces upon  the  individual  the  necessity  of  temperance. 
The  man  who  drinks  too  much  or  at  the  wrong  time 
doesn't  get  on.  No  one  trusts  him.  He  can't  hold  a 
job.  He  can't  get  life  insurance.  He  can't  find  com- 
pany even,  for  the  good  men  are  at  work.  — Wm.  Marion 
Reedy. 

174 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Prohibitionists'  Tipple. 

ALCOHOL  IN  PATENT  MEDICINES. 

The  consumption  of  patent  medicines  has  been 
always  abnormally  larger  in  prohibition  States,  a  fact 
which  is  easily  explained  by  their  content  of  alcohol. 
The  following  percentages  of  alcohol  in  the  "patent 
medicines"  named  are  given  by  the  Massachusetts 
State  Board  analyst,  in  the  published  document 
No.  34: 

Per  cent, of  Alcohol 
(by  Volume) 

Lydia  Pinkham's  Vegetable  Compound 20.6 

Paine's  Celery  Compound 21.0 

Dr.  Williams'  Vegetable  Jaundice  Bitters 18.5 

Whiskol,  "a  non-intoxicating  stimulant" 28.2 

Colden's  Liquid  Beef  Tonic,  "recommended  for 

treatment  of  alcohol  habit" 26.5 

Ayer's  Sarsaparilla 26.2 

Thayer's  Compound  Extract  of  Sarsaparilla  . .    21.5 

Hood's  Sarsaparilla 18.8 

Allen's  Sarsaparilla i3-5 

Dana's  Sarsaparilla i3-5 

Brown's  Sarsaparilla i3-5 

Peruna 28.5 

Vinol,  Wine  of  Cod  Liver  Oil 18.8 

Dr.  Peters'  Kuriko 14.0 

Carter's  Physical  Extract 22.0 

Hooker's  Wigwam  Tonic 20 .  7 

Hoofland's  German  Tonic 29  .3 

Howe's  Arabian  Tonic,  "not  a  rum  drink". ...    13.2 

Jackson's  Golden  Seal  Tonic 19.6 

Alensman's  Peptonized  Beef  Tonic 16.5 

Parker's  Tonic,  "purely  vegetable" 41. 6 

Schenck's  Seaweed  Tonic,  "entirely  harmless"   19.5 

Baxter's  Mandrake  Bitters 16.5 

Boker's  Stomach  Bitters 42.6 

Burdock  Blood  Bitters 25-2 

Greene's  Nervura 17.2 

Hartshorn's  Bitters 22.2 

Hoofland's   German   Bitters,    "entirely   vege- 
table"       25.6 

175 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Per  cent,  of  Alcohol 
(by  Voliime) 

Hop  Bitters 12.0 

Hostetter's  Stomach  Bitters 44-3 

Kaufman's  Sulphur  Bitters,  "contains  no  alco- 
hol" (as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  contains  20.5 

per  cent,  of  alcohol  and  no  sulphur) 20 .  5 

Puritana 22.2 

Richardson's  Concentrated   Sherry  Wine  Bit- 
ters     37.5 

Warner's  Safe  Tonic  Bitters 35-7 

Warren's  Bilious  Bitters 21.5 

Faith  Whitcomb's  Nerve  Bitters 20.3 


The  supreme  immorality  that  confronts  and  threatens 
the  Christian  Church  in  this  country  is  that  which 
masques  and  misreports  itself  under  the  guise  of  that 
noble  word,  "Temperance."  The  prohibition  move- 
ment is  more  dangerous  than  commercialism,;  for  the 
latter,  at  least,  makes  no  pretense.  If  it  demoralizes ,  it 
does  not  deceive.  The  poisonous  influence  of  this 
humbug  "Temperance''  is  more  disastrous  than  that 
of  drunkenness ;  for  the  latter  is  seen  and  loathed  for 
what  it  is;  whereas  the  prohibition  propaganda  parades 
in  the  livery  of  heaven. — ^Rev.  Wm.  A.  Wasson. 


Prohibition  and  Drugs. 

A  QUESTION  OF  THE   MOST  SERIOUS  PUBLIC  CONCERN. 

Dr.  A.  p.  Grinnell,  of  Burlington,  Vermont,  made,  a 
few  years  ago,  a  critical  investigation  of  the  consump- 
tion of  stimulants  in  that  State,  chiefly  the  narcotic 
drugs,  and  of  so-called  medicines  into  which  such  drugs 
enter  as  components  of  chief  efficacy.  The  diffi- 
culties of  the  inquiry  were  very  great  for  the  reason 
that  those  in  possession  of  the  information  hesitated 
to  give  it,   doubtless  fearing  that  it  might  lead  to 

176 


Text-Book  of  True  Tefnperance. 

enactments  interfering  with  the  most  profitable  part 
of  their  trade.  Only  part  of  the  dealers  responded 
to  the  inquiry.  From  those  that  did  it  was  learned 
that  they  dispensed  every  month,  of  morphine,  pare- 
goric or  laudanum,  what  is  equivalent  to  3,300,000 
doses  of  opium — the  standard  for  a  dose  being  one- 
eighth  grain  of  morphine,  one-half  ounce  of  paregoric 
and  twenty  drops  of  laudanum.  The  amount  thus 
reported,  which  by  no  means  covers  the  total  sales, 
would  give  a  full  dose  of  opium  daily  for  half  the  popu- 
lation of  the  State.  In  one  month  the  sales  from  drug 
stores  in  sixty-nine  towns  of  Vermont,  aside  from 
what  was  dispensed  by  physicians  from  their  own 
medicine  closets,  included  the  following  items: 

Gum  opium 47  lbs.,   12  oz. 

Morphine  powders 19    lbs.,    15    oz. 

Morphine     pills 3,338  gr. 

Dover  powder 25  lbs. 

Paregoric 32  gal.,  i  qt. 

Laudanum 32  gal.,  i  qt. 

Cocaine 27   oz.,    i   dr.,   30  gr. 

Chloral 321     lbs.,     4     oz. 

Indian  hemp 37    oz. 

Quinine  was  also  largely  used  as  a  stimulant.  The 
amount  consumed  in  Vermont  was  equivalent  to  two 
grains  a  day  for  each  adult  inhabitant  of  the  State. 
The  muriate  of  cocaine  accounted  for  in  the  above 
table  would  make  over  114  gallons  of  one  per  cent, 
solution,  which  would  give  14,492  people  each  a  fluid 
ounce  of  the  dangerous  stimulant. 

THE  GOVERNMENT  WARNS. 

During  the  last  twenty  years  a  large  number  of  soft 
drinks  containing  caffeine  and  smaller  or  greater 
quantities  of  coca  leaf  and  kola  nut  products  have 
been  placed  upon  the  market.     Preparations  of  this 

177 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

class,  on  account  of  insufficient  information,  were 
formerly  looked  upon  as  haimless,  but  they  are  now 
known  to  be  an  impending  evil.  Cocaine  is  one  of  the 
most  insidious  and  dangerous  habit-forming  drugs  at 
present  known.  Many  lives  have  been  wrecked  and 
many  crimes  have  been  committed  as  a  result  of  its 
use,  and  strenuous  efforts  are  being  made  to  curtail 
its  employment.  The  amount  present  in  certain  soft 
drinks  is  small,  to  be  sure,  but  such  an  insidious,  habit- 
forming  drug  certainly  has  no  place  whatever  in  these 
products.  The  presence  of  tropococain,  an  ally  of 
cocaine,  has  also  been  established. — Bulletin,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

Maine*s  Divorces. 

"The  licensed  saloon  is  a  wrecker  of  homes  and  a 
sunderer  of  the  marriage  tie,"  cry  the  advocates  of 
prohibition.  Here  is  startling  proof  to  the  contrary 
offered  by  the  United  States  Census  Department  in 
its  recent  report  on  marriage  and  divorce. 

Strange,  yea,  incredible  to  relate,  Maine,  the  vener- 
able parent  of  prohibition,  where  the  saloon  exists 
not  in  the  eyes  of  the  law,  actually  far  surpasses  the 
license  States  in  the  number  of  her  divorces. 

DIVORCE    AND    MARRIAGE. 

State                    Divorces  Marriages                            Ratio 

Maine 14,194  86,592  One  to    6  marriages. 

New  York 29,125  1,205,655  One  to  41          " 

New  Jersey 7,441  335.809  One  to  45 

Pennsylvania.  .39,686  876,533  One  to  22 


<  1 


DIVORCES    IN    RATIO    TO    POPULATION. 
Census  1900 — Twenty-year  Period. 

State  Population  Divorces  Ratio 

Maine 694,466  14,194  One  to    42 

New  York 7,268,894  29,125  One  to  250 

178 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Twenty  Years,  1887  to  1906,  Inclusive. 

New  Jersey 1,883,669  7,441  One  to  253 

Pennsylvania 6,302,115  39,686  One  to  160 

One   divorce   to    13    marriages,    Continental    United   States. 
One  divorce  to   80  population,   Continental    United  States. 

Note  also  this  significant,  astounding  fact: 

Maine,  in  which  the  liquor  traffic  has  been  forbidden 
during  more  than  sixty  years,  has  the  largest  number 
of  divorces  in  which  drunkenness  is  given  as  the  direct 
cause,  with  the  single  exception  of  Connecticut. 

The  percentage  of  divorces  granted  in  which  drunk- 
enness or  intemperance  is  given  as  the  cause  for  the 
whole  United  States,  is : 

Of  women,  i.i ;  of  men,  5.3. 

In  Maine  the  percentage  is: 

Of  women,  3.3;  of  men,  16.9. 


I  may  call  Maine  a  fair  "sample''  State  of  the  Amer- 
ican Union,  so  far  as  its  class  of  citizenship  goes;  one 
of  the  earliest  places  of  habitation,  one  of  the  first  sec- 
tions settled  by  the  people  who  came  across  the  seas; 
peopled  to-day  largely  by  their  descendants,  although  I 
must  admit  that  in  later  years  we  have  been  obliged  to 
take  in  a  great  many  people  of  foreign  birth  in  order  to 
make  up  for  the  Maine-born  people  who  have  been  driven 
out  of  the  State  to  find  that  personal  liberty  which  the 
free-born  American  citizen  demands. — Holm  an  Day. 


Virginia  Needs  No  Prohibition. 

Here  in  Virginia  we  are  at  peace  among  ourselves 
and  with  the  world.     Our  governments   are  honest, 

179 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

strong  and  progressive.  We  are  prospering  steadily. 
The  churches  are  growing,  population  and  wealth  are 
increasing,  crime  is  diminishing,  good  immigration  is 
coming  in.  The  people,  free  from  political  divisions 
and  excitements,  are  talking  and  thinking  of  good 
roads  and  good  schools.  That  is  the  point  toward 
which  many  thinking  men  in  this  State  and  most  of 
the  newspapers,  including  the  News  Leader,  have  been 
working  these  many  years.  With  these  conditions, 
we  cannot  see  what  is  to  be  gained  by  a  drum-beating, 
horn-blowing,  screaming,  bell-ringing,  generally-dis- 
turbing prohibition  campaign  to  stir  up  strife  and  force 
divisions  and  animosities  among  us.  Even  at  this 
early  stage,  it  seems  almost  impossible  for  many  of 
the  zealous  prohibitionists  to  touch  on  the  subject 
without  trying  to  insult  or  wound  somebody.  The 
results  we  see  from  such  a  campaign  are  the  temporary 
advancement  of  a  few  men  to  place  or  prominence, 
political  and  social  confusion,  discord  and  the  diver- 
sion of  the  public  mind  from  practical  and  needed  de- 
velopment and  improvement.  These  have  been  the 
consequences  of  prohibition  fights  heretofore.  The 
figures  show  that  prohibition  does  not  improve  the 
morals  of  the  people,  does  not  lessen  crime  or  promote 
prosperity.  It  has  existed  in  Maine  fifty  years  or  more, 
and  last  October  (1910)  nearly  caused  the  defeat  of  the 
Republican  party,  which  has  a  natural  majority  in 
that  State  larger  than  the  Democrats  have  in  Virginia. 
That  State  has  as  much  crime  as  any  of  its  liquor- 
licensing  neighbors,  and  far  more  divorces  than  any  of 
them.  We  have  given  figures  to  prove  that  in  Vir- 
ginia counties  prohibition  has  failed  to  lessen  crime 
or  the  cost  of  crime,  and  has  not  increased  the  pros- 
perity or  wealth  of  the  people. — From  the  Virginia 
"  News  Leader.'' 

180 


MORALITY— '*WET"   AND    '*DRY.»» 


Figures  and  Facts  Fail  to  Uphold  the  Prohibition 

Claim. 

A  FAMILIAR  claim  of  the  prohibitionists  is  that 
drunkenness  and  crimes  increase  or  decrease  in 
exact  proportion  to  the  increase  or  decrease  in  the 
number  of  saloons  in  a  given  community. 

Hence,  where  they  cannot  have  prohibition  pure 
and  simple,  they  advocate  high  license  on  the  ground 
that  high  license  reduces  the  number  of  saloons. 

This  latter  position  cannot  be  disputed.  But  the 
prohibitionists  maintain  that  in  diminishing  the  num- 
ber of  saloons,  high  license  also  lessens  inebriety  and 
resultant  crime. 

Here  they  are  absolutely  wrong,  as  can  easily  be 
shown.  The  number  of  saloons  has  little  or  no  bearing 
on  the  matter,  seeing  that  in  many  proven  instances 
a  very  small  number  of  saloons  exists  where  the  pro- 
portion of  drunkenness  is  very  large;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  a  disproportionately  large  number  of 
saloons  are  found  in  cities  and  States  showing  an 
amazingly  low  ratio  of  arrests  for  drunkenness. 

These  conclusions  are  established  beyond  question 
by  two  recent  bulletins  of  the  United  States  Census 
Office  (Nos.  20  and  45)  which  contain  a  detailed 
statement  of  the  number  of  arrests  in  all  cities  of  over 
8,000  population. 

It  is  an  axiom  of  popular  wisdom  that  figures  will 
not  lie — and  not  even  the  prohibitionists  will  accuse 
the  United  States  Census  Office  of  manipulating  these 
statistics  with  a  sinister  purpose. 

181 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 


Let  us  glance  at  some  of  the  more  striking  and  sig- 
nificant figures  in  these  bulletins  of  the  U.  S.  Census. 

WHAT    THE    FIGURES    SHOW. 

In  the  appended  tables  the  ratio  of  drunkenness  in 
the  three  prohibitory  States,  Maine,  Kansas  and 
North  Dakota,  is  compared  with  that  shown  in  the 
State  of  Wisconsin.  All  the  figures  apply  to  1903. 
Wisconsin  has  been  selected,  not  only  because  the 
license  fee  in  that  State  is  low,  but  chiefly  for  the 
reason  that  in  many  of  the  cities,  among  them  Mil- 
waukee, beer  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  the  com- 
mon drink  of  a  very  large  percentage  of  the  population. 


Name  of  City 

Proportion 

of  Arrests 

for 

Drunkenness 

Name  of  City 

Proportion 

of  Arrests 

for 

Drunkenness 

to 
Population 

to 
Population 

Portland,  Maine 

I  to  24 

Milwaukee,     Wis. 

I  to  142 

Auburn    .  .    " 

I  to  137 

Superior              ' ' 

I  to    44 

Augusta         " 

I  to  no 

Racine                 ' ' 

I  to  171 

Bangor 

I  to     18 

La  Crosse            " 

I  to    82 

Bath 

I  to    51 

Oshkosh 

I  to  119 

Biddeford      " 

I  to    40 

Appleton             " 

I  to  262 

Lewiston       " 

I  to     65 

Ashland 

I  to     14 

Rockland      " 

I   to       21 

Beloit 

I  to     51 

Waterville.    " 

I  to    75 

Chippewa  Falls  " 

I  to    68 

Kansas  City,  Kan. 

I  to    76 

Eau  Claire 

I  to  123 

Wichita 

I  to     26 

Fond  du  Lac      " 

I  to    55 

Atchison 

I  to  124 

Green  Bay 

I  to  1324 

Emporia               " 

I    to    121 

Jamesville           " 

I  to    95 

Fort  Scott 

I  to    52 

Kenosha              ' ' 

I  to    77 

Galena 

I  to    53 

Madison 

I  to  107 

Hutchinson        " 

I  to    75 

Manitowoc          " 

I  to  252 

Lawrence            " 

I  to  100 

Marinette  City." 

I  to  124 

Leavenworth      " 

I    to        ?>T, 

Merrill 

I  to     61 

Pittsburg 

I  to    33 

Sheboygan          " 

I  to  186 

Fargo,  N.  D. 

I  to    33 

Stevens  Point    " 

I  to    91 

Watertown 
Wausau               ' ' 

Total 

T   +0   Tn^ 

Total 

I  to     42 

I  to  lOI 

I  to    98 

182 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  prohibitory 
Portland,  without  any  saloons,  with  a  population  of 
52,656,  has  one  arrest  for  drunkenness  for  every 
twenty-four  of  the  total  population ;  and  on  the  other 
hand,  Milwaukee  ("made  famous  by  its  beer")  with  a 
population  of  313,025  and  with  2,145  saloons,  has 
only  one  arrest  for  drunkenness  out  of  every  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-two  (142)  of  the  total  population. 

In  the  twenty  cities  of  the  prohibitory  States,  with 
an  aggregate  population  of  378,752,  we  have  one  arrest 
for  drunkenness  for  every  forty-two  (42)  of  the  popu- 
lation. In  the  twenty-two  cities  of  Wisconsin,  with 
an  aggregate  population  of  689,232,  we  find  one  arrest 
for  drunkenness  for  every  ninety-eight  (98)  of  the 
population. 

License  vs.  Prohibition. 

The  city  of  Milwaukee — and  these  are  the  figures 
for  1908 — with  a  population  of  365,000,  had  2,958 
arrests  for  drunkenness  or  drunk  and  disorderly,  or  one 
to  every  123  of  population.  Savannah,  Ga.,  withapop- 
ulation  of  80,000,  had  4,305  arrests,  or  one  for  every 
18  of  population.  Augusta,  Ga.,  with  a  population  of 
60,000  had  one  to  every  15  of  population.  Bangor, 
Me.,  with  a  population  of  25,000,  had  1,113  arrests, 
or  one  to  every  25,  and  Portland,  Me.,  with  a  popula- 
tion of  62,000,  had  3,049  arrests,  or  one  to  every  21  of 
population. 

Do  they  get  it  from  the  saloon?  No,  not  from  the 
open  saloon;  they  get  it  from  the  dive;  they  get  it 
from  the  dives  where  men  may  sneak  to  find  it ;  they 
get  it  from  the  places  that  cannot  be  regulated.  Take 
the  State  of  Georgia.  To-day,  in  the  city  of  Atlanta, 
there  are  100  saloons  selling,  openly,  under  license  of 
$200  that  goes  into  the  treasury  of  the  prohibition 

183 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

city  of  Atlanta,  "near  beer,"  and  it  is  so  near  beer  that 
the  difference  can  only  be  observed  by  washing  the 
labels  off  the  bottles.  There  is  your  splendid  prohibi- 
tion State  of  Georgia.  In  last  August  the  newspapers 
of  the  nation  heralded  the  news  that  a  "blind  pig" 
had  been  discovered  in  the  halls  of  the  capitol  of  the 
State  of  Georgia. 

In  Alabama  and  Oklahoraa  and  every  other  prohibi- 
tion State  the  conditions  are  the  sarne.  Prohibition  is 
set  to  its  own  music  and  the  tune  never  changes. — 
Mayor  David  A .  Rose,  of  Milwaukee. 

m 

"Wet"  and  "Dry"  in  Virginia. 

Our  friends,  the  prohibitionists,  and  the  Anti- 
Saloon  League,  contend  for  prohibition  on  two  sepa- 
rate grounds.  They  say,  in  the  first  place,  that  it  im- 
proves the  public  morals,  and  in  the  second  place  that 
as  an  economic  question  it  improves  the  commercial 
welfare  of  the  people,  makes  them  richer  and  adds  to 
the  income  and  lessens  the  outgo  of  communities, 
counties  and  States. 

Probably  the  surest  test  of  the  morals  of  a  county 
and  of  its  conditions  as  regards  respect  for  law  and 
regard  for  order  is  its  criminal  expenses — the  amount 
required  annually  for  dealing  with  its  law-breakers. 
On  this  basis  we  have  compiled  some  figures  from  the 
annual  reports  of  the  auditor  of  Virginia.  We  take, 
according  to  the  United  States  Census,  twenty-four 
wet  counties,  and  twenty-four  dry  counties  as  nearly 
as  possible  equal  in  population,  and  from  the  auditor's 
report  compare  their  criminal  expenses  for  the  year 
ending  July,  1907,  at  which  date  the  counties  reported 
"wet"  returned  liquor  licenses  and  the  counties  re- 
ported "dry"  had  returned  none,  and  therefore,  nom- 

184 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

inally,  at  least,  forbade  the  liquor  traffic  within  their 
borders. 

Fourteen  show  the  criminal  expenses  lighter  in  the 
wet  counties  than  in  the  dry  counties  of  like  population. 
This  seems  to  indicate  thac  in  the  majority  of  instances 
morals  are  better  and  the  people  are  more  orderly  and 
law-abiding  in  wet  counties  than  in  dry.  If  they  do 
not  mean  this,  what  do  they  mean  ? 

Let  us  take  some  other  tests  of  the  effect  of  prohibi- 
tion on  the  public  morals,  and  in  bringing  good  order 
and  obedience  to  the  law.  Thirteen  of  the  Virginia 
counties  now  dry  were  dry  ten  years  ago,  the  auditor's 
report  for  1897  showing  that  they  paid  no  liquor 
licenses  for  that  year.  This  table  shows  the  criminal 
expenses  of  these  thirteen  counties  for  the  years  1897 
and  1907,  respectively: 

1897  1907 

Accomac $1,574.22  $1,387.90 

Bland 1,083.00  182.00 

Carroll 2,803.49  1,657.72 

Dickenson 3,859.52  2,769.21 

Giles 958-30  1,444-49 

Grayson 2,345.26  1,217.65 

King  George 689.53  583.66 

Mathews 3^4-73  237.45 

Montgomery 3,642.56  2,005.07 

Roanoke 2,565.29  1,428.28 

Russell 3,241.10  1,598.83 

Scott 5,766.47  2,109.74 

Smyth 1,966.08  1,669.53 

$30,859.55  $18,291.53 

This  looks  pretty  good,  but  nere  is  a  table  of  thirteen 
counties  which  were  wet  in  1897  and  are  wet  now^, 
showing  their  comparative  criminal  expenses  as  be- 
tween 1897  ^^*i  1907: 

185 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

1897  1907 

Augusta $2,683.51  $1,567.60 

Bath 761 .48  872 .45 

Botetourt 1,572.42  858.17 

Madison 284 .  48  188 .  80 

Alleghany 4,042.29  4,099.05 

Fauquier 2,805.70  1,713.50 

Nelson 924.67  897.54 

Fairfax 1,885.99  2,218.39 

Floyd 1,855.37  1,507-18 

Patrick 5,822.08  890.16 

Amherst 2,071 .00  1,387 .90 

Henry 3,110.64  2,678.77 

Albemarle 3,824.98  1,432.30 


$31,641.98         $20,311.81 

The  wet  counties,  taken  at  random  as  they  come  on 
our  comparative  list,  show  a  decrease  in  ten  years  in 
criminal  expenses  of  $11,330.17,  the  dry  counties  a 
decrease  of  $12,568.02.  This  seems  to  show  that  the 
morals  and  order  of  the  State  are  better  than  they 
were  ten  years  ago,  but  the  figures  do  not  indicate 
that  prohibition  has  anything  to  do  with  the  change. 
In  1897,  with  thirteen  dry  counties,  the  criminal  ex- 
penses of  all  the  counties  amounted  to  $201,973.  In 
1907  these  expenses  were  $170,474;  but  the  wet 
counties  show  as  much  decrease  in  crime  as  the  dry. 

On  the  economic  side  the  showing  is  no  better.  Of 
the  100  counties  in  Virginia,  thirty-five  fail  to  meet 
expenses.  That  is,  they  get  more  from  the  State 
treasury  than  they  pay  into  it.  Of  these  thirty-five 
delinquent  counties,  twenty-eight  are  dry.  More 
than  half  the  dry  counties  are  compelled  to  call  on  the 
rest  of  the  State  to  help  support  them,  and  the  veteran 
and  pioneer  dry  county  of  Scott  is  the  worst  of  the  lot, 
calling  on  the  State  for  $9,000  a  year. 

We  have  prepared  a  table  showing  what  the  dry 

186 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

and  wet  counties  respectively  pay  the  State  treasury, 
no  cities  being  included.  It  will  show  that  the  wet 
counties  pay  four-fifths  of  the  income  Virginia  derives 
from  her  citizens  living  in  the  country  or  smaller 
towns.     The  figures  are: 

Wet  counties $395,694 

Dry  counties 94,909 

Excess  wet  over  dry $300,785 

— Condensed  jroni  ''News  Leader,''  Richmond,  Va. 

Crime  and  Total  Abstinence 

Hard  drinking  does  not  seem  to  have  had  a  vast 
deal  to  do  with  crimes  committed  during  the  past  year 
by  convicts  received  at  the  Virginia  penitentiary .  A 
very  small  percentage  of  the  prisoners  received  were 
intemperate  drinkers. 

According  to  the  annual  report  of  the  board  of  di- 
rectors and  of  the  superintendent  of  the  penitentiary, 
674  convicts  were  sent  to  the  State  prison  during  the 
year  ending  October  i,  1910.  Of  these  72  were  intem- 
perate drinkers,  252  were  moderate  drinkers,  and  350, 
or  52  per  cent.,  were  total  abstainers. — Richmond, 
Va.,  ''Times  Dispatch,"  Nov.  20,  1910. 


Why  should  there  be  any  prohibition  of  the  sale  0} 
alcoholic  drink?  Why  shouldn't  I  have  the  right  to 
drink  just  what  I  like,  provided  I  do  it  decently  and  not 
to  excess?  Because  one  person  makes  a  fool  of  himself 
is  no  reason  why  the  next  person  should  be  deprived  of 
it.  The  people  in  America  seem  to  be  tending  in  a 
wholly  wrong  direction  in  this  matter. — Tolstoy,  on 
Prohibition. 

187 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

How  Dry  Communities  Affect  Near-by  License  Cities. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  features  connected 
with  local  option  conditions  in  Massachusetts  is  the 
effect  produced  on  license  cities  surrounded  by  dry 
communities. 

Boston  occupies  a  peculiarly  unhappy  position  in 
this  respect,  being  the  center  of  an  extensive  dry 
territory.  This  results  in  Boston  having  an  excessive 
number  of  arrests  for  public  intoxication;  the  total 
number  for  1907  being  35,728,  or  about  one  to  18  of 
population. 

Of  these  arrests,  however,  only  19,781  were  citizens 
of  Boston,  11,528  were  residents  of  the  State  outside 
of  the  city. 

When  the  clerk  of  the  Boston  Police  Department 

was  interrogated  as  to  the  excessive  number  of  arrests, 

this  was  his  answer: 

"We  are  surrounded  by  no-license  cities  like  Cambridge, 
Somerville  and  Quincy,  which  results  in  their  people  coming 
here  to  satisfy  their  thirst." 

The  official  in  charge  of  the  Lynn  Police  Depart- 
ment said  recently: 

"Lynn  would  not  have  voted  no-license  this  year  if  it  had 
not  been  for  the  fact  that  the  drunkards  of  Somerville,  Bev- 
erly and  other  near-by  cities  came  here  to  fill  up." 

When  there  are  licensed  places  in  a  city  or  town, 
the  man  who  wants  a  drink  goes  to  the  bar,  takes  what 
he  wants  and  leaves.  When  there  is  no  licensed  bar, 
he  gets  his  supply  in  the  speak-easy,  has  it  expressed 
to  him,  or  visits  the  nearest  license  town.  This  fact  is 
demonstrated  by  the  large  number  of  arrests  of  citi- 
zens from  adjacent  cities  in  the  city  of  Boston,  a  very 
low  percentage  of  whom  are  from  licensed  cities;  the 
record  for  15  no-license  cities  being  7,249  arrests  in 
Boston;  for  15  licensed  cities,  1,146  arrests. 

188 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Among  these  no-license  cities  largely  represented 
by  arrests  in  Boston  are  Cambridge,  with  about  1,500 
arrests  for  intoxication  in  Cambridge  and  2,100  in 
Boston;  Maiden,  with  less  than  400  arrests  at  home 
and  547  in  Boston;  Quincy,  with  500  arrests  in 
Quincy  and  818  in  Boston;  Somerville,  with  876  in 
that  city  and  975  in  Boston;  while  the  largest  number 
from  any  license  city  arrested  in  Boston  last  year 
(1908)  were  from  Lynn,  254. 

It  will  be  readily  seen  from  this  showing  that  Cam- 
bridge, Quincy,  Somerville  and  Maiden  have  no  reason 
to  felicitate  themselves  on  the  sobriety  of  their  citizens. 

In  addition  to  the  drinking  represented  by  public 
intoxication,  abroad  and  at  home,  there  is  an  excessive 
amount  of  what  may  be  called  private  drinking,  or 
drinking  in  the  home. 

In  Massachusetts  the  law  provides  for  the  granting 
of  licenses  to  what  is  known  as  the  "Pony  Express," 
authorizing  the  holder  of  the  license  to  solicit  orders 
for  intoxicating  liquor  and  deliver  the  same.  To  show 
how  this  operates,  they  have  15  such  expresses  in  the 
city  of  Somerville.  In  the  month  of  February,  1908, 
there  were  delivered  by  these  various  "Pony  Ex- 
presses" 7,913  different  packages  of  intoxicating 
liquor  in  that  city,  indicating  that  a  vote  for  no-license 
does  not  determine  the  total  abstinence  principles  of 
the  people. 

The  sales  of  intoxicating  liquor  in  Worcester  indi- 
cate practically  the  same  condition  of  affairs. 

Drunkenness  in  No-License  Towns. 

The  city  of  Brockton,  Mass.,  has  been  under  no- 
license  longer  than  any  municipality  of  an  equal  popu- 
lation, and  is  sufficiently  isolated  not  to  have  condi- 

189 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

tions  complicated  by  the  proximity  of  a  license 
center.  Below  are  the  ratios  of  arrests  for  drunken- 
ness in  1905  per  10,000  of  population  in  several  other 
Massachusetts  cities  under  license  and  in  Brockton. 


Cities 

Population 
Estimated 

Number  of  Arrests  for 

Drunkenness  per 
100,000  of  Population 

Fall  River 

105,762 
94,889 
74,362 

73,540 
70,050 

49,934 
47,794 

2097 . I 
3909.8 

1565-3 

251I-5 
2389.7 

2052.7 
2845-5 

Lowell 

New  Bedford 

Sorint?  field 

Lawrence 

Holyoke 

Brockton 

With  the  exception  of  Lowell,  all  the  other  cities 
show  up  very  favorably  alongside  of  Brockton.  No 
comparisons  could  be  fairer  than  between  cities  in  a 
compact  State  like  Massachusetts,  where  arrests  for 
drunkenness  are  regulated  by  uniform  law  and  where 
public  sentiment  in  regard  to  their  enforcement  par- 
takes of  the  same  character.  If  it  be  said  that  more 
favorable  no-license  statistics  could  have  been  ad- 
duced for  the  cities  of  Cambridge,  Somerville,  Newton, 
etc.,  the  answer  is  that  they  are  adjacent  to  Boston, 
which  makes  comparisons  invalid,  and  that  a  large 
quota  of  arrests  of  inhabitants  of  these  cities  appears 
annually  in  the  returns  for  Boston. 

The  following  comparison  deals  with  cities  in  States 
under  prohibition : 


Estimated 
Population 

Number  of  Arrests  per 
100,000  of  Population  for — 

Cities 

Drunkenness 

Disturbing  the 
Peace 

Kansas  City,  Kan. 

Portland,  Me 

Topeka,  Kan 

Wichita,  Kan 

67,614 

54,330 
37*641 
31,110 

1970.0 
2806.9 
1885.9 
4381.2 

705-5 
163.8 

775-7 
478.9 

190 


Text- Book  of  True  Temperance. 

It  would,  perhaps,  be  unfair  to  regard  conditions  in 
Kansas  City,  Kansas,  as  typical  because  of  its  imme- 
diate proximity  to  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  which  is 
under  license.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  that  but  for  the  existence  of  such  a 
safety  valve,  Kansas  City,  Kansas,  would  exhibit  a 
much  larger  rate  of  arrests  than  now.  The  other 
Kansas  cities  certainly  are  typical.     Look  at  Wichita. 

Of  all  the  67  cities  of  the  United  States  having  less 
than  50,000  population  in  1905,  and  scattered  over  no 
less  than  26  States,  only  eight  outrank  Wichita  in 
proportion  of  arrests  for  drunkenness  and  for  disturb- 
ing the  peace. 

Worcester  as  a  Terrible  Example. 

In  voting  for  prohibition  the  Massachusetts  city  of 
*  Worcester  did  its.  worst  against  the  cause  of  prohibi- 
tion. The  explanation  of  this  seeming  paradox  is  to 
be  found  in  the  exhibit  the  city  is  making  under  a  "no- 
license"  regime.  As  a  "terrible  example"  of  the 
practical  workings  of  prohibition  in  cities  of  its  class, 
Worcester  is  certainly  playing  an  illuminating  and 
useful  role.  The  dry,  or  rather  wet,  facts  it  presents 
are  worth  a  ton  of  argument.  Here  are  a  few  samples. 
The  arrests  for  drunkenness  in  July,  1908,  numbered 
135.  This  year  the  number  of  drunks  registered  on 
the  police  blotters  was  over  220.  Of  this  number  154 
were  first  offenses,  which  goes  to  prove  that  intoxi- 
cants are  exceedingly  accessible  in  Worcester  to  per- 
sons who  are  not  accustomed  to  use  them.  The  Wor- 
cester papers  report  a  tremendous  increase  in  the  de- 
livery of  whiskey  and  beer  by  express,  and  it  is  claimed 
the  police  have  knowledge  of  4,828  gallons  of  whiskey 
and  55,920  cases  and  5,173  kegs  of  beer  thus  delivered 
during  the  month  of  July.     One  paper  estimates  the 

*  Worcester  has  since  returned  to  license. 

191 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

total  consumption  of  beer  in  bottles  during  July  at 
about  two  and  a  half  naillions,  or  twenty  for  every 
person  in  the  city.  This  is  certainly  "going  some" 
even  for  a  city  of  125,000  population.  But  aside  from 
claims  and  estimates,  there  are  the  official  returns  of 
the  police  department,  which  show  the  effect  of  pro- 
hibition in  Worcester  to  be  a  large  increase  in  the 
consumption  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  in  drunkenness 
and  crime. — Portland  ''Argus.'' 

New  Jersey's  Excise  Commission. 

The  Excise  Commission  of  New  Jersey  was  a  com- 
mission appointed  by  the  Governor  at  the  1 908  session 
of  the  Legislature  to  investigate  the  workings  of  the 
laws,  and  the  saloon  problem  generally,  throughout 
the  entire  State.  The  Commission  did  its  work  most 
thoroughly.  Recognizing  the  evils  which  exist,  it  en- 
deavored by  a  determined,  carefully  studied  and  prac- 
tical effort  to  lessen  them — not  by  any  patent  device, 
but  by  investigation,  publicity  and  an  appeal  to  an 
enlightened  public  opinion.  After  scouring  the  whole 
State  in  search  of  facts,  it  closed  its  public  hearings 
by  devoting  three  days  to  the  mayors  and  officers  of 
municipalities,  to  the  ministers  and  temperance  peo- 
ple, and  lastly  to  the  brewers  and  trade  interests.  The 
Chairman  of  the  Commission,  Mr.  Fisk,  is  a  prominent 
New  York  banker,  and  a  man  of  known  independence 
and  force.  He  made  this  statement  at  the  last 
session  of  the  Commission: 

"Another  question  is  the  matter  of  licensing  drug  stores. 
At  the  present  time  the  druggists  in  this  State  are  not  acting 
in  a  proper  manner,  and  are  selling  at  all  times,  including 
Sundays,  intoxicating  liquors  or  concoctions  that  are  drawn 
in  place  of  intoxicating  liquor,  without  any  licenses,  and  some 
restrictions  should  be  enacted  that  would  regulate  this  mat- 
ter.    Mixed  drinks  from  the  soda-water  fountain  contain  a 

192 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

flavoring  that  is  principally  alcohol,  and  right  here  in  regard  to 
soda-water  fountains  it  might  be  mentioned  that  this  is 
being  done  by  a  number  of  so-called  restaurants  or  temperance 
refreshment  bars.  The  general  public  is  so  blind  to  this  that 
even  members  of  temperance  societies  indulge  in  these  places 
in  refreshments  without  knowing  what  they  are  drinking." 

The  feature  of  this  hearing  was  the  address  made  by 
Bishop  Lines,  whose  name  is  one  to  conjure  with  in 
New  Jersey,  as  it  was  formeriy  in  Connecticut.  The 
Bishop  said  in  part : 

"The  suppression  of  places  where  beer  and  spirits  are  sold 
by  prohibition  would  probably  lead  to  the  formation  of 
clubs  which  could  not  be  controlled,  and  which  would  be  more 
demoralizing  than  saloons.  My  own  idea  is  that  the  true 
policy  of  the  State  is  to  limit  the  number  of  licensed  places 
for  the  sale  of  beer  and  spirits  in  some  proportion  to  the  popu- 
lation— say  I  to  500 — which  is,  I  think,  the  rule  in  Boston. 

"Then  the  purpose  should  be  to  keep  the  business  in  the 
hands  of  the  responsible  men  who  are  law-abiding  and  who 
do  not  associate  evil  things  with  the  business. 

"Men  in  the  liquor  business  complain  that  they  are  put 
under  a  ban  socially  in  an  unfair  way,  and  that  their  children, 
for  whom  they  have  the  same  ambition  that  we  all  have, 
suffer  from  it ;  but  this  will  remain  so  until  the  abuses  of  the 
business  are  removed  by  those  who  are  engaged  in  it,  and  no 
one  else  can  do  it. 

"I  do  not  know  why  a  man  keeping  a  saloon  may  not  be  as 
respectable  as  a  man  who  keeps  a  hotel  in  which  there  is  a 
public  bar  from  which  he  profits,  or  who  rents  buildings  in 
which  such  public  bars  exist.  I  do  not  see  why  a  club  in 
which  the  members  freely  obtain  strong  drink  should  be  more 
respectable  than  a  saloon." 


Temperate  drinking  has  been  a  part  of  the  life  of 
every  great  man  and  of  every  great  nation  without  excep- 
tion. Good  wine  and  good  beer  are  among  Nature's 
generous  gifts.  They  should,  not  be  rejected  because  a 
few  men  use  them  to  excess  and  harmfully. — Arthur 
Brisbane. 

193 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

To  Punish  the  Drinker. 

The  inconsistency  in  the  prohibitory  law  which  pun- 
ishes the  seller,  but  says  nothing  to  the  buyer  of  drink, 
has  often  been  pointed  out.  However,  the  pronibi- 
tionists  have  never  heretofore  dared  to  penalize  the  act 
of  drinking,  judging,  perhaps,  that  this  would  be  re- 
sented as  an  intolerable  outrage  upon  personal  liberty. 
At  last  it  seems  that  they  have  plucked  up  their  cour- 
age and  about  made  up  their  minds  to  be  consistent. 
The  time  is  at  hand,  according  to  the  Rev.  A.  B. 
Cristy,  agent  of  the  Rhode  Island  Temperance  League, 
when  it  will  be  made  a  misdemeanor  for  a  person  to 
drink  intoxicating  liquor. 

This  is  not  a  joke  taken  from  Puck  or  Judge,  but  a 
solemn  statement  of  fact  which  we  find  in  the  Provi- 
dence News-Democrat  of  October  5,  1908.  The  Rev. 
Mr.  Cristy  is  quoted  as  saying  that  if  such  a  law  could 
be  passed  it  would  prove  the  real  solution  of  the  tem- 
perance question,  being  far  superior  to  the  no-license 
law  or  any  other  plan  which  has  heretofore  been  de- 
vised to  prevent  the  spread  of  intemperance  by  closing 
the  saloons. 

Alcohol  and  Civilization. 

No;  alcohol  is  the  root  of  much  evil,  but  not  of  all. 
It  may  be  better  that  men  should  think  half  drunk,  if 
necessary,  than  that  they  should  not  think  at  all;  it 
may  be  better  that  they  should  dare  half  drunk  than 
that  they  never  should  dare.  It  may  be  better  that 
they  should  be  stimulated  somewhat,  even  by  drink, 
than  that  they  should  sink  under  the  monotony  of 
hopeless  drudgery.  A  man  ruled  by  alcohol  is  pretty 
nearly  worthless,  but  there  are  grounds  to  think  that 
there  is  a  greater  destiny  for  the  nations  that  subdue 

194 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

alcohol  to  a  wise  use  than  for  those  who  resolve  that 
it  is  too  strong  for  them  and,  if  they  can,  abolish  it. 
The  fight  with  alcohol  has  been  going  on  since  the 
world  began.  We  know  nothing  important  about  the 
dangers  of  strong  drink  that  was  not  thoroughly  known 
and  appreciated  by  the  wise  at  least  as  long  ago  as 
when  the  Old  Testament,  and  especially  the  Book  of 
Proverbs,  was  written.  Alcohol  has  a  certain  de- 
structive value  in  that  it  promotes  the  survival  of  the 
fittest,  but  we  need  not  save  it  for  that,  for  there  are 
plenty  of  other  things  that  sufficiently  serve  that  im- 
portant end.  While  it  is  disputable  whether  the 
world  would  be  better  off  without  it  altogether, it  can- 
not be  disputed  that  it  is  a  natural  detail  of  the  prog- 
ress of  civilization  to  keep  the  consumption  of  alcohol 
within  proper  bounds  and  eliminate  the  evils  of  it. 

It  is  right  to  protect  from  temptation  the  young,  the 
inexperienced  and  the  weak,  and  to  restrain  and  pun- 
ish mischievous  self-indulgence.  There  is  no  dispute 
about  the  propriety  of  laws  to  protect  children  from 
all  temptation  to  drink  alcoholic  beverages,  for  alco- 
hol is  undoubtedly  bad  for  children.  So  in  various 
communities  there  may  be  considerable  bodies  of 
grown-ups  who  are  so  backward  in  self-control  that 
they  need  to  be  protected  like  children  from  alcoholic 
solicitations.  So  it  is  still  with  the  Indians,  and  the 
strictest  laws  against  the  sale  of  alcoholic  drinks  to 
Indians  is  not  objected  to.  So,  as  has  been  said,  it  is 
to  a  less  extent  in  the  South.  Communities  whose 
orderly  life  is  really  imperilled  by  drink  are  warranted 
in  eliminating  the  peril  by  whatever  means  they  may. 
So,  local  option  laws  are  well  thought  of  almost  every- 
where, and  so  prohibition  may  become,  in  certain 
States  at  least,  a  warrantable  experiment.  It  may  be 
a  useful  process  of  civilization  even  where  it  is  not 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

destined  to  be  a  permanent  condition.  States  have 
tried  it  for  a  time  and  dropped  it,  taking  high  license 
and  local  option  in  its  place.  The  States  that  are 
taking  up  with  it  now  are  either  new  ones,  like  North 
Dakota,  where  life  is  mainly  agricultural  and  com- 
paratively simple,  and  Oklahoma,  where  the  Indian 
population  complicates  matters;  or  the  Southern 
States  which  have  large  elements  of  population  of  low 
average  intelligence  and  a  high  rate  of  illiteracy. 
Kansas  and  Maine  are  different ;  but  in  neither  of  them 
is  prohibition  as  yet  an  undisputed  success.  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  York  will  think  a  long  time  before 
they  come  out  for  State  prohibition,  though  both  of 
them  appreciate  the  need  for  temperance  reform,  and 
are  hospitable  to  high  license  and  local  option. — 
Harper's  Weekly. 

Eminent  Thinkers  Condemn  Prohibition. 

The  Rev.  Canon  West,  D.D. : 

"The  church  of  God  has  never  declared  the  moderate  use 
of  alcohol  to  be  a  sin ;  this  seems  to  be  left  with  other  things, 
as  open  matters  of  Christian  liberty." 

Lord  Chief  Justice  Russell : 

"We  have  to  deal  with  the  world  as  we  find  it,  with  men  as 
they  are,  and  the  men  who  work  in  Britain  like  their  beer. 
I  deprecate  the  methods  of  intemperate  temperance  advo- 
cates, and  maintain  that  anything  which  tends  to  remove 
the  workingman  from  sordid  surroundings  is  an  aid  to  tem- 
perance." 

Charles  Dickens: 

"There  is  no  intrinsic  harm  in  beer,  far  from  it;  and  so,  by 
raving  against  it,  we  take  up  a  line  of  argument  from  which 
we  may  be  broken  quite  easily  by  any  person  who  has  the 
simplest  power  of  reasoning. 

"The  real  temperance  cause  is  injured  by  intemperate  ad- 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

vocacy;   and  an  argument  which  we  cannot  honestly  sustain, 
is  injurious  to  the  cause  it  is  enlisted  to  support." 

Dr.  J.  Mortimer  Granville: 

"The  fanatical  crusade  against  the  drinking  of  fenTiented 
liquors  has  been  carried  too  far." 

Lord  Llangattock: 

"I  yield  to  no  man  in  my  love  of  temperance,  but  you  can- 
not make  a  man  sober  by  act  of  Parliament,  and  I  have 
watched  with  great  interest  the  good  effected  by  example 
and  education.  When  the  clubs  of  the  wealthier  men  are 
closed,  then  will  be  the  time  for  closing  public  houses." 

The  Rt.  Hon.  John  Bright,  M.P.: 

"It  is  not  in  the  power  of  Parliament  by  an  act  of  Parlia- 
ment to  change  the  habits  of  the  people ;  and  in  all  probability 
a  law  such  as  you  propose  (Temperance  Bill),  if  it  were  to  be 
passed,  would  fail  absolutely  and  become  a  dead  letter." 

Lord  Bramwell: 

"Preach  temperance.  Punish  the  drunkard.  Punish  the 
adulterator  of  pure  spirits.  But  respect  the  rights  and  opinions 
of  those  who  do  not  agree  with  you." 

Sir  Matthew  W.  Ridley,  M.P.: 

"We  ought  not  to  subordinate  the  privileges  of  the  sober 
man  to  the  reformation  of  the  drunkard." 

Dr.  Jonathan  Pereira: 

"Considered  dietetically,  beer  possesses  a  threefold  prop- 
erty; it  quenches  thirst;  it  stimulates,  cleans  and  nourishes 
or  strengthens.  From  these  combined  qualities,  beer  proves 
a  refreshing  and  salubrious  drink,  if  taken  in  moderation,  and 
an  agreeable  and  valuable  stimulant  and  support  to  those 
who  have  to  undergo  much  bodily  fatigue." 

Erasmus,  the  Reformer: 

"Happy  promises!  Well  may  Burgundy  be  called  the 
mother  of  man,  suckling  him  with  such  milk." 

Joseph  Chamberlain,  M.P.: 

"I  have  been  a  great  traveler  and  I  have  seen  prohibition 
abound  in  the  United  States,  and  it  only  leads  to  drinking 
in  more  forms  than  under  the  old  system." 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Justin  McCarthy,  M.P.: 

"The  prohibition  law  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  is  a 
gross  and  ludicrous  imposture." 

t 

Judge  Haliburton: 

"Laws  which  attempt  to  abolish  the  use  of  liquor  altogether, 
defeat  themselves.  It  is  impossible  to  carry  them  into  oper- 
ation. Liquor  is  sold  all  over  the  State  of  Maine,  and  all  over 
the  other  States,  and  it  is  said  to  find  its  way  into  high 
quarters;  in  my  opinion  the  consumption  of  liquor  is  rather 
increased  than  diminished  in  those  States  where  the  law  is 
prohibitory." 

John  Stuart  Mill: 

"Prohibition: — A  theory  of  'social  rights'  which  is  nothing 
short  of  this — that  it  is  the  absolute  social  right  of  every  indi- 
vidual that  every  other  individual  shall  act  in  every  respect 
exactly  as  he  ought;  that  whosoever  fails  thereof  in  the 
smallest  particular  violates  my  social  rights  and  entitles  me  to 
demand  from  the  legislature  the  removal  of  the  grievance. 
So  monstrous  a  principle  is  far  more  dangerous  than  any 
single  interference  with  liberty; — there  is  no  violation  of 
liberty  which  it  would  not  justify." 


There  is  an  old  and  homely  saying  that  the  burnt 
child  dreads  the  fire. 

Prohibition  may  be  likened  to  a  fire  at  which  certain 
of  our  States  have  burnt  themselves. 

Among  these  States  are  Vermont,  Connecticut,  Rhode 
Island,  New  Hampshire,  Michigan,  Iowa,  Illinois, 
Nebraska,  Pennsylvania  and  South  Dakota. 

After  the  child  has  been  burnt  once,  you  need  not  warn 
him— he  knows. 

He  may  blow  on  his  fingers  reflectively ^  but  he  keeps 
away  from  the  fire. 

This  exactly  defines  the  attitude  of  the  States  that  have 
tried  Prohibition. 

They  know! 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Miinsterberg  on  the  Folly  of  Prohibition. 

The  railroads  of  the  United  States  injured  last  year 
more  than  one  hundred  thousand  persons  and  put  out 
seven  thousand  hopeful  lives;  does  any  sane  man 
argue  that  we  ought  to  abolish  railroads?  The  stock 
exchange  has  brought  in  the  last  year  economic  misery 
to  uncounted  homes,  but  even  at  the  height  of  the 
panic  no  one  wanted  to  destroy  the  market  for  indus- 
trial stocks.  How  much  crime  and  disaster  and  disease 
and  ruin  have  come  into  the  lives  of  American  youth 
through  women,  and  yet  who  doubts  that  women  are 
the  blessing  of  the  whole  national  life  ?  To  say  that 
certain  evils  come  from  a  certain  source  suggests  only 
to  fools  the  hasty  annihilation  of  the  source  before 
studying  whether  greater  evils  might  not  result  from 
its  destruction,  and  without  asking  whether  the  evils 
might  not  be  reduced,  and  the  good  from  the  same 
source  remain  untouched  and  untampered  with.  Even 
if  a  hollow  tooth  aches,  the  modem  dentist  does  not 
think  of  pulling  it;  that  wotild  be  the  remedy  of  the 
cl-umsy  village  barber.  The  evils  of  drink  exist,  and 
to  neglect  their  cure  would  be  criminal ;  but  to  rush  on 
to  the  conclusion  that  every  vineyard  ought,  there- 
fore, to  be  devastated  is  unworthy  of  the  logic  of  a 
self-governing  nation. — Prof.  Munsterberg. 

How  Liberty  Sobers. 

Till  men  have  been  some  time  free  they  know  not 
how  to  use  their  freedom.  The  natives  of  wine  coun- 
tries are  generally  sober.  In  climates  where  wine  is  a 
rarity  intemperance  abounds.  A  newly  liberated 
people  may  be  compared  to  a  northern  army  encamped 
on  the  Rhine  or  the  Xeres.  It  is  said  that  when  sol- 
diers in  such  a  situation  first  find  themselves  able  to 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

indulge  without  restraint  in  such  a  rare  and  expensive 
luxury,  nothing  is  to  be  seen  but  intoxication.  Soon, 
however,  plenty  teaches  discretion;  and,  after  wine 
has  been  for  a  few  months  their  daily  fare,  they  be- 
come more  temperate  than  they  had  ever  been  in  their 
own  country.  In  the  same  manner,  the  final  and 
permanent  fruits  of  liberty  are  wisdom,  moderation 
and  mercy.  Its  immediate  effects  are  often  atrocious 
crimes,  conflicting  errors,  scepticism  on  points  the 
most  clear,  dogmatism  on  points  the  most  mysterious. 
It  is  just  at  this  crisis  that  its  enemies  love  to  ex- 
hibit it.  They  pull  down  the  scaffolding  from  the 
half-finished  edifice ;  they  point  to  the  flying  dust,  the 
falling  bricks,  the  comfortless  rooms,  the  frightful 
irregularity  of  the  whole  appearance,  and  then  ask  in 
scorn  where  the  promised  splendor  and  comfort  is  to 
be  found.  If  such  miserable  sophisms  were  to  pre- 
vail, there  would  never  be  a  good  house  or  a  good 
government  in  the  world. — Lord  Macaulay. 


The  first,  and  perhaps  the  fundamental,  weakness  of 
prohibition  is  one  that  must  strike  every  thoughtful 
person  as  lamentable,  for  it  is  none  other  than  an  attempt 
to  put  the  clock  back,  and  not  to  make  history  but  rewrite 
it,  or  to  resurrect  the  methods  and  failures  of  the  past  in 
twentieth  century  civilization. — Rev.  P.  Gavan  Duffy. 


Nothing  is  more  certain  than  that  every  State  and 
local  community  in  which  prohibition  now  obtains  will 
ultimately  have  to  return  to  the  policy  of  regulation,  and 
just  so  long  as  the  prohibitory  law  remains  on  the  statute 
books,  just  so  long  will  the  day  of  reformation  be  deferred. 
— Rev.  Wm.  a.  Wasson. 

200 


MORALITY,    POVERTY,    INSANITY   AND    DRINK. 


Some  Prohibition  Fallacies  Refuted. 

TOTAL  abstinence  fanatics  claim  that  three-fourths 
of  all  cases  of  insanity  are  caused  directly  by 
alcoholic  indulgence.  More  and  more  the  truly  scien- 
tific view  is  beginning  to  prevail,  that  alcoholic  excess 
is  rather  an  effect  than  a  cause  of  insanity. 

Another  point  worthy  of  serious  consideration: 
Alcoholism,  which  is  caused  by  the  abuse  of  alcohoUc 
drink,  is  a  form  of  temporary  insanity,  often  leading 
to  complete  and  permanent  dementia,  paresis,  etc. 
Now  the  Swiss  Statistical  Bureau  points  out,  in  a 
celebrated  report,  that  the  abuse  of  ardent  spirits 
throughout  the  German  Empire  prevails  particularly 
either  in  those  parts  of  the  Empire  whose  population 
does  not  take  any  considerable  share  in  the  growing 
consumption  of  malt  liquors,  or  in  those  localities 
where  wine  is  not  accessible  to  the  large  body  of  the 
people.  In  Bavaria,  for  example,  where  the  annual 
per  capita  consumption  of  beer  is  about  fifty-nine 
gallons  and  where  distilled  liquors  are  little  used, 
alcoholism  is  practically  unknown. 

Miss  Mary  Dendy,  honorary  secretary  of  the  Lan- 
cashire and  Cheshire  Society  for  the  Feeble-Minded, 
contributed  a  paper  on  "The  Feeble-Minded — How 
to  Prevent  Their  Evil  Eft'ect  Upon  the  Moral  and 
Physical  Well-Being  of  the  Race,"  at  the  North  of 
England  Education  Conference,  held  at  Sheffield  on 
January  3  and  4,  1908.  Dealing  with  the  question  of 
drink  and  its  relation  to  feeble-mindedness,  Miss 
Dendy  said: 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"For  generations  good  people  have  been  trying  to  kill  this 
evil  habit  of  excess.  Every  bad  feature  of  our  lives  has  been 
put  down  to  it.  And  now,  when  a  great  deal  more  attention 
is  being  paid  to  disease  of  the  mind,  or,  perhaps  I  should 
rather  say,  to  the  lack  of  mind  in  our  children,  there  is  a  jeal- 
ous desire  on  the  part  of  the  total  abstainers  to  make  out 
that  this  also  is  the  result  of  the  use  of  intoxicants.  There 
could  be  no  greater  mistake.  It  is  a  very  serious  mistake, 
for  we  shall  not  cure  people  of  a  trouble  they  have  by  treating 
them  for  a  trouble  they  have  not.  Drink  is  a  result  and  not 
a  cause  of  weakness  of  intellect.  This  is  not  a  question  now 
of  opinion,  but  of  statistics.  Dr.  Branthwaite,  the  inspector 
of  Inebriates'  Homes,  tells  us  that  62  per  cent,  to  63  per  cent, 
of  all  the  cases  committed  to  these  homes  are  insane  or  men- 
tally defective,  a  great  majority  coming  under  the  latter 
heading.  He  goes  on  to  say  that  'mental  incompetence, 
stopping  short  of  insanity,  holds  a  prominent  position  in  the 
causation  of  habitual  drunkenness,'  and  that  it  is  'morally 
certain  that  the  large  majority  of  the  cases  included  among 
defectives  started  life  handicapped  by  weakness.' 

"Dr.  Gill,  the  Medical  Director  of  the  Langho  Inebriates' 
Reformatory,  tells  us  that  60  per  cent,  of  those  committed 
to  this  place  are  insane  or  mentally  defective;  and,  quoting 
Dr.  Branthwaite's  statement,  goes  on  to  say  that  these  figures 
are  of  great  practical  importance  and  reveal  a  state  of  affairs 
that  was  never  even  suspected.  He  is  mistaken  there; 
some  of  us  have,  for  a  long  time,  more  than  suspected  this 
state  of  affairs.  It  has  been  forced  upon  us  in  the  course  of  our 
work.  To  begin  with,  there  is  no  reason,  so  far  as  I  can 
obtain  information,  why  the  children  of  drunkards  should  be 
more  likely  to  be  mentally  defective  than  the  children  of 
sober  people.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  they  are  not  so.  I  find 
that  in  fifty-six  cases  the  parents  of  the  children  concerned  were 
definitely  sober;  in  thirteen  they  were  definitely  one  or  both 
of  them  drunken;  in  twenty-nine  there  was  no  definite 
history  either  way.  Moreover,  it  is  quite  easy  to  keep  the 
weak  in  mind  from  drinking;  they  have  not  the  craving  for 
drink  which  makes  a  man  sacrifice  everything  to  obtain  it. 
They  drink  only  as  they  do  every  bad  and  foolish  thing  which 
comes  in  their  way,  because  it  is  easier  to  do  it  than  to  leave 
it  undone. 

"Dr.  Gill  is  right  when  he  says  that  there  is  no  road  to 

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Text-Book  of  Trite  Temperance. 

sobriety  for  the  incntally  defective  drunkard  except  that 
which  leads  to  permanent  detention.  And  I  must  quite  clear 
the  point  upon  which  Dr.  Gill  and  Dr.  Branthwaite  lay 
stress:  these  mentally  weak  inebriates  were  mentally  weak 
before  they  were  drunken." 

Dr.  Eugene  S.  Talbot,  in  his  book  on  "Degeneracy, 
Its  Causes,  Signs  and  Results,"  says: 

"That  excess  in  alcohol  frequently  occurs  in  degenerate 
stocks  is  undeniable.  But,  as  Krafft-Ebing,  Kieman,  Spitzka 
and  others  have  shown,  intolerance  of  alcohol  is  an  expression 
of  degeneracy.  The  person  intolerant  of  alcohol  becomes 
either  a  total  abstainer  because  of  a  personal  idiosyncrasy 
(like  that  which  forbids  certain  people  to  eat  shell-fish  lest 
nettle-rash  occur)  or  because  of  parsimony,  or  for  both  reasons 
combined.  Such  total  abstainers  leave  degenerate  offspring 
in  which  degeneracy  assumes  a  type  of  excess  in  alcohol  as 
well  as  even  lower  phases." 

Available  statistics  of  the  insane  do  not  permit 
accurate  comparisons  between  States.  The  most  in- 
genious search  would  fail  to  discover  any  relation 
between  the  ratios  of  insane  in  the  different  States 
and  the  prevalence  of  the  liquor  habit. 

Incidentally,  however,  the  fact  stands  out  that  in- 
sanity has  not  diminished  in  States  where  the  liquor 
habit  is  supposed  to  have  been  driven  to  the  wall.  In 
Maine,  for  instance,  the  insane  hospital  population 
goes  on  increasing  with  the  same  relative  rapidity  as 
elsewhere.  In  1903  it  had  125.3  insane  in  hospitals 
per  100,000  population.  This  ratio  is  lower  than  for 
many  States,  but  merely  shows  the  extent  to  which 
the  insane  are  cared  for  in  special  institutions.  The 
census  report  says  that  in  1890  Maine  was  one  of  the 
four  States  in  which  "the  number  of  insane  enumer- 
ated outside  of  hospitals  exceeded  the  number  found 
in  these  institutions;"  and  "in  none  of  these  States 
has  the  accumulation  of  insane  in  hospitals  since  1890 
been  so  large  that  the  number  still  outside  of  hospitals 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

can  be  presumed  to  have  been  greatly  diminished, 
much  less  exhausted. "  In  other  words,  if  Maine  cared 
for  her  insane  in  hospitals  to  the  same  extent  as  some 
other  States,  her  ratio  of  insane  would  proportion- 
ately be  the  same. 

Kansas  and  North  Dakota  also  yield  ratios  of  insane 
per  loo.ooo  population  which  do  not  reveal  the 
slightest  benefit  in  this  respect  from  the  prohibition 
of  liquor. 

By  many  extremists  alcoholism  is  represented  as  ac- 
countable for  a  large  share  in  the  production  of  in- 
sanity and  hypochondria;  but  it  behooves  us  to  re- 
ceive with  caution  the  dogmatic  assertions  of  the 
enthusiastic  propagandists  of  teetotalism. 

No  one  doubts  that  alcohol  in  excess  is  productive 
of  injury  to  nerve-tissue,  but  as  a  cause  of  insanity 
temperance  advocates  are  liable  to  overstate  the  case. 

Dr.  Carswell,  formerly  Chairman  of  the  Inebriates 
Committee  of  the  Glasgow  Corporation,  says:  "In- 
ebriety is  more  an  incident  of  the  mental  life  of  the 
mentally  defective  than  the  cause  of  their  mental 
condition." 

Professor  Lankester  holds  that  congenital  feeble-minded- 
ness,  or  mental  defect  dating  from  birth  or  observed  at  a 
very  early  age,  is  spontaneous  originally,  and  truly  hereditary 
subsequently.  It  is  not  brought  about  by  starvation  or 
other  such  conditions;  but,  more  probably,  it  is  the  result 
of  easy  conditions  of  life,  which  involve  the  absence  of  such 
selective  destruction  as  obtains  in  nature  and  among  more 
primitive  men.  The  notion  that  causes  such  as  "innu- 
trition," wasting  disease,  improper  period  of  parentage,  or 
alcoholism,  have  anything  to  do  with  the  form  of  "amentia" 
called  feeble-mindedness  is  devoid  of  all  proof.  The  teaching 
of  biology  is  opposed  to  the  possibility  of  such  a  connection- 

Dr.  Archdall  Reid  is  of  the  same  opinion.  Like  most 
of  the  witnesses,  he  considers  that  the  great  majority  of  the 
cases    of    feeble-mindedness    are    innate,    and    that    feeble- 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

mindedness  implies  a  brain  defect,  which  is  a  reversion — a 
true  variation — and  must  tend  to  be  inherited. 

The  eminent  English  alienist,  Dr.  Savage,  says: 
"Alcoholic  excess  has  long  been  considered  to  be  one  of  the 
most  powerful  causes  of  insanity;  any  increase  among  the 
insane  was  looked  upon  as  depending  upon  such  self-indul- 
gence. England  is  now  much  more  temperate  than  it  was; 
this  is  shown  by  the  greatly  diminished  consumption  of  all 
forms  of  alcohol,  and  by  a  general  consensus  of  opinion  that 
it  is  good  to  be  temperate  or  teetotal.  Notwithstanding  all 
this,  there  has  been  no  decrease  among  the  insane,  but  a 
fairly  steady  increase.  As  a  consulting  physician  I  am  struck 
by  the  large  number  of  teetotalers  by  whom  I  am  consulted. 
This  does  not  prove  that  such  persons  are  unstable  in  conse- 
quence of  their  temperance,  but  it  shows  that  teetotalism 
alone  does  not  decrease  insanity.  Dr.  Mott  has  expressed  the 
same    opinion." — {British  Medical  Journal,  1907). 

The  Gernian  Imperial  Statistical  Bureau  found  in 
1885  that  only  2.1  per  cent,  of  1,367,347  cases  were 
paupeiized  by  drink.  Dr.  Bohmert,  in  his  study  of 
poor  relief  in  77  German  cities,  found  only  1.3  per 
cent.  Even  smaller  percentages  resulted  from  investi- 
gations made  in  the  cities  of  Magdeburg  and  Stutt- 
gart. Austrian  statistics  led  to  similar  conclusions, 
namely,  that  intemperance  is  the  cause  of  pauperism 
in  from  i  to  3  per  cent. 

The  Committee  of  Fifty  found  that  of  29,923  cases 
reported  by  charity  organization  societies  and  other 
organizations  dealing  with  the  poor  in  their  homes, 
18.46  per  cent,  are  attributable  to  the  personal  use  of 
liquor;  2.07  per  cent,  to  the  intemperate  habits  of  one 
or  both  parents,  0.45  per  cent,  to  intemperance  of 
legal  guardians,  and  7.39  per  cent,  to  the  intemperate 
habits  of  others,  not  parents  or  guardians.  Thus  the 
average  percentage  of  poverty  due  directly  or  indi- 
rectly to  drink  was  25.06  per  cent.,  with  6.03  per  cent, 
of  the  total  number  of  cases  unaccounted  for.    Charles 

205 


Text-Book  oj  True  Temperance. 

Booth,  pursuing  an  investigation  in  England  on  the 
same  lines,  finds  that  among  4,000  cases  of  poverty  in 
East  London  13  and  14  per  cent,  were  due  to  drink, 
the  higher  percentage  being  connected  with  a  greater 
degree  of  poverty.  In  another  investigation  made  by 
him  comprising  5,000  cases  of  persons  living  poor  and 
irregular  lives  he  found  10  and  11  per  cent,  of  their 
poverty  attributable  to  drink,  dropping  to  only  5  per 
cent,  for  another  3,000  cases  of  persons  who  were  poor 
but  not  so  irregularly  employed. 

Among  a  total  of  8,420  inmates  of  fifty  almshouses 
representing  ten  States  the  Committee  of  Fifty  found 
the  general  average  percentage  of  pauperism  due 
directly  or  indirectly  to  drink  to  be  37.05,  with  5.03 
per  cent,  of  cases  unaccounted  for.  It  is  stated  that 
this  average  "simply  stands  for  an  approximate  ex- 
pression of  the  truth." 

A  table  has  been  prepared  by  Professor  Warner,  of 
Stanford  University,  based  on  fifteen  separate  inves- 
tigations of  actual  cases  of  poverty  numbering  over 
100,000  cases  in  America,  England  and  Germany. 
All  the  facts  have  been  collected  by  trained  investi- 
gators unbiased  by  theory.  From  these  figures  it  ap- 
pears that  about  20  per  cent,  of  the  worst  cases  of 
poverty  are  due  to  misconduct,  and  75  per  cent,  to 
misfortune.  Drink  causes  only  11  per  cent.,  while 
lack  of  work  or  poorly  paid  work  causes  nearly  30  per 
cent. 

Statistics  showing  the  relation  between  poverty 
and  drink  are  most  inadequate  and  unreliable.  The 
point  to  be  enforced  is  that  such  as  are  at  all  authentic 
in  no  way  bear  out  the  exaggerated  statements  of  our 
opponents. 

The  special  report  of  the  United  States  Census 
Bureau,  1904,  offers  some  suggestive  mformation  and 

206 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

comparisons  on  the  subject  of  pauperism.  Thus  we 
learn  that  the  most  striking  diminution,  both  in 
actual  numbers  of  paupers  and  ratio  to  general  popu- 
lation, was  exhibited  by  New  Jersey,  where  the  ratio 
declined  93.2  per  100,000  during  the  thirteen  years 
from  1880  to  1893.  I^  other  words.  New  Jersey 
secures  the  banner  place  for  having  cured  itself  of  the 
greatest  share  of  pauperism  during  the  interval 
named  of  any  State  in  the  North  Atlantic  division. 

On  December  31,  1903,  New  Jersey,  with  an  esti- 
mated population  of  2,040,882,  had  enumerated  in 
almshouses  1,936  paupers. 

On  the  same  date  Maine,  with  little  more  than  one- 
third  of  New  Jersey's  population  (as  estimated, 
706,427),  had  enmnerated  in  almshouses  1,152  pau- 
pers. That  is  to  say,  sparsely  populated  prohibition 
Maine  has  163  out  of  every  100,000  of  its  people  living 
in  almshouses;  while  thickly  populated  license  New 
Jersey  has  only  94  out  of  every  100,000  of  her  people 
dependent  upon  almshouse  charity. 

New  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  until  very 
recently  prohibition  States,  tell  the  same  story  as 
Maine,  with  even  darker  shading.  Their  showing  of 
pauperism  is  as  follows: 

New  Hampshire Population,  424,150 

Number  of  paupers ,  i  ,1 40 

(Per  100,000,  268.8.) 

Connecticut Population,  966,528 

Number  of  paupers 2,067 

(Per  100,000,  213.9.) 

Vermont Population,  347,660 

Number  of  paupers  .........  414 

(Per  100,000,  119. 1.) 

207 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Rhode  Island  had  license  for  too  short  an  interval 
before  this  census  to  make  a  good  showing,  and  here 
it  is: 

Rhode  Island  . . ., Population,  458,314 

Number  of  paupers ,  788 

(Per  100,000,  1 71.9.) 

It  is  also  worth  noting  that  Wisconsin,  "famous  for 
its  beer,"  with  a  population  of  2,203,671,  has  1,606 
almshouse  paupers  or  only  72  per  100 ,000  of  population. 


The  various  proposals  oj  the  present  time  for  dealing 
with  the  undoubted  evils  oj  drink,  may  he  perhaps  tested 
first  by  iuquiring  what  will  promote  lawlessness  and 
deceit.  Now,  any  attack  on  the  public  sale  will  naturally 
increase  the  private  sale  in  clubs,  and  an  attack  on  clubs 
will  increase  the  drinking  at  home.  It  is  hopeless  to 
establish  the  inquisition  in  every  house  and  every  club. 
Moreover,  ij  it  were  attempted  on  an  effective  scale,  it 
would  certainly  lead  to  such  a  gigantic  system  of  blackmail 
and  bribery  that  the  army  of  corrupt  inspectors  would 
outdo  the  delators  oj  Tiberius. — Dr.  Flinders  Petrie. 


Drunkenness ,  indeed,  and  the  abuse  of  Cod's  creatures 
is  bad.  The  sun  also  blinds  those  who  fix  their  eyes  on 
its  orb,  yet  who  on  that  account  would  despise  the  sun? 
Water  refreshes  and  drowns.  Fire  warms  and  burns, 
and  so  with  everything  else.  People  have  been  choked 
by  a  morsel  of  bread,  yet  bread  is  a  necessary  of  life, 
and  strengthens  the  heart  of  man,  and  so  also  does  wine, 
if  it  is  drunk  properly  and  moderately,  not  going  beyond 
the  cup  of  temperance,  or  at  least  the  second  cup  of 
sufficiency,  by  which  health  is  conferred  on  the  body 
without  injury  to  the  soul.  Bisjiop  Nicetas.  (Ninth 
Century.) 

208 


Text-Book  of  True  Tc>n(\'rdnce. 
Gluttony  a  Probable  Cause. 

(H.  E.  0.  Hcincmann.  "Rule  of  Xoi  Too  Mitch.") 

The  second  point  to  which  I  want  to  refer  is  a  cer- 
tain aspect  of  the  evil  effects  of  the  intemperate  use 
of  liquor  in  producing  poverty,  crime,  insanity,  and 
other  misery-. 

The  advocates  of  temperance.  /.  c,  of  the  temperate 
use  of  all  thin2:s.  including:  fennented  bevera2:es.  have 
devoted  much  time  to  efforts  to  controvert  or  mini- 
mize the  charge  that  intoxicating  drink  not  only  con- 
tributes to  those  evils,  but  is  the  chief  cause  of  them. 
Estimates  of  the  share  of  crime,  pauperism  and  in- 
sanity caused  by  liquor  run  as  high  as  75  per  cent. 
The  Committee  of  Fiftv  seems  to  siravitate  toward  a 
percentage  of  twcnty-iive  for  poverty,  about  thirty 
for  crime. 

The  question  is  a  broad  one  as  well  as  deep.  For 
my  own  part.  I  do  not  believe  that  25  per  cent,  is  even 
approximately  a  true  rigure.  Certain  investigations 
abroad  go  as  low  as  :  per  cent,  for  poverty.  Tlie  wide 
diversrence  of  results  shows  to  mv  mind  that  the  re- 
suits  are  of  very  little  value  as  sho'^'ing  the  actual  facts, 
whereas  they  do  seem  to  show  the  natural  tendency 
of  social  refonners.  as  well  as  of  the  paupers  and 
criminals  themselves,  to  lay  the  blame  on  liquor.  It 
is  the  scapegoat.  In  most  cases  a  drunkard  is  pre- 
disposed, as  the  anti-alcoholist  is.  to  intemperance. 
The  one  lets  himself  go.  and  becomes  a  drmikard.  The 
other  keeps  himself  in  check  in  that  respect,  and  goes 
to  extremes  in  other  things.  Both  are  abnormal.  It 
is  not  liquor  that  makes  the  dnmkard.  it  is  the  man. 
It  is  not  the  tine  cooking  that  makes  the  glutton,  it  is 
the  man.  and  of  course  his  enviromnent,  consisting  of 
a  thousand  intiuences. 

209 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

I  should  like  to  see  the  Committee  of  Fifty  send  out 
a  few  hundred  skillful  observers  to  gather  statistics 
showing  the  percentage  of  crime,  poverty,  insanity, 
etc.,  that  ought  to  be  charged  up  to  dyspepsia,  indi- 
gestion, overeating,  gluttony,  or  whatever  they  might 
wish  to  call  the  protean  forms  of  that  constant  abuse 
of  the  alimentary  canal  to  which  nearly  all  people  are 
subjecting  themselves. 

T*  V  ^  ^  T^  V 

Then,  according  to  the  reasoning  of  the  anti- 
alcoholists,  you  should  stop  eating!  Prohibit  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  food! 

Where's  the  sense  ?  It  is  not  to  stop  eating.  It  is 
to  learn  to  eat  right.  It  is  for  the  adult  to  study  the 
question,  or  take  sound  medical  advice,  and  observe 
and  govern  himself.  It  is  for  the  parents  and  the 
teacher  to  raise  children  so  that  their  appetites  shall 
be  normal,  that  they  shall  not  desire  excess,  but  shun 
it  "instinctively" — if  you  like  that  word — without 
the  need  of  conscious  self-restraint.  It  is  for  the 
legislator  to  secure  purity  of  food,  for  the  physician  to 
give  advice  to  keep  the  people  in  health  rather  than 
pull  them  out  of  disease,  it  is  for  the  housekeepers  and 
public  housekeepers  to  learn  to  cook  rationally  and 
with  a  view  to  satisfy  normal  hunger  and  appetite,  not 
to  stimulate  jaded  palates  or  gorge  extended  stomachs. 

***** 

Was  there  ever  anything  good  that  was  unaccom- 
panied by  evil?  Was  there  ever  a  virtue  that,  sought 
or  practised  to  excess,  did  not  turn  to  vice  or  crime? 
Quotations  from  poets  and  philosophers  of  all  ages 
might  be  multiplied  on  this  subject,  to  prove  the 
unanimity  of  the  mountain  peaks  of  human  intellect 
on  this  point. 

Temperance !     That  is  the  key  to  the  whole  question 

210 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

as  to  both  food  and  drink.  Eat  temperately  and  drink 
temperately,  and  you  will  be  healthy  and  strong, 
virtuous  and  wise,  generous  and  affectionate,  accord- 
ing to  your  gifts  and  your  light. 

What  we  ought  to  repel  is  the  attempt  to  throw  the 
burden  of  poverty,  crime,  and  insanity  upon  alcoholic 
drink,  whose  share  in  causing  such  misery  is  not  the 
greatest,  although  unfortunately  it  is  not  so  insidious 
a  cause  or  one  so  difficult  to  trace  as  is  intemperance 
in  food.  It  is,  in  fact,  far  less  dangerous.  For  while 
the  effects  of  irrational  eating  do  not  appear  in  plain, 
unmistakable  symptoms  at  once,  the  results  of  excess- 
ive drinking  advertise  themselves  instantly  and  in- 
vite  reform. 


Causes   of   Distress,   Direct  or  Contributory,  in  1,000 

Families. 

This    Chart    was    Made    in  the  Year   1907,  in  the  Period 

Before  the  Panic. 

1 ,000  Cases  ^^^^^i^^^^^^^i^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^^^^i^^^^ 

Tuberculosis  hi^  10111% 

Insanity  and  Feeble-minded  ^  3t(j% 

Old  Age  ^^  12  1^^% 

Chronic  or  Incurable  Illness  ,^|^  iitij% 

Acute  Illness  1^^^  163^% 

Widowhood  ^^^^^^^^^  2,A\^% 

Epilepsy  a  y«^% 

Deserted  Wives  ^ma^^^^  i5tV% 

Accident  ^bbi  i  Ittj% 

Unsanitary  Houses  mm^^^^  30ttj% 

Imprisonment  h  '^■1^% 

Drink  bhb  12^^% 

Issued  by  the  United  Charities  of  Chicago,  19 10. 

Alcohol,  Longevity  and  Disease. 

The  connection  of  disease  with  habits  of  intemper- 
ance was  the  subject  of  an  inquiry  made  some  years 

211 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

ago  by  the  Collective  Investigation  Committee  of  the 
British  Medical  Association.  The  reports  were  pre- 
pared by  Isambard  Owen,  M.D.,  etc.,  secretary  to  the 
committee,  and  consist  chiefly  of  elaborate  tabular 
ratings  and  comparisons.  From  these  the  more  im- 
portant results  are  extracted. 

The  following  alcoholic  classes  were  considered, 
embracing  over  four  thousand  individuals : 

"Class  A — Total  Abstainers. 

"Class  B — The  Habitually  Temperate — Men  who  drink 
small  amounts,  and  only  with  meals,  and  rarely  take  spirits 
except  for  medicinal  purposes. 

"Class  C — The  Careless  Drinkers — Men  who,  without  be- 
ing 'intemperate'  or  'free  drinkers,'  yet  do  not  confine  them- 
selves within  a  rigid  rule;  who  drink  spirits  occasionally  as 
a  beverage;  who  may  at  times  drink  between  meals,  or  even 
to  the  extent  of  intoxication  occasionally,  but  who  do  not 
make  these  practices  a  habit,  and,  on  the  average,  do  not 
materially  exceed  what  has  been  termed  the  'physiological 
amount,'  of  i|  ounces  of  pure  alcohol  daily. 

"Class  D — The  Free  Drinkers — Men  who  'drink  a  fair 
amount'  or  'take  their  wine  freely,'  habitually  exceeding  the 
physiological  amount  to  a  material  extent,  but  yet  who  can- 
not be  called  'drunkards.' 

"Class  E — The  Decidedly  Intemperate — 'Drinking  men, 
'hard  drinkers'  and  'drunkards.'  " 

Commenting  upon  the  showing  made,  as  to  average 
age,  by  the  several  classes  grouped  for  examination, 
the  Committee  declared  that  the  exhibit  of  total 
abstainers  was  "somew^hat  startling,  for  we  find  that 
it  is  not  only  far  below  the  average  attained  by  the 
moderate  drinkers,  but  it  is  even  a  year  below  that 
reached  by  the  decidedly  intemperate." 

The  average  ages  of  the  respective  classes  are  thus 
indicated: 

"Class  A — Total  Abstainers — 51.22  Years. 
"Class  B — Temperate  Drinkers — 62.13  Years. 
"Class  C — Careless  Drinkers — 59.67  Years. 

212 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

"Class  D — Free  Drinkers — 57.59  Years. 

"Class  E — Decidedly  Intemperate — 52.03  Years." 

The  Committee  gave  special  attention  to  the  sub- 
ject of  tubercle,  "on  account  of  the  widely  conflicting 
views  as  to  the  action  of  alcohol  upon  the  production 
and  the  progress  of  the  disease." 

These  conclusions,  among  others,  were  arrived  at 
and  were  declared  to  have  been  placed  upon  a  basis  of 
fact: 

"That  there  is  no  ground  for  the  belief  that  alcoholic  ex- 
cess leads  in  any  special  manner  to  the  development  of  this 
malignant  disease,  and  some  reason  to  think  that  it  may  de- 
lay its  production. 

"That,  in  the  young,  alcoholic  liquors  seem  rather  to  check 
than  to  induce  the  formation  of  tubercle;  while  in  the  old 
there  is  some  reason  to  believe  that  the  effects  are  reversed. 

"That  the  tendency  to  apoplexy  is  not  in  any  special  man- 
ner induced  by  alcohol. 

"That  the  tendency  to  bronchitis,  unless,  perhaps,  in  the 
young,  is  unaffected  in  any  special  manner  by  alcoholic  excess. 

"That  the  mortality  from  pneumonia  and  probably  that 
from  typhoid  fever,  also,  is  not  especially  affected  by  alco- 
holic habits. 

"That  prostatic  enlargement  and  the  tendency  to  cystitis 
are  not  especially  induced  by  alcoholic  excess." 

Abstinence  and  Life  Insurance. 

A  few  English  and  Swiss  life  insurance  companies 
offer  great  advantages  to  abstainers  in  the  shape  of  re- 
duced premiums,  and  aid  thus,  if  indirectly,  the  pro- 
paganda against  alcohol.  Two  years  ago  Swiss  papers 
reprinted  the  statistics  of  an  English  life  insurance 
company,  proving  that  the  average  length  of  life  of 
the  moderate  drinker  was  the  longest,  whereas  the 
mortality  was  greatest  among  total  abstainers  and 
notorious  drunkards.  The  protagonists  of  absti- 
nence were  naturally  displeased  with  this  and  promptly 

213 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

turned  the  statistical  conclusion  unfavorable  to  their 
cause  topsy-turvy,  maintaining  that  the  reverse  was 
true.  And  now  they  have  demanded  reduced  premi- 
ums from  the  German  life  insurance  companies,  but 
have  been  flatly  "turned  down."  The  German  com- 
panies refuse  to  put  faith  in  the  fairy  stories  of  the 
abstainers. 

An  interesting  article  on  this  subject,  showing  up 
largely  the  fallacy  in  behalf  of  total  abstinence  which 
many  insurance  companies  lend  their  aid  to  propagat- 
ing, will  be  found  in  our  Year  Book  for  1910.  It  is  of 
great  value,  coming,  as  it  does,  from  an  English  insur- 
ance expert  of  authority. 

In  this  connection  the  following  remarks  taken 
from  the  New  York  Insurance  Critic,  a  recognized 
leader  among  journals  devoted  to  life  insurance,  will 
be  read  with  interest  as  expressing  some  truths  which 
are  slowly  but  surely  making  head  against  old  and 
deep-rooted  prejudices: 

"As  a  matter  of  fact  the  occupation  of  a  man,  the  pursuit  of 
which  involves  no  physical  hazard  cannot,  from  an  under- 
writing point  of  view,  be  regarded  as  a  disqualification  for 
life  insurance,  or  as  in  any  way  abridging  his  rights  to  the 
fullest  benefits  thereunder.  A  brewer,  for  example,  is  a 
manufacturer;  the  processes  involved  in  the  production  of  beer 
are  at  no  point  menacing  either  to  life  or  limb,  and  his  super- 
vision of  workmen  and  management  of  the  financial  and 
other  departments  of  his  business  will  not  tend  to  shorten 
his  life.  That  this  is  the  practical  view  taken  of  the  matter 
by  many  progressive  and  enterprising  life  insurance  com- 
panies is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  they  carry  maximum 
lines  on  the  lives  of  brewers  and  the  manufacturers  of  liquors. 
A  man  may  be  a  proprietor  of  one  of  these  establishments,  and 
be  unable  to  secure  life  insurance,  but  the  reason  will  not  lie 
in  his  occupation;  it  will  be  found  in  his  own  physical  delin- 
quencies, or  in  the  record  made  by  his  immediate  antecessors. 
A  banker  may  fail  for  similar  reasons.  A  brewery  workman 
may  indulge  too  freely  in  the  beverage  of  his  own  making  and 

214 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

impair  his  bodily  functions,  thus  disqualifying  himself  for 
life  insurance;  but  his  rejection  by  a  life  insurance  company 
will  rest,  not  on  the  fact  that  he  works  at  a  given  occupation, 
but  that  he  is  intemperate." 

That  insurance  companies  are  justified  in  regarding  the 
brewer  as  a  "safe  risk,"  is  perhaps  not  as  well  known  as  it 
should  be.  Some  years  ago  an  investigation  was  made  of 
conditions  of  health  and  mortality  among  about  1,000  brewery 
workmen  chiefly  in  New  York,  Brooklyn  and  Newark.  The 
inquiry  resulted  in  these  conclusions: 

"I.  Brewers  drink  more  beer,  and  drink  it  more  constantly, 
than  any  other  class  of  people. 

"II.  The  rate  of  death  among  brewers  is  lower  by  40  per 
cent,  than  the  average  death  rate  among  the  urban  popula- 
tion of  the  groups  of  ages  corresponding  with  those  to  which 
brewery  workmen  belong. 

"III.  The  health  of  brewers  is  unusually  good;  diseases  of 
the  kidneys  and  liver  occur  rarely  among  them. 

"IV.  That  on  an  average  brewers  live  longer  and  preserve 
their  physical  energies  better  than  the  average  workman  of 
the  United  States." 

Mr.  E.  W.  Milliet,  the  eminent  director  of  the  Swiss  Bureau 
of  Statistics,  states  that  "the  mortality  among  brewers  is 
essentially  lower  than  the  general  mortality  in  Switzerland. 

Drinking  and  Longevity. 

That  Americans  are  shorter-lived  than  Germans, 
even  though  more  temperate  than  the  latter  in  the 
use  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  working  on  an  average 
of  ten  per  cent,  shorter  hours,  was  contended  by 
Dr.  B.  Laquer  before  the  International  Congress  of 
Medicine  at  Wiesbaden,  in  April,  1905.  The  Doctor 
gave  these  figures  as  a  result  of  a  personal  investi- 
gation which  he  had  made  during  1904:  —  Persons 
from  40  to  60  years  in  Germany,  179;  in  America,  170. 
Persons  over  60  years  in  Germany,  78 ;  in  America,  65. 

Dr.  Isenhart,  a  Swiss  medical  man,  has  just  pub- 
lished some  surprising  statistics,  showing  that  a 
drunkard  lives  longer  than  a  total  abstainer  if  the 
former  is  not  subject  to  any  other  "disease." 

215 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  average  age  of  a  drunkard,  he  says,  is  53  years; 
of  an  immoderate  drinker,  57;  and  of  a  moderate 
drinker,  63  years. 

The  teetotaler,  according  to  Dr.  Isenhart,  reaches 
the  age  of  50  with  difficulty,  and  his  average  may  be 
put  down  as  51  years,  according  to  his  experience. 

Dr.  Pearce  Kintzing  writes  in  "Long  Life  and  How 
to  Obtain  It:" 

"Our  prospective  centenarian  must  be  a  moderate  drinker, 
*  *  *  he  must  use  Httle  alcohol.  Candidly,  it  does  not 
appear  from  statistics  that  total  abstainers  enjoy  any  great 
advantages." 

Causes  of  Intemperance. 

The  causes  of  intemperance,  as  of  most  social  evils, 
are,  however,  manifold  and  intricate.  Science  to-day 
knows  that  there  are  various  causes,  but  the  extent  to 
which  different  causes  contribute  to  intemperance 
science  does  not  know.  In  general,  however,  they 
may  be  divided  into  what  may  be  called  individual 
and  social  causes.  Individual  causes  are  largely  in- 
herited; social  causes  are  largely  those  of  environ- 
ment. Certain  races,  the  Russian  and  Teutonic,  and 
to  a  less  extent  the  Saxon,  seem  much  more  inclined 
to  intoxication  than  the  Latin  races.  The  Hebrew 
race  is  singularly  free  from  this  vice.  Francis  Murphy 
is  said  to  have  remarked  that  if  all  people  drank  with 
the  Jews,  there  would  be  no  temperance  problem. 
But  these  seeming  race  proclivities  may  be  largely  due 
to  early  environment.  Most  Russians,  Germans  and 
many  Englishmen  are  brought  up  to  use  liquors  more 
or  less  intoxicating,  or  are  surrounded  by  those  who 
use  them,  while  the  Latin  races  are  used  to  light  wines 
very  little  intoxicating.  How  far  the  liquor  taste  is 
inherited  and  how  far  it  is  the  result  of  early  environ- 

216 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

ment  science  does  not  know,  but  undoubtedly  bad 
surroundings  go  far.  So  long  as  children  are  born  in 
crowded  tenements,  almost  cradled  in  the  gutter, 
with  no  playground  but  the  sidewalk  and  with  the 
street  for  their  main  school,  they  are  very  likely  to 
take  a  post-graduate  course  in  the  saloon.  Another 
potent  cause  is  the  fact  that  the  saloon  is  very  often 
"the  poor  man's  club."  Here  he  finds  warmth, 
welcome  and  equality.  In  how  many  charitable  insti- 
tutions or  Christian  churches  does  he  find  equality. 
Many  saloons  have  halls  which  they  rent  free,  or  for  a 
nominal  price,  to  labor  unions.  Most  unions  meet  in 
such  halls.  A  labor  temple  in  most  cities  would  re- 
duce drunkenness.  Another  potent  cause  of  intem- 
perance is  poor  food  or  malnutrition.  Dr.  J.  J.  Mc- 
Laughlin of  Chicago  says,  "I  believe  that  bad  cooking 
brings  to  men  the  desire  for  alcohol  and  other  stimu- 
lants when  otherwise  they  would  not  feel  the  craving 
for  them."  The  unsatisfied  or  ill-treated  stomach, 
abused  perhaps  by  overspiced  food,  seeks  a  stimu- 
lant.— Rev.  Josiah  Strong  {Studies  in  the  Gospel  of  the 
Kingdom) . 

Prohibition  and  the  Death  Rate. 

From  the  Census  Bulletins  of  1880  and  1900    we 

find  that  the  number  of  deaths  from  alcohol  for  every 

100,000  of  population  was  as  follows: 

1880  1900 

Maine 1.08  2.16 

New  Hampshire 2.02  2.18 

Vermont 2.33  3.20 

Average  for  the  three  States.  .1.57  2.41 

In  the  twenty  years  from  1880  to  1900,  during  all  of 
which  these  States  had  prohibition,  the  average  death 
rate  in  them  caused  by  alcohol  increased  53  per  cent. 

217 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

In  the  same  census  report  we  find  that  the  death 

rate  caused  by  alcohol  for  every  100,000  of  population 

in  the  license  States  named  below  was  as  follows: 

1880  1900 

Alabama 1.35  i.io 

Indiana 2.22  2.22 

Kentucky 2.12  1.68 

Missouri 3-68  1.70 

Nebraska 1.76  i  •  50 

North  Carolina 2.07  i .  64 

Oregon 4 .  00  i .  2 1 

Texas 3-45  i-4i 

Tennessee 2.01  1.93 

West  Virginia 1.77  1.67 

Average  in  license  States 2.47  1-63 

Decrease  in  rate  from  1880  to  1900  in  license  States, 
34  per  cent. 

The  death  rate  attributable  to  alcohol  therefore 
decreased  34  per  cent,  in  these  license  States  during 
the  twenty  years  from  1880  to  1900,  as  against  an 
increase  of  53  per  cent,  in  the  rate  in  the  prohibition 
States.  Moreover,  the  actual  number  of  deaths  from 
alcohoHsm,  regardless  of  population,  reported  from 
the  prohibition  States  increased  63  per  cent,  from  1880 
to  1900,  while  the  actual  number  of  deaths  in  the 
license  States  from  this  cause  decreased  during 
the  same  period  2  per  cent.  These  facts  are  much 
more  remarkable  when  taken  in  connection  with  the 
fact  that  during  the  period  named  the  license  States 
increased  about  50  per  cent,  in  population,  while  the 
population  of  the  prohibition  States  was  practically 
stationary. 

Says  the  United  States  Census  Report  on  Mortality 
Statistics  for  1906:  "The  death  rate  from  alcoholism 
in  1906  was  8.6  per  100,000  of  population,  the  same 
as  the  rate  for  the  year  1903." 

218 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  deaths  from  alco- 
holism per  100,000  population  for  a  series  of  years. 
The  figures  are  taken  from  the  United  States  Census 
report.  The  "registration  area"  and  "registration 
cities"  referred  to  comprehend  the  area  and  the  local- 
ities from  which  official  mortality  returns  are  received 
each  year. 


Area 


The  registration  area 
Registration  cities.  . 
Registration  States . 
Cities  in  registration 

States 

Rural  part  of  regis- 

tion  States 

Registration  cities  in 

other  States 


Annual 
Average : 
1900 
to  1904 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

190s 

6.2 

6.0 

6.1 

6.6 

5-8 

6.2 

7-3 

7.2 

7.2 

7-7 

6.8 

7.2 

5-4 

5.0 

5-2 

6.1 

5-3 

6.0 

.70 

6.6 

6.8 

7-9 

6.7 

■7.6 

3-4 

3-1 

^•3 

4.0 

3-4 

3-8 

7.6 

7.8 

7-7 

7.6 

6.8 

6.7 

1906 

6.6 

7-7 
6.5 

8.1 

4.7 
6.8 


Whether  alcohoHsm  is  a  more  fruitful  source  of 
mortality  than  a  few  years  ago  cannot  be  determined 
from  the  statistics  cited.  The  variations  from  year  to 
year  are  so  slight  and  may  be  wholly  due  to  more  or 
less  perfect  methods  of  reporting  causes. 

In  European  countries  there  is  the  same  uncer- 
tainty. Dr.  Printzing  characterizes  the  existing  sta- 
tistics as  "very  inexact"  and  says,  "a  comparison  be- 
tween different  countries  is  not  feasible,"  as  many 
cases  of  alcohol  poisoning  are  entered  under  organic 
diseases.  According  to  the  best  authorities,  the  death 
rate  from  chronic  alcoholism  per  100,000  population 
was  in  Prussia,  7.9;  in  Bavaria,  7.4;  in  Baden,  2.4;  in 
Italy,  1.7;  in  England,  19.2;  in  Scotland,  10. i.  The 
Swiss  mortality  statistics  are  supposed  to  be  particu- 
larly trustworthy.  According  to  official  returns  for 
Switzerland,  alcoholism  was  found  to  be  a  direct  or 


219 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

contributory  cause  during  the  period  1891-1899  in 
10.7  of  each  100  deaths  among  males,  and  in  1.9  in 
each  100  deaths  among  females.  During  the  period 
1 900- 1 903  10.3  in  100  deaths  among  males  and  1.9 
in  each  100  deaths  among  females  were  ascribed  to 
the  same  cause. 

In  Denmark,  where  the  consumption  of  intoxicants 
is  particularly  heavy,  Westergaard  says  that  6.7  per 
cent,  of  the  deaths  among  males  and  0.8  per  cent, 
among  females  are  due  directly  or  indirectly  to  drink. 

While  no  finality  can  be  claimed  for  the  statistics 
showing  the  death  rate  from  alcoholism  in  the  regis- 
tration era  of  the  United  States,  they  afford  some 
light  on  conditions  in  Maine.  The  query  arises  at 
once,  why  has  prohibition  Maine  a  death  rate  from 
alcoholism  exceeding  that  for  Indiana,  Maryland, 
Massachusetts,  Michigan,  New  Hampshire  (in  cities), 
Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island  (in  cities),  and  South 
Dakota  ?  This  excess  is  visible  not  only  in  the  death 
rate  from  alcoholism  in  cities,  but  in  that  for  rural 
districts  as  well.  Five  of  the  fifteen  registration 
States  show  a  lower  death  rate  from  alcoholism  in  rural 
districts  than  Maine,  and  among  them  Massachusetts, 
Maryland,  Michigan,  and  New  Jersey,  while  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  yield  only  a  slightly  higher 
rate.  There  is  a  variation  between  the  rates  for  va- 
rious localities  which  point  to  the  uncertainty  of  the 
diagnosis.  In  Maine  physicians  may  possibly  be  in- 
clined to  give  greater  weight  to  alcoholism  as  a  cause 
of  death.  Even  so  the  rate  in  this  State  would  have 
to  be  reduced  several  points,  both  for  cities  and  rural 
districts,  to  bring  it  down  to  that  of  some  of  the  most 
populous  license  States.  Moreover,  the  death  rate 
from  alcoholism  in  Maine  shows,  if  anything,  an  up- 
ward tendency.     The  ultimate  significance  of  this  fact 

220 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

cannot  be  determined.  But  at  all  events,  the  death 
rate  from  alcoholism  in  Maine  must  be  accepted  as 
one  of  the  many  evidences  of  the  total  ineffectiveness 
of  State-wide  prohibition  to  check  one  of  the  saddest 
results  of  intemperance. 

Following  is  the  table  referred  to  above: 

DEATH  RATE  PER  100,000  OF  POPULATION  IN  CITIES 
AND  RURAL  DISTRICTS  OF  EACH  REGISTRATION 
STATE,  FROM  ALCOHOLISM 1906. 

Cities         Rural  Districts 

California i3-5  9-4 

Colorado 1 1 .  i  12.3 

Connecticut 9.4  9.9 

Indiana 5.5  2.3 

Maine 8.4  4.3 

Maryland 5.8  t,.t, 

Massachusetts 5.6  3.4 

Michigan 5.8  3.2 

New  Hampshire 5.1  6.6 

New  Jersey 12.0  3.5 

New  York 8.8  4.6 

Pennsylvania 7.1  4.7 

Rhode  Island 8.0  12.5 

South  Dakota 7.9  4.9 

Vermont 13-2  5.0 


Prohibitionists  not  only  refuse  to  support,  but  actively 
and  bitterly  fight  against,  every  plan  of  excise  reform 
that  does  not  go  to  their  extreme.  It  must  be  abolition  or 
nothing;  their  motto  is  rule  or  ruin.  The  disreputable 
saloon  is  far  more  to  their  liking  than  the  decent  saloon, 
for  the  more  disreputable  the  saloon  the  more  ammunition 
for  the  campaign.  If  all  saloons  were  made  decent  and 
orderly,  the  bottom  would  soon  drop  out  of  the  Prohibition 
movement. — Rev.  Wm.  A.  Wasson. 

221 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Births  Fall  Off  Under  Prohibition. 

The  following  statistics  tabulated  from  the  Census 
of  1900  show  the  increase  of  births  over  deaths  for 
the  North  Atlantic  States: 

BIRTHS    OVER    DEATHS    PER   ANNUM    PER    I,000  OF  POP- 
ULATION,  I  890-1900. 

Connecticut 9.3  License 

Maine 2.1  Prohibition 

Massachusetts 12.5  License 

New  Hampshire 0.7  Prohibition  to  1903 

New  York 13-6  License 

Rhode  Island 1 1 . 4  License 

Vermont,  Decrease. .  .  1.5  Prohibition  to  1903 

New  Jersey i5-i  License 

Pennsylvania 14  -9  License 

Delaware 10.6  License 

According  to  these  figures  Vermont,  until  recently 
a  prohibition  State,  shows  less  births  than  any  State 
in  the  Union  with  such  record ;  the  next  lowest  being 
New  Hampshire  and  Maine.  These  three  prohibition 
States,  as  all  three  were  at  the  time  this  census  was 
taken,  show  conclusively  how  prohibition  lowers  the 
standard  of  virility — if  given  time  enough. 


7  do  not  approve  of  the  rural  districts  attempting  to 
regulate  the  social  customs  of  the  city  people.  But  it  is 
quite  another  thing  to  say  that  once  free  men  in  a  once 
free  country  shall  not,  without  violation  of  the  law,  to 
which  severe  penalties  are  attached,  provide  themselves 
with  wine,  beer  and  other  beverages  if  they  so  elect,  to  be 
used  in  their  own  homes.  And  to  pass  laws  interfering 
with  this  right  is  an  intolerable  tyranny  and  an  officious 
intermeddling  with  the  rights  of  individuals  not  to  be 
thought  of  with  anything  but  the  most  indignant  reproba- 
tion.— Bishop  Johnston,  of  Texas. 

222 


LOCAL  OPTION  BY  ELECTION. 


How  the  Different  States  Vote  on  the  License 

Question. 

A  LOCAL  option  law  provides  that  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cating Hquor  shall  be  licensed  or  prohibited  in  a 
locality  according  to  the  voters'  desire.  This  desire 
may  be  determined  by  a  petition — usually  called  a 
remonstrance — or  by  an  election. 

Statutory  prohibition  rules  in  nine  States,  namely: 

♦Alabama  Mississippi 

Georgia  .  North  Carolina 

Kansas  North  Dakota 

Maine  Oklahoma 

Tennessee 

Twelve  States  and  Territories  make  no  provision 

for  local  option  by  election,  namely: 

California  New  Mexico 

Iowa  Pennsylvania 

Maryland  South  Carolina 

Nebraska  Utah 

Nevada  West  Virginia 

New  Jersey  Wyoming 

The  remaining  States  and  Territories  fall  into  two 
classes;  either  the  county  is  the  smallest  unit  for  an 
election,  or  subdivisions  thereof  may  be  used.  The 
term  "county  unit,"  as  used  herein,  means  that  any 
local  option  election  must  be  held  over  the  whole 
county,  if  held  at  all. 

STATES    WITH    COUNTS    UNIT. 

Delaware.  (Const.,  Art.  XIIL)  On  request  of  a 
majority  of  all  the  members  elected  to  both  houses 
from  the  county  the  legislature  provides  for  the  license 

♦Repealed  February,  191 1. 

223 


Text-Book  oj  True  Temperance. 

question  to  be  submitted  to  the  vote  of  electors  in  the 
county  at  the  next  general  election.  The  result  holds 
until  reversed  by  another  election. 

Florida.  (Laws  '06:15.)  On  petition  of  one- 
fourth  of  the  electors  a  special  election  is  held  within 
sixty  days.  The  vote  in  each  election  district  is  kept 
separate,  and  if  it  votes  "dry"  prohibition  is  enforced 
therein,  even  if  the  county  goes  "wet."  No  new  elec- 
tion may  be  held  for  two  years. 

Michigan.  (R.  S.  1897,  §§5412-5435;  Laws 
'99:183.)  On  petition  of  one-third  of  the  electors  the 
question  is  voted  on  at  the  next  annual  township 
election.     Another  vote  is  barred  for  two  years. 

Missouri.  (R.  S.  '06,  §3027.)  On  petition  of  one- 
tenth  of  the  electors  residing  outside  the  corporate 
limits  of  any  city  or  town,  a  special  election  is  held 
within  forty  days,  any  city  or  town  of  25,000  or  over 
being  excluded.  By  §3028  the  same  rules  hold  for 
such  a  city  or  town  separately.  The  result  holds  in 
either  case  for  four  years.  Election  may  not  be 
within  sixty  days  of  a  general  election. 

Montana.  (R.  S.  1896:10)  On  petition  of  one- 
third  of  the  electors  a  special  election  is  held  within 
forty  days,  provided  it  be  not  in  the  same  month  as  a 
general  election.  No  new  election  may  be  held  within 
two  years. 

Ohio.  (Laws  'o8:March  5,  effective  September  i, 
1908.)  A  petition  of  25  per  cent,  of  the  voters  secures 
a  special  election  after  twenty  and  within  thirty  days. 
Another  election  may  not  be  held  for  three  years. 

Arkansas.  Legislature  of  the  State  passes  special 
laws  prohibiting  the  sale  of  liquor  in  certain  counties. 
Local  option  elections  may  also  be  held,  but  wine  is 
not  included  in  such  elections  unless  a  separate  vote  is 

224 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

taken  for  or  against  the  sale  of  wine.  The  local 
option  question  may  be  submitted  to  the  voters  at 
each  general  election  covering  the  ensuing  two  years. 

STATES    WITH    UNITS    LESS    THAN    COUNTY. 

In  the  following  summary  States  marked  with  an 
asterisk  ('^)  provide  that  the  result  "wet"  in  a  county 
or  district  or  city  shall  not  bar  a  new  election  in  a 
subdivision  thereof;  a  "dry"  vote,  on  the  other  hand, 
bars  all  license  elections,  during  the  time  indicated, 
within  any  subdivision  of  the  "dry"  unit. 

The  divisions  "town,"  in  New  England  and  New 
York,  and  "parish,"  in  Louisiana,  are  practically 
equivalent  to  township  in  Indiana. 

This  class  may  be  further  separated  into  two 
groups.  In  five  States — ^Arizona,  Kentucky,  Oregon, 
South  Dakota  and  Texas — while  small  units  may  be 
used,  it  is  also  possible  to  use  the  county  as  a  unit 
for  the  election.  In  the  remaining  twelve  States  and 
Territories  the  largest  unit  available  is  fixed  at  some 
subdivision  of  a  county.  Comparison  of  the  provisions 
in  Arizona  with  those  in  Colorado  will  make  this  dis- 
tinction clear. 

^Arizona.  (Code  'oi,  title  43.)  On  petition  of  350 
voters  in  a  county,  or  of  fifty  voters  in  a  justice's  pre- 
cinct, or  of  10  per  cent,  of  the  voters  in  a  city  or  town, 
or  on  the  initiative  of  the  county  supervisor,  the  license 
question  is  voted  on  at  election  after  fifteen  and 
within  thirty  days.     The  result  holds  for  two  years. 

^Colorado.  (Laws  '07:198.)  The  question  of 
license  is  voted  on  at  any  annual  elections  upon  pe- 
tition of  40  per  cent,  of  the  voters  in  the  city,  town, 
ward,  precinct  or  election  district  of  county.  No  new 
election  may  be  held  for  twenty-three  months. 

Connecticut.      (R.   S.    '02:156.)      On   petition  of 

225 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

twenty-five  or  more  voters  the  license  question  is 
voted  on  at  the  next  annual  town  meeting. 

Illinois.  (Laws  of  '07,  May  16.)  A  city,  town, 
village  or  "voting  precinct"  may  be  made  "anti- 
saloon  territory"  by  a  vote  at  an  election  for  local 
officers  if  one-fourth  of  the  voters  file  a  petition  thirty 
days  before.  A  new  election  is  barred  for  eighteen 
months. 

^Kentucky.  (R.  vS.  '03:81.)  A  petition  of  one- 
fourth  of  the  voters  in  a  county,  city,  town  or  election 
district  secures  a  special  election,  the  result  of  which 
holds  for  three  years. 

^Louisiana.  (R.  S.  '04,  §1211.)  Police  juries  of 
parishes,  municipal  authorities  in  cities  or  towns,  may 
order  elections  as  they  see  fit,  though  not  oftener  than 
once  a  year. 

Massachusetts.  (R.  S.  '02:100,  §10.)  The  ques- 
tion of  license  shall  be  voted  on  at  the  annual  election 
in  eacli  city  and  town. 

Minnesota.  (R.  S.  '05,  §1528,  Laws  '05:10).  A 
petition  of  ten  electors  in  an  incorporated  town  or 
village,  if  filed  twenty  days  before,  secures  a  vote  at  the 
annual  town  meeting. 

New  Hampshire.  (Laws  '03:95.)  Each  town 
shall  vote  on  the  license  question  at  each  biennial 
election,  and  each  city  at  the  election  in  November, 
1906,  and  every  fourth  year  thereafter. 

New  York.  (Laws  '07:345.)  On  petition  of  one- 
tenth  of  the  electors,  filed  at  least  twenty  days  before 
the  biennial  town  meeting,  the  electors  of  the  town 
shall  decide  whether  or  not:  (i)  liquor  shall  be  sold 
to  be  drunk  on  the  premises,  (2)  be  sold  but  not  be 

226 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

drunk  on  the  premises,  (3)  be  sold  by  pharmacists  on 
prescription,  (4)  be  sold  by  hotel-keepers  only. 

*Oregon.  (Laws  '05:2.)  A  petition  of  10  per  cent, 
of  the  voters  secures  a  vote  on  license  in  the  county, 
subdivision  or  precinct  thereof.  No  new  election  shall 
beheld  before  the  first  Monday  in  June  of  the  second 
calendar  year  following. 

Rhode  Island.  Local  option  on  petition  of  10 
per  cent. 

*SouTH  Dakota.  (P.  C.  '03,  §2856.)  On  petition 
of  twenty-five  voters  of  a  township,  city  or  town  the 
question  is  voted  on  at  the  annual  municipal  election. 
Law^s  '07  p.  369  amends  the  above  by  adding  that  a 
county  vote  shall  be  held  on  petition  of  10  per  cent. 
of  electors  in  county  and  the  result  shall  hold  for  two 
years. 

*Texas.  (R.  S.  1897,  Title  69,  Laws  '05,  p.  378.) 
A  petition  of  250  electors  secures  a  county  election, 
while  only  fifty  names  are  necessary  to  gain  an  election 
in  a  justice's  precinct  or  other  subdivisions.  A  new 
election  is  barred  for  two  years.  Elections  must  be 
held  after  fifteen,  and  within  thirty,  days  after  filing 
of  petition. 

Vermont.  (R.  S.  '06:219.)  License  is  voted  on 
at  the  annual  tow-n  meeting. 

*Virginia.  (R.  S.  '04:25.)  A  special  election 
after  forty  days  follow^s  the  filing  of  a  petition  by 
one-fourth  of  the  electors  in  a  city,  town,  or  magis- 
terial district  of  a  county,  if  not  less  than  i  ,000  inhab- 
itants. No  new  election  for  two  years.  When  elec- 
tion is  held  in  county,  as  a  whole,  the  vote  is  to  be 
counted  by  districts,  and  prohibition  enforced  in 
all  that  vote  "dry." 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Wisconsin.  (R.  S.  '98,  §i565a.)  On  petition  of 
ten  per  cent,  of  the  electors  in  a  city,  town  or  village  a 
special  election  is  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  April 
next  succeeding.  The  result  goes  into  effect  on  the 
first  Tuesday  of  July  following. 

The  result  holds  for  four  years  in: 

Missouri  New  Hampshire   (cities) 

Three  years  in: 

Kentucky  Ohio 

Two  years  in: 

Arizona  New  Hampshire  (towns) 

Colorado  New  York 

Florida  Oregon 

Michigan  Texas 

Montana  Virginia 

Abraham  Lincoln  on  Intolerance. 

Too  much  denunciation  against  dram  sellers  and  dram 
drinkers  is  indulged  in.  It  is  impolitic,  because  it  is  not 
much  in  the  nature  of  man  to  he  driven  to  anything;  still 
less  to  he  driven  ahout  that  which  is  exclusively  his  own 
business;  and,  least  of  all,  where  such  driving  is  to  he 
submitted  to  at  the  expense  of  pecuniary  interests  or 
burning  appetite.  When  the  dram  seller  and  the  drinker 
are  incessantly  told,  not  in  the  accents  of  entreaty  or 
persuasion,  diffidently  addressed  by  erring  men  to  an 
erring  brother,  but  in  the  thundering  tones  of  anathema 
and  denunciation,  with  which  the  lordly  judge  often 
groups  together  all  the  crimes  of  the  felon's  life  and 
thrusts  them,  in  his  face  just  ere  he  passes  sentence  of 
death  upon  him — that  they  are  the  authors  of  all  vice, 
and  misery,  and  crime  in  the  land;  that  they  are  the 
manufacturers  and  material  of  all  thieves,  and  robbers, 
and  murderers  that  infest  the  earth;  that  their  houses 
are  the  workshops  of  the  devil;   and  that  their  persons 

228 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

should  be  shunned  by  all  the  good  and  virtuous  as  moral 
pestilences — /  say,  when  they  are  told  all  this,  and  in 
this  way,  it  is  not  wonderful  that  they  are  slow,  very 
sloiv,  to  acknowledge  the  truth  of  such  denunciation,  and 
to  join  the  ranks  of  their  denouncers  in  a  hue  and  cry 
against  themselves. — Address  before  the  Spring- 
field Washingtonian  Temperance    Society,  Feb. 

22,    1842. 


Local  Option. 

WHAT   IT    OUGHT   TO    BE 

Many  men  believe  as  heartily  in  the  principle  of 
local  Option  as  they  disbelieve  in  State-wide  prohibi- 
tion. To  deny  that  the  local  cornmunity  has  the  right 
tp  decide  for  itself  whether  or  not  the  sale  of  intoxi- 
cants shall  be  licensed,  is  to  deny  a  wholesome  prin- 
ciple of  local  self-government.  It  is  a  totally  different 
question  how  the  local  option  principle  may  properly 
be  exercised. 

It  is  not  a  matter  that  can  be  rightly  settled  by  a 
bare  majority  vote.  A  successful  enforce inent  of  a 
no-license  regime  depends  upon  the  public  sentiment 
behind  it ;  but  if  nearly  one-half  of  the  population  of  a 
city  be  for  license,  and  the  majority  against  it  contain 
many  who  voted  from  fear  rather  than  from  convic- 
tion, a  condition  of  non-enforcement  is  certain  to 
ensue.  The  ordinary  evils  arising  from  the  traffic 
become  intensified,  and  to  them  are  added  others  of  a 
more  sinister  character.  It  should  not  be  permitted 
to  settle  so  fateful  a  question  as  that  of  license  or  no- 
license  by  less  than  a  two-thirds  vote;  and  it  should 
not  be  legal  to  call  a  special  election  on  the  petition 
of  a  mere  handful  of  voters.  Furthermore,  unless  the 
vote  be  more  effective  for  a  longer  period  than  now 

229 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

common,  there  can  be  no  proper  test  of  the  policy; 
and,  what  is  infinitely  worse,  the  liquor  question  be- 
comes a  constant  irritating  and  detrimental  factor  in 
local  politics. 

Professor  Hatton,  of  the  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity of  Ohio,  pointed  out  at  a  recent  meeting  of. the 
Economic  Club  in  Boston  the  impracticability  of  the 
county  option  system.  Taking  Clark  County  as  an 
example,  he  cited  the  fact  that  the  city  of  Springfield 
had  voted  "wet"  by  a  majority  of  two  thousand, 
while  the  county  as  a  whole  went  "dry"  by  a  majority 
of  ninety  votes.  The  county  has  no  machinery  for  the 
enforcement  of  the  law  in  the  city.  It  is  therefore  left 
to  the  civic  authorities  of  Springfield  to  enforce  the 
suppression  of  the  sale  of  liquor  against  the  wishes  of 
the  people,  who  will  probably  visit  their  wrath  upon 
them,  if  they  do  enforce  the  law,  when  they  come  up 
for  re-election.  Moreover,  the  loss  of  the  revenue 
caused  by  the  abolition  of  license  seriously  depletes 
the  city  treasury,  and  must  either  be  met  by  a  con- 
siderable increase  in  taxation  (which  still  further 
antagonizes  the  community  )  or  by  a  reduction  of  ex- 
penses, which  means  the  weakening  of  the  police  force 
and  of  the  other  departments  of  city  government. 
From  the  standpoint  of  government,  it  is,  therefore, 
almost  a  hopeless  undertaking.  With  very  few  ex- 
ceptions, the  cities  of  Indiana,  Ohio  and  Michigan 
that  have  been  made  "dry"  under  the  county  option 
system  are  in  revolt  against  it ;  and  in  Ohio  a  number 
of  the  cities  have  joined  together  in  an  appeal  to  the 
legislature  for  relief. 

Even  where  the  local  option  principle  is  applied  to 
the  smaller  unit  of  government,  in  which  both  the 
voting  unit  and  the  unit  of  enforcement  are  the  same, 
unsatisfactory  results  often  obtain.     If  the  vote  is  a 

230 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

close  one,  it  may,  and  often  does,  result  in  51  per  cent, 
of  the  people  deciding  what  the  other  49  per  cent,  may- 
or may  not  do.  In  short,  unless  a  town  is  voted  "dry" 
by  an  overwhelming  majority,  which  evidences  a  pre- 
ponderance of  sentiment  against  the  saloon,  the  en- 
forcement of  the  law  is  bound  to  be  a  failure.  In  other 
words,  drastic  measures  are  necessary  to  enforce  any 
prohibitory  law,  and  these  will  not  be  employed  unless 
the  authorities  are  impelled  by  very  strong  public 
pressure.  In  the  Province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  a  two- 
thirds  majority  vote  is  required  to  change  a  city  from 
''wet"  to  "dry"  or  from  "dry"  to  "wet"  again. 

AS    THE    PROHIBITIONISTS    WANT    IT. 

Option  is  the  right,  power  or  liberty  of  choosing,  tne 
exercise  of  such  right,  power  or  liberty.  The  prohis 
are  constantly  appealing  to  the  people  that  all  they 
ask  for  is  that  the  people  shall  pass  upon  this  question. 
Local  option,  which  is  real  option,  means  that  the 
people  of  towns  and  villages  shall  pass  upon  this  ques- 
tion, shall  pass  upon  the  question  of  whether  saloons 
shall  be  permitted  in  the  respective  communities. 

It  is  not  the  prohis'  solicitude  for  the  welfare  of  the 
rural  voter,  but  only  the  belief,  backed  by  experience, 
that  the  farmer  in  the  country  outside  of  the  local 
municipalities  is  more  apt  to  vote  dry  than  the  voter 
in  the  cities  and  villages.  Hence  the  desire  for  county 
option.  Simply  a  question  of  getting  sufficient  votes 
to  wipe  out  the  votes  in  the  towns  and  villages.  They 
say  the  majority  should  rule.  Under  county  option 
(which  must  absolutely  be  called  county  prohibition, 
because  of  the  result  which  they  attempt  to  obtain) 
if  a  county  votes  dry,  license  cannot  be  issued.  If  the 
county,  however,  votes  wet,  every  village,  city  and 
town  retains  its  right  to  vote  dry,  notwithstanding 

231 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

there  may  be  a  large  majority  in  the  county  for  the 
wet  side.  If  a  county  should  give  a  majority  for 
saloons  at  the  general  election,  every  town,  city  and 
village  in  the  county  can,  notwithstanding  this,  sub- 
mit the  question  to  its  own  people  again  as  to  whether 
saloons  shall  exist  in  the  town  or  village,  and  if  the 
majority  is  against  saloons  in  the  villages  no  saloons 
can  exist,  notwithstanding  the  wet  county.  If  in  the 
election  in  any  county  a  town  or  village  should  vote 
unanimously  in  favor  of  license,  and  the  county  at  large, 
however,  should  go  dry,  no  licenses  can  be  granted. 

It  simply  means  this:  Ask  for  a  vote  in  the  county 
because  you  can  make  the  county  dry  by  getting  the 
rural  vote.  If  the  county  goes  dry,  you  clean  out 
every  saloon  in  the  county.  If  the  county  goes  wet, 
you  still  have  the  chance  to  clean  out  every  saloon  in 
every  one  of  the  villages  and  cities  under  local  option. 
You  lose  nothing,  and  you  are  liable  to  gain  everything. 

It  is  a  jughandled  affair.  If  the  county  votes  dry. 
majority  rules.  If  the  county  votes  wet,  majority 
does  not  rule. 

A    POSER    FOR    LOCAL    OPTIONISTS. 

A  few  years  ago,  before  the  local  option  movement 
arose,  or  when  it  had  not  yet  attained  prominence, 
the  same  element  with  the  same  end  in  view  induced 
Congress  to  abolish  the  army  canteen.  Now  the  army 
post  affords  a  most  admirable  example  of  a  community 
complete  and  sufficient  in  itself.  The  army  post, 
whether  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  large  city  or  on  the 
vast  prairie,  lives  its  own  life,  has  its  own  interests, 
administers  its  own  discipline.  It  is  really  an  im- 
perium  in  imperio.  Here,  then,  were  the  conditions 
ideal  for  the  application  of  local  option  or  home  rule. 
I  challenge  you  who  are  now  vociferating  for  local 

232 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

option,  for  the  control  of  the  liquor  traffic  by  the  small 
political  unit,  you  who  wish  to  give  the  ward  the  right 
to  decide  whether  it  will  permit  the  liquor  business  or 
not,  I  challenge  you  to  explain  why  you  did  not  de- 
mand local  option  for  the  army  post  ?  Why  did  you 
not  leave  it  to  the  soldiers  of  the  post  to  decide  by 
vote  whether  they  wished  beer  in  the  canteen  or  not  ? 
Or  why  did  you  not,  at  the  very  least,  leave  it  to  the 
decision  of  the  officers  of  the  post?  And  if  you  dis- 
claim responsibility  for  what  was  done  before  as  a 
local  option  movement,  I  challenge  you  to  say  whether 
you  are  or  are  not  in  favor  of  local  option  for  the  army 
post  at  this  hour?  Are  you  willing  to  initiate  or  at 
least  to  second  and  push  a  movement  in  Congress  to 
abolish  prohibition  by  national  enactment  at  army 
posts?  If  you  are  not  willing  to  say  this  and  to  do 
this,  how  have  you  the  nerve  to  stand  here  and  declare 
your  belief  in  the  principle  of  local  option  ?  Is  it  not 
true  that  local  option  is  a  mere  trick  to  get  only  what 
you  cannot  get  in  the  way  of  anti-liquor  legislation 
from  the  State  and  the  Nation  ?  Is  it  not  true  that  you 
are  quite  ready  to  advocate  national  control,  State 
control,  or  ward  control,  not  only  consecutively,  but 
simultaneously,  as  suits  your  purpose,  and  that  your 
only  real  demand  in  the  way  of  political  principle  is 
that  the  law  shall  squelch  the  liquor  man?  Whether 
it  is  a  national  club,  a  State  club,  or  a  ward  club,  that 
you  wield,  is  a  matter  of  entire  indifference  to  you ; 
you  have  all  three  in  your  arsenal,  ready  for  use. — 
Rev.  E.  A.  Wasson. 

Anti-Prohibition   Pointers. 

The  abstinents  in  New  England,  where  prohibitory 
laws  have  developed  most  strongly,  were  never  a 
majority. 

233 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

To  make  the  seller  a  criminal  while  the  drinker 
commits  no  crime  in  drinking,  is  a  legal  absurdity 
which  the  common  sense  of  the  community  has  de- 
tected, as  their  average  conduct  shows. 

If  the  legal  traffic  is  absolutely  supressed  while  the 
appetite  remains,  it  merely  runs  into  illicit  channels. 

Temperance  and  abstinence  in  regard  to  liquors  are 
not  similar  or  convertible  terms.  They  represent  two 
distinct  principles  of  living,  however  they  may  be 
named.  These  two  principles  should  be  equal  before 
the  law  of  the  State. 

The  true  province  of  legislation  lies  in  the  abuse  of 
liquors,  or  in  the  abuse  of  the  drinker.  The  use  of 
liquors  belongs  to  the  individual  and  lies  beyond 
legislation. 

Prohibition  refuses  to  recognize  natural  laws  and 
it  has  failed.  The  statutes  are  not  executed  in  any 
fair  sense,  or  as  other  penal  laws  are  executed. 

Laws  ill-grounded  and  ill-executed  cover  the  worst 
immorality  in  the  State. 

Excessive  drinking,  from  one  point  of  view,  is  an 
insanity  of  the  appetite.  To  treat  the  appetites  of  all 
individuals  as  if  they  were  insane  brings  on  the  same 
confusion  that  we  should  have  if  we  adapted  our  com- 
mon living  to  the  needs  of  persons  mentally  insane. 
We  should  then  make  ourselves  crazy,  without  helping 
the  few  insane  who  need  a  special  treatment. 

It  is  established  that  the  individual  has  in  himself 
certain  rights.  When  society  transgresses  these,  it 
passes  beyond  the  province  of  law. 

The  absolute  interdiction  of  the  natural  appetite 
is  beyond  the  power  of  any  government. 

Illicit  traffic  aggravates  the  evils  of  drinking 
enormously. 

Our     prohibitory     statute-makers,    working   on   a 

234 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

benevolent  motive,  have  debauched  politicians,  cor- 
rupted legislatures,  and  soiled  the  processes  of  the 
courts. — From  W.  B.  Weedon's  ''Morality  of  Prohibi- 
tory Laws.'' 

Gov.  Blease  for  License. 

I  would  respectfully  recommend  that  you  amend 
your  present  dispensary  or  prohibition  act  so  as  to 
provide  that  in  case  a  majority  of  the  white  citizens 
of  any  county  shall  desire  a  license  system,  that  it 
may  be  granted.  Section  ii,  article  8,  of  the  con- 
stitution of  1895,  provides  in  part:  "The  general 
assembly  may  license  persons  or  corporations  to 
manufacture  and  sell  and  retail  alcoholic  liquors  or 
beverages  within  the  State,  under  such  rules  and 
restrictions  as  it  deems  proper."  We  now  have  the 
law  so  that  they  may  have  a  county  dispensary  or 
prohibition.  Now,  in  order  to  be  truly  Democratic 
and  fair  to  all  parties,  in  my  opinion  this  amendment 
should  be  made.  Upon  this  platform  I  made  my 
race  for  the  governorship,  and  upon  this  platform  I  was 
elected,  the  majority  of  the  white  people  expressing 
themselves  as  in  favor  of  allowing  those  counties  where 
prohibition  cannot  be  enforced,  and  where  the  dis- 
pensary has  proved  and  is  proving  to  be  a  supply 
station  of  blind  tigers  and  cheap  whiskey,  that 
they  should  be  allowed  to  have  relief  by  this  system. 
I  would  not  favor,  under  any  conditions,  forcing  it 
upon  any  community,  but  if  a  majority  of  the  white 
people  want  it,  it  is  their  right  as  provided  in  our 
constitution,  and  they  should  have  it. — Gov.  Blease  of 
So. Carolina  in  his  first  Message  to  the  Legislature{i  gi  i). 


The  doped  tonic  is  the  pitiful  delusion  of  the  temper- 
ance tippler. — Congressman  Boutell. 

235 


BREWERS  FOR  REFORM. 


Correcting  Trade  Abuses — Action  Backs  Up  Declara- 
tion of  Principles. 

MUCH  of  the  confused  thought  about  the  use  and 
abuse  of  intoxicants  comes  from  the  failure  to 
differentiate  between  the  saloon  problem  and  the 
liquor  problem.  The  saloon  problem  is  essentially  a 
municipal  problem,  implying  careful  study  of  local 
conditions,  and  adaptation  to  local  needs  in  the  num- 
ber of  saloons,  hours  of  opening,  and  amount  of  license 
fee,  etc.  It  is  primarily  a  question  of  the  social  con- 
trol and  regulation  of  a  business  which  cannot  be  left 
with  safety  to  the  working  of  the  ordinary  law  of 
supply  and  demand.  A  fair  licensing  law,  with  rea- 
sonable elasticity  for  the  play  of  local  initiative,  puts 
the  responsibility  upon  the  civic  authorities  where  it 
properly  belongs.  As  a  general  principle,  public  con- 
venience should  be  the  determining  consideration  in 
the  granting  of  a  license.  A  saloon  should  not  be 
licensed  in  advance  of  the  development  of  a  new  com- 
munity; the  need  for  it  should  first  be  clearly  felt. 
The  disreputable  saloon  is  the  product  of  over-com- 
petition, personal  greed,  political  graft,  police  corrup- 
tion, and  the  general  inefficiency  of  municipal  govern- 
ment. But  the  chief  cause  of  trouble  comes  from 
over-competition,  the  establishment  of  expensive 
"plants"  in  excess  of  the  normal  demand  or  need  for 
them,  and  beyond  the  ability  of  the  people  to  support 
them  legitimately.  The  liquor  problem  is  personal 
and  individual.  It  involves  the  scientific  study  of 
inebriety,   with  proper  provision  for  the  segregation 

236 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

of  chronic  dipsomaniacs,  and  for  the  medical  treat- 
ment of  hopeful  cases  Both  the  study  and  treatment 
are  laborious  and  expensive,  and  there  is  nothing  about 
such  methods  that  appeals  to  the  popular  emotion  or 
imagination.  Perhaps  that  is  why  the  agents  of  the 
Anti-Saloon  League  and  the  prohibitionists  have 
failed  so  completely  to  further  it. 

Brewers  Earnest  for  Reform. 

We  favor  the  passage  and  the  enforcement  of  laws 
for  the  regulation  of  the  drink  traffic  and  for  keeping 
such  traffic  free  from  unlawful  and  improper  acces- 
sories, and  we  earnestly  desire  such  improvement  in 
the  drinking  habits  of  the  people  as  will  still  further 
advance  temperance,  together  with  the  spread  of  en- 
lightenment as  to  the  proper  functions  of  drink,  where- 
by the  individual  may  be  able  to  regulate  his  habits 
according  to  the  requirements  of  wholesome  living. 
,      *         *         *  *         *         * 

The  brewers  are  ready  and  anxious  to  do  their  share, 
to  co-operate  to  the  extent  of  their  power  in  the  work 
of  eliminating  abuses  connected  with  the  retail  trade. 
While  repudiating  the  charge  that  theirs  is  the  chief 
responsibility  for  the  existence  of  such  abuses,  they 
ask  the  co-operation  of  the  public  and  of  the  proper 
authorities  in  the  work  of  making  the  saloon  what  it 
ought  to  be — a  place  for  wholesome  refreshment  and 
recreation. 

*^3g  «t«  ^0  «t^  «^ 

^n  ^^  ^*  '^  ^* 

We  turn  with  confidence  to  the  fair-minded  Amer- 
ican public  and  ask  it,  in  view  of  many  practical  in- 
stances of  our  sincerity  given  in  the  face  of  great 
difficulties,  to  consider  the  statements  above  made, 
and  to  accept  our  assurance  that  the  objectionable 
features  of  the  retail  liquor  traffic  do  not  rest  upon, 

237 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

and  are  not  backed,  either  by  the  coramercial  interest 
or  by  any  supposed  political  power  of  the  brewers,  but 
that  the  elimination  of  such  objectionable  features 
is  most  earnestly  desired  by  our  trade;  that  we  will 
lend  our  fullest  co-operation  towards  their  extinction, 
and  that  we  invite  the  assistance  of  public  officials  and 
the  people  in  general  to  that  end. — From  the  Declara- 
tion adopted  at  Convention  of  United  States  Brewers' 
Association,  1908. 

Brewers  who  ship  beer  from  their  own  State  into 
other  States,  and  acquire  customers  in  other  States, 
should  conform  to  the  regulations  and  limitations 
which  have  been  adopted  by  the  local  and  State 
brewing  organizations  into  whose  territory  they  ship ; 
they  should  assist  the  local  brewers  in  their  efforts  to 
improve  saloon  conditions,  and  such  shipping  brewers 
should  also  use  their  efforts  with  their  local  agents 
and  bottlers  to  induce  them  to  co-operate  with  the  local 
brewers  and  the  local  authorities  in  this  connection. 
When  a  local  brewer  discontinues  selling  to  a  particu- 
lar place  because  it  is  in  disrepute,  the  outside  brewers 
should  support  him  by  taking  the  same  stand,  refusing 
positively  to  supply  the  place  with  their  beer. — Reso- 
lution adopted  at  Brewers'  National  Convention,  1909. 

In  a  number  of  States  the  laws  are  directly  responsi- 
ble for  many  of  the  evils  which  prevail  in  the  saloon 
trade.  For  example,  the  Ohio  constitution  forbids 
the  licensing  of  the  sale  of  liquors,  and  in  place  of  a 
license  an  annual  tax  is  imposed,  practically  without 
conditions.  Under  such  an  arrangement  any  man 
who  can  pay  the  tax  can  open  a  saloon,  and  it  will 
readily  be  seen  that  with  no  restriction  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  licenses,  or  the  character  of  the  saloon-keeper, 
the  business  has  often  fallen  into  disreputable  hands. 
The  law  of  New  York  State  has  also  encouraged  the 

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multiplication  of  saloons,  and  is  directly  responsible 
for  the  establishment  of  fake  hotels  to  catch  the  Sun- 
day trade.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Pennsylvania  law, 
restricting  the  saloons  and  placing  the  licensing  in  the 
hands  of  the  courts,  with  power  of  revocation,  has  re- 
sulted in  the  saloon  being  conducted  decently  and 
with  strict  observance  of  the  law.  It  is  true  that 
there  are  objections  to  the  law  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  courts,  and  that  Sunday  closing  of  the  saloon  has 
resulted  in  a  great  deal  of  illicit  Sunday  traffic,  which 
is  winked  at  by  the  police.  However,  this  has  nothing 
to  do  with  the  beer  business,  for  practically  no  beer  is 
sold  illicitly,  and  the  licensed  trade  in  Pennsylvania 
has  absolutely  no  connection  with  the  evil. 

In  Greater  New  York  the  brewers  have  established 
a  working  arrangement  with  the  Committee  of  Four- 
teen and  the  bonding  companies,  which  has  resulted  in 
cleaning  up  about  a  hundred  disreputable  places. 
The  law  itself  makes  the  undertaking  very  difficult, 
and  it  is  further  complicated  by  the  overcrowded  con- 
dition of  the  courts  and  the  attitude  of  some  of  the 
minor  judges.  Similar  work  has  been  done  in  Buffalo, 
Rochester,  and  other  up-State  cities. 

In  October,  1907,  the  Ohio  Brewers'  Association 
established  a  Vigilance  Bureau  to  investigate  the 
saloon  business  and  report  obnoxious  places,  with 
proofs  of  their  misconduct,  to  the  authorities.  They 
demanded  that  legal  steps  be  taken  to  close  up  such 
places,  and  if  the  authorities  failed  to  act,  the  associa- 
tion was  instructed  to  bring  legal  proceedings  itself, 
to  drive  the  disreputable  saloon-keeper  out  of  business. 
Many  disorderly  places  were  thus  closed. 

The  work  of  reforming  trade  abuses  has  been  taken 
up  in  earnest  by  the  brewers  throughout  the  country, 
in  many  places  without  the  co-operation  of  the  regular 

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authorities,  and  in  not  a  few  with  their  covert  oppo- 
sition. 

Excellent  results  have  been  obtained  in  Milwaukee, 
the  mayor,  the  chief  of  police,  and  the  Cornmon  Coun- 
cil working  in  complete  harmony  with  the  brewers 
and  the  Milwaukee  Liquor  Dealers'  Protective  Asso- 
ciation. 

The  Texas  brewers  continue  the  good  work,  which 
they  may  be  said  to  have  inaugurated. 

Pharisees  Rebuked. 

I  am  not  charging  brewers  with  being,  as  far  as 
morals  are  concerned,  any  worse  than  any  other  busi- 
ness men.  I  have  yet  to  learn  of  brewers  who  have 
deliberately  falsified  weights,  like  the  sugar  refiners. 
I  have  not  heard  of  conditions  in  the  manufacture  of 
beer  which,  for  degradation  and  brutality,  begin  to 
compare  with  those  existing  in  the  manufacture  of 
bread  in  the  City  of  New  York,  which  have  caused  the 
bakers'  strike  in  that  city,  or  in  the  manufacture  of 
steel  and  iron  in  Pittsburg.  I  have  not  found  that 
the  brewers  in  New  York,  owners  of  or  responsible  for 
the  properties  to  which  I  have  referred,  are  any  more 
callous  than,  or  as  callous,  as  some  very  respectable 
property-owning  citizens.  Some  years  ago  a  house  in 
my  immediate  neighborhood  became  so  infamous  that 
the  neighborhood  made  a  most  earnest  protest.  It 
was  the  property  of  a  woman  of  great  wealth,  well 
known  in  fashionable  circles  in  New  York  City,  and 
the  agent  in  charge  of  that  property  was  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  law  fimas  in  New  York.  *  *  * 
Some  years  since  there  was  a  notorious  resort  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  city,  owned  by  a  well-known  railroad 
president,  whose  stepson  had  distinguished  himself 
by  his  public-spirited  benefactions.     Evidence   was 

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collected  which  was  conclusive  to  the  neighborhood 
as  to  the  character  of  this  place,  but  the  owner's 
representative  said  it  was  all  right  and  the  owner 
would  listen  to  or  bcheve  nothing  against  the  word 
of  his  agent.  We  are  just  investigating  the  case  of  a 
saloon,  owned  by  a  woman  and  two  naen  belonging 
to  one  of  the  old  and  aristocratic  families  of  New 
England  and  New  York,  which  their  agent  is  about  to 
turn  into  an  infamous  resort.  We  do  not  know 
whether  we  can  make  the  situation  clear  to  these 
owners  and  touch  their  consciences. — Rev.  Jno.  P. 
Peters,  Chairman  New  York  Committee  of  Fourteen. 

Brewers  Commended. 

With  the  brewers  getting  indictments  against  law- 
less saloon-keepers,  we  have  entered  upon  a  new  chap- 
ter in  temperance  warfare.  Upon  evidence  collected 
by  the  Ohio  Brewers'  Vigilance  Bureau,  four  Cincinnati 
saloon-keepers  were  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  on  the 
charge  of  maintaining  nuisances.  While  there  may  be 
many  temperance  advocates  also  who  would  not  wish 
to  see  the  temperance  reform  limited  to  effort  of  this 
sort  within  the  trade  itself,  yet  the  representatives  of 
each  and  every  shade  of  temperance  sentiment  ought 
to  encourage  such  a  movement  against  the  lawless 
saloon.  The  American  saloon  is  a  different  sort  of 
drinking  place  from  that  found  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world,  and  where  it  becomes  a  flagrant  violator 
of  the  law  it  arouses  the  opposition  of  some,  at  least, 
who  might  otherwise  take  no  decided  stand  upon  the 
question.  Any  movement  which  will  close  effectually 
"dives"  and  lawbreaking  saloons  should  be  encour- 
aged by  all  good  citizens,  from  whatever  quarter  it 
hails. — Leslie's  Weekly. 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  Dean  Law. 

The  organized  brewers  of  Ohio  have  secured  the 
passage  of  a  law  known  as  the  Dean  Character  Law. 
It  provides  among  other  things  that  a  man  shall 
forfeit  his  right  to  continue  in  the  saloon  business  if 
before  paying  his  annual  tax  he  cannot  swear,  or  if  he 
swears  falsely: 

(i)   That  he  is  an  American  citizen ; 

(2)  That  he  has  not  been  convicted  of  a  felony; 

(3)  That  he  has  not  knowingly  sold  to  drunkards  or  minors; 

(4)  That  he  has  not  knowingly  allowed  gambling  in,  upon, 
or  in  connection  with  his  premises ;  and 

(5)  That  he  has  not  permitted  improper  females  to  fre- 
quent his  place  of  business,  or  the  premises  connected  there- 
with. 


242 


THE   SALOON. 


Its  Place  in  the  Social  Economy — No  Adequate  Sub- 
stitute for  It. 

THE  Saloon  was  specially  and  thoroughly  investi- 
gated by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  headed  by  such 
men  as  Hon.  Seth  Low,  President  Eliot  of  Harvard, 
Hon.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  Bishop  Potter  of  New  York, 
Hon.  Chas.  J.  Bonaparte,  Prof.  Francis  J.  Peabody, 
Dr.  Felix  Adler,  Mr.  F.  H.  Wines,  Hon.  James  C. 
Carter,  Prof.  R.  H.  Chittenden  of  Yale,  Bishop  Conaty, 
and  others  of  equal  eminence.  The  practical  work  of 
investigation  was  performed  by  the  most  efficient 
experts  in  the  country  and  the  report  itself  occupies 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  volume  entitled  "Eco- 
nomic Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem,"  and  the  whole 
of  the  volume  labeled  "Substitutes  for  the  Saloon." 
A  few  pertinent  extracts  follow : 

"Latterly  men  have  begun  to  inquire  whether,  after  all, 
current  views  have  consigned  the  saloon  to  its  proper  place 
in  our  social  economy.  If  the  saloon  be  but  a  destroying 
force  in  the  community,  how  could  it  thus  long  have  escaped 
destruction?  Since  the  saloon  remains,  is  it  not  probable 
that  it  ministers  to  deep-rooted  wants  of  men  which  so  far 
no  other  agency  supplies?" 

Speaking  of  the  saloons  in  the  Jewish  quarter  of 
New  York  City,  south  of  East  Houston  Street  and 
east  of  the  Bowery,  the  Committee  says: 

"Here,  then,  we  find  saloon-keepers  and  saloon  patrons  of 
a  most  abstemious  race,  thrifty  often  to  penuriousness, 
among  whom  drunkards  are  exceedingly  rare.  Yet  they 
drink  and  the  saloon  is  to  them  an  important  institution." 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Of  the  saloons  in  the  ItaUan  quarter  the  Committee 

says: 

"Drinking  to  the  point  of  intoxication  is  the  exception 
in  these  saloons,  for  the  Italians  are  a  temperate  people. 
To  them  the  saloon  means,  in  the  first  instance,  social  op- 
portunity unpurchasable  elsewhere  for  any  price  within  their 
reach,  and  without  which  their  lives  would  be  a  dreary  waste. 
Drink,  though  inseparable  from  the  saloon,  does  not  appear  to 
be  indulged  in  by  a  majority  for  drink's  sake,  but  as  a  means 
to  greater  sociality  and  an  unavoidable  tribute  for  the  privi- 
leges of  the  place." 

As  to  German  saloons  the  Committee  remarks : 

"The  characteristics  of  the  ordinary  German  beer  shops, 
such  as  abound  in  the  typically  German  districts,  are  so  gen- 
erally known  that  little  need  be  said  about  them.  One  ob- 
serves in  them  a  large  consumption  of  beer  and  various  foods, 
little  visible  intoxication  and  an  air  of  heartiness  {Gemuth- 
lichkeit)  all  the  German's  own.  It  is  expected  that  the  patron 
will  take  his  ease  here,  every  convenience  being  afforded  for 
that  purpose,  and  other  means  than  drinking  are  at  hand  to 
pass  the  idle  hour. 

"In  the  degree  that  beer  to  the  German  is  a  necessary  of 
life,  in  the  same  degree  the  saloon  stands  for  beer-drinking, 
but  not  for  a  place  of  inebriation.  If  it  were  but  this,  would 
the  self-respecting  German  workman  take  his  wife  and  other 
female  members  of  his  family  there?  A  craving  for  Gesellig- 
keit  (sociability)  is  probably  more  developed  among  the 
Germans  than  among  any  other  people.  The  saloon  provides 
the  only  place  in  which  it  can  be  obtained  for  a  nominal  price 
by  thousands  of  sober  and  thrifty  Germans. 

"The  tavern  instinct  of  our  Saxon  forefathers  is  the  chief 
impulse,  aside  from  the  drink  itself,  which  draws  their  hosts 
within  the  saloons  that  line  our  streets.  This  instinct  must 
be  reckoned  with." 

Prof.  Walter  A.  Wyckoff,  famous  for  his  first-hand 
studies  of  social  conditions,  thus  expresses  his  views 
as  to  the  saloon: 

"It  is  a  serious  mistake  to  suppose  that  saloon-keepers  as 
a  class  are  bent  upon  the  destruction  of  their  fellow-men 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

and  callous  to  any  appeal  for  help  from  their  victims.  They 
are  often  men  of  quite  singular  practical  helpfulness  to  the 
people  about  them. 

"The  saloon  in  relation  to^the  wage-earning  classes  of 
America  is  an  organ  of  high  development,  adapting  itself 
with  singular  perfectness  in  catering  in  a  hundred  ways  to 
the  social  and  political  needs  of  men." 

The  Committee  devotes  a  special  volume  to  the 
subject,  "Substitutes  for  the  Saloon."  It  concedes 
that  the  saloon  is  "the  poor  man's  club  in  that  it  offers 
him,  with  much  that  is  undoubtedly  injurious,  a 
measure  of  fellowship  and  recreation  for  which  he 
would  look  elsewhere  in  vain."  It  points  out  also  that 
"the  laboring  man  out  of  employment  knows  that  in 
some  saloons  he  is  likely  not  only  to  find  temporary 
relief  but  assistance  in  finding  work.  *  *  *  Many 
a  man  has  been  put  on  his  feet  by  just  this  kind  of 
help." 

The  Committee  asks  in  conclusion:   "Are  there  any 

true  substitutes  for  the  saloon  in  New  York?"     And 

it  thus  answers  the  question : 

"We  do  not  believe  that  the  saloon-keeper  considers  that 
he  has  other  serious  rivals  than  those  competing  with  him 
for  trade." 

"If  Not  the  Saloon— What?" 

Few  men  are  better  qualified  to  discuss  the  question 
of  the  saloon  than  the  Rev.  J.  E.  Freeman,  founder  and 
conductor  of  the  celebrated  Hollywood  Inn  at  Yonkers, 
N.  Y.  Mr.  Freeman  says  in  his  book  bearing  the 
above  title: 

"The  saloon  is  here  to  stay,  not  merely  because  it  is  tena- 
cious of  what  it  believes  to  be  its  legitimate  rights,  but  be- 
cause there  are  a  majority  of  our  people  that  demand  its 
service. 

4c  4c  ^  'i'  *  * 

"There  is  unquestionably  a  vast  number  of  men  in  all  walks 

245 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

of  life  to  whom  abstinence  is  the  only  salvation.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  let  us  be  reasonable,  and  remember  that  there  is 
still  a  far  greater  number  who  use  the  saloon  and  do  not  abuse 
it.  Men  who,  for  want  of  better  conditions,  seek  its  asylum 
largely  for  purposes  of  association  and  amusement. 


"The  saloon,  on  its  recreative  and  social  side,  is  a  sort  of 
Liberty  Hall.  It  is  free  from  offensive  restrictions,  and  while 
its  traffic  may  conduce  to  disorder,  it  is,  in  the  main,  a  place 
where  little  or  no  discipline  is  required,  and  where  all  men 
feel  a  sense  of  equality  and  freedom. 

^*  ^p  ^l>  ^»  ^j*  Jj* 

"The  great  majority  of  those  who  patronize  the  saloon,  we 
are  constrained  to  believe,  are  not  attracted  thither  by  its 
liquors,  but  by  its  recreative  features.  We  venture  to  be- 
lieve that,  to  the  vast  number  of  its  patrons,  the  magnet  of  its 
chief  attractiveness  is  its  associations  rather  than  its  intoxi- 
cants. No  ampler  illustration  of  this  might  be  submitted 
than  the  constantly  increasing  tendency  of  the  saloon  to  im- 
prove its  environment  and  to  increase  its  amusements. 

aj#  ^^  ml*  m^  mia  ^0 

"A  cursory  investigation  of  some  of  the  results  accom- 
plished in  no-license  towns  and  States  will  suffice  to  show  that 
the  man  who  wants  the  drink  will  get  it,  and  often  more  of  it 
than  in  towns  and  States  where  the  saloon-door  swings  on  a 
double  hinge.  We  even  venture  to  go  a  step  further,  and  to 
affirm  that  were  it  possible  in  our  large  cities  to  eliminate 
entirely  the  saloon  without  endeavoring  to  furnish  any  sen- 
sible or  reasonable  substitute,  the  condition  of  life  among  our 
working  people  would  be  infinitely  harder  than  it  is  under 
existing  systems ;  for,  while  it  may  be  demonstrated  that  the 
abuse  of  liquor  is  a  curse,  it  must  also  be  remembered  that  the 
saloon  is  to  the  poor  man  the  center  and  source  of  much  of 
his  social  life.  It  is  the  place  of  his  contacts.  It  is  the  home 
of  much  of  his  amusement;  and  to  the  man  of  temperate 
habits  it  is  as  legitimate  a  place  of  innocent  recreation  as  the 
clubs  of  the  rich,  with  their  luxurious  fittings  and  splendid 
appointments.  From  this  aspect  of  it  there  is  evident  a  con- 
dition to  be  reckoned  with  in  which  the  saloon  becomes  a 
necessity  rather  than  a  thing  to  be  utterly  annihilated." 

246 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
The  Army  Canteen. 

INSISTENT    DEMAND    FOR    ITS    RESTORATION. 

I  desire  to  recommend  once  more,  in  the  interests 
of  the  moral  welfare  and  discipline  of  the  troops,  the 
removal,  if  practicable,  of  the  legislative  prohibition 
against  the  sale  of  beer  and  light  wines  in  the  post 
exchanges.  It  would  seem  unnecessary  to  argue  to  a 
fair-minded  person  the  superiority  of  a  system  which 
provides  a  mild  alcoholic  beverage  at  reasonable  cost 
in  moderate  quantities  under  strict  military  control,  to 
one  which  results  in  luring  the  soldier  away  from  his 
barrack  to  neighboring  dives  where  his  body  and  soul 
are  poisoned  and  ruined  by  vile  liquors,  with  the 
accompanying  vice  of  harlotry,  and  where  his  money 
is  taken  from  him  by  gamblers  and  thieves.  Un- 
authorized absences  and  frequent  desertions  directly 
traceable  to  visits  to  these  dens  of  iniquity  form  a 
large  percentage  of  the  cases  of  trial  by  the  several 
military  courts,  the  numbers  of  which  are  a  blot  upon 
the  otherv/ise  fair  record  of  our  army.  This  is  no  fancy 
picture;  its  accuracy  is  proven  by  the  oft-repeated 
evidence  of  post  commanders  and  other  officers  re- 
sponsible for  the  maintenance  of  good  order  in  their 
commands — officers  whose  only  interest  in  the  re- 
establishment  of  the  sale  of  beer  is  that  for  the  welfare 
and  discipline  of  their  enlisted  men. — From  Annual 
Report  of  Lt.-Gen.  Henry  C.  Corbin,  U.  S.  A.,  1906. 

The  Post  Exchange  as  it  existed  in  1900  was  the 
most  rational  compromise  that  the  ripe  experience  of 
the  ablest  officers  of  the  army  could  devise — it  was 
not  abused  in  the  camps;  it  has  been  the  soldier's 
friend,  often  saving  him  from  disgrace  and  disease 
worse  than  death.  In  abolishing  it,  one  might  say 
that  Congress  in  "killing  a  mouse,  resurrected  a  mon- 
ster"; and  when  considering  its  restoration,  as  Con- 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

gress  must,  it  will  do  well  to  remember  that  the  result 
of  its  action  has  not  promoted  temperance.  On  the 
contrary,  it  has  decidedly  promoted  intemperance, 
insanity,  insubordination,  discontent,  sullenness,  dis- 
ease and  desertion. — Major  L.L.  Seaman,  late  Surgeon 
U.S.A. 

"It  is  time  indeed,"  says  the  Army  and  Navy  Life, 
"to  reflect  seriously  on  the  evil  conditions  that  have 
resulted  from  the  attempt  to  force  total  abstinence  on 
our  soldiers.  All  who  know  or  care  anything  about 
the  army  are  aware  that  the  results  of  the  abolition  of 
the  canteen  have  been  detrimental  to  discipline,  hence 
to  efficiency;  the  factor  of  discontent  has  been  very 
evident  since  the  soldiers  have  learned  that  the  law 
forbids  them  to  drink  their  beer  amid  decent  sur- 
roundings at  the  post,  under  conditions  comfortable, 
pleasant  and  clean.  But  if  the  restoration  of  the  can- 
teen will  raise  the  physical  standard,  in  addition  to 
promoting  efficiency,  contentment  and  temperance, 
then  no  earthly  reason  exists  for  delaying  that  restora- 
tion one  single  moment  after  Congress  reconvenes." 

"With  the  canteen  cut  off,"  says  the  New  York 
Times  in  the  course  of  a  striking  editorial,  "our  regular 
soldiers  have  resorted  to  the  lowest  and  most  brutal 
forms  of  amusement  that  defile  the  outskirts  of  army 
posts.  A  restoration  of  the  canteen  and  a  system  of 
promotion  that  would  take  account  of  the  sobriety 
both  of  officers  and  enlisted  men  would  be  salutary 
and  effective." 

According  to  a  report  submitted  to  Congress  in 
December,  1909,  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  abo- 
lition of  beer  halls  did  not  make  for  sobriety  and  re- 
ligious observance  among  the  veterans.  This  report 
says  that  there  were  1,026  more  trials  for  drunkenness 
in  the  various  homes  in  1909  than  there  were  in  1906, 

248 


Text-Book  of  True  Tempermice 

when  the  beer  halls  prevailed,  or  nearly  32  per  cent. 

Also  there  was  one  charge  of  drunkenness  for  every 

4.7  men  in  1909  as  against  one  for  every  6.5  men  in 

1906.     The  inspector  concludes  that  the  suppression 

of  beer  halls  has  not  tended  to  promote  sobriety,  but 

the  contrary. 

Brig. -Gen.  Potts,  of  the  Department  of  the  Luzon 

in  the  Philippines,  says  that  most  of  the  court-martials 

last  year  were  traceable  directly  to  the  use  of  the  native 

liquors,  the  deleterious  and  in  many  cases  disastrous 

effects  of  which,  he  said,  are  too  well  known  to  call 

forth  comment.     He  adds: 

"I  can  only  suggest  the  removal  of  temptation  by  providing 
a  substitute  for  the  vile  native  liquors  in  the  shape  of  beer 
and  possibly  a  little  light  wine  through  the  post  exchange." 

Major-General    Leonard    Wood,   commanding   the 

Department  of  the  East,  in  his  last  annual  report  to 

Congress,  1910,  said  tersely: 

"It  is  believed  that  the  re-establishment  of  the  canteen 
would  be  to  the  best  interest  of  the  Army. ' ' 

THE    DIFFERENCE. 

In  Europe  governments  are  experimenting  with 
restriction  of  the  sale  and  consumption  of  alcoholic 
drinks  under  advice  of  the  wisest  authorities  they  can 
find.  Here  in  various  States  we  get  liquor  legislation 
in  response  to  the  demands  of  the  Methodist  and 
Baptist  ministers,  and  members  of  the  Women's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  who  want  to  make  this 
a  teetotal  country,  and  aim,  all  of  them,  at  national 
prohibition,  enforced  by  every  governmental  power 
the  nation  has.     *     *     * 

They  hold  that  every  form  of  alcohol  is  bad  in  any 
quantity  for  every  sort  of  human  creature.  If  they 
get  laws  passed  to  suit  them  and  it  turns  out,  as  in  the 

249 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

case  of  the  army  canteen,  that  their  laws  work  mis- 
chief to  the  persons  whom  they  affect,  they  say,  "No 
matter;  the  laws  are  right;  it  is  the  folks  who  are 
bad."  Which  is  funny.  Perhaps  man  was  made  for 
liquor  laws,  and  not  liquor  laws  for  man ;  but  for  our 
part,  we  don't  think  so. — From  ''Life." 

The    Evil    in    the    Philippines. 

The  anti-canteen  law  is  severely  criticised  in  the 
annual  report  of  Major-Gen.  William  P.  Duvall,  com- 
manding the  United  States  troops  in  the  Philippine 
Islands.  He  says  that  it  is  responsible  for  many  of 
the  offenses  which  cause  the  soldiers'  trials  by  court- 
martial,  and  adds: 

"The  desire  of  a  very  large  percentage  of  normal  men  for 
some  sort  of  stimulant  is  a  desire  which  such  men  are  sure  to 
gratify.  This  demand  of  the  soldier  previously  was  gratified 
by  the  canteen  without  harm  to  himself  or  to  the  service. ' ' 

Since  the  privilege  of  purchasing  a  wholesome  bev- 
erage under  satisfactory  conditions  was  withdrawn, 
Gen.  Duvall  declares  that  "there  have  grown  up  on 
the  outskirts  of  every  reservation  disreputable  places 
where  liquor  of  the  most  unwholesome,  vile  quality 
is  dispensed,  usually  at  exorbitant  prices,  from  the 
direct  effects  of  which  the  soldier  commits  many  of 
the  offenses  which  cause  his  trial  by  court-martial 
and  often  bring  about  his  physical  collapse." 

Gen.  Duvall  expresses  tlie  conviction  that  an  in- 
vestigation by  a  committee  of  Congress  would  result 
in  prompt  remedial  legislation.  He  quotes  the  Judge- 
Advocate  of  the  Philippines  as  declaring  that  the  use 
by  soldiers  of  native  intoxicants,  "usually  procured 
in  the  absence  of  sane  drinks,  which  cannot  be  had 
upon  the  reservations,"  seems  to  be  at  the  root  of 
most  of  the  court-martial  cases. 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  total  number  of  summary  courts-martial  in 
the  Philippines  in  the  last  year  was  10,720,  resulting 
in  10,495  convictions.  The  total  number  of  such 
courts-martial  the  previous  year  was  7,013. 

Civilized  men  who  can  deal  successfully  with  stimu- 
lants, either  by  using  them  with  judgment  (which 
means  great  moderation)  or  letting  them  alone,  get  on 
better,  and  have  stronger  families  than  those  who 
can't.  Relief  from  effort,  temptation  and  struggle 
does  not  make  people  strong.  We  can  conceive  of  a 
world  without  temptation,  yet  this  world  was  not  so 
devised.  We  pray  to  be  delivered  from  temptation; 
we  shield  from  it,  in  so  far  as  we  may,  those  who  seem 
not  old  enough  or  not  strong  enough  to  withstand  it. 
Nevertheless,  temptation  is  a  part  of  life,  and  there  is 
better  hope  of  training  characters  strong  enough  to 
meet  it  than  of  eliminating  it  from  human  existence. 
— Harper's  Weekly. 

Where  all  men  have  equal  rights  guaranteed  to 
them  under  the  Constitution,  it  can  never  be  hoped  to 
enforce  a  law  which,  on  the  plea  that  it  is  for  the  public 
good,  does  not  regard  the  natural  rights  of  many  mil- 
lions of  strictly  moderate  drinkers.  As  well  might  a 
State  religion  be  forced  upon  them — for  the  right  of 
strict  moderation  in  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  is  part 
and  parcel  of  their  religion,  be  it  Christian  or  other- 
wise.— ''Prohibition,  the  Enemy  of  Temperance,"  Rev. 
J.  A.  Homan.  

So  long  as  ait  immense  body  of  citizens  of  all  orders 
and  sorts  choose  to  ttse  alcohol,  think  it  right  to  do  so, 
and  cannot  be  shown  to  offend  their  neighbors  whilst 
doing  so  with  moderation,  it  would  be  tyrannical  to 
pimish  or  forbid  the  coyisurnption  of  any  food  which 
an  orderly  adtilt  thinks  it  desirable  and  right  to  take. 
— Frederic  Harrison. 

251 


FALSE   SCIENCE   IN  THE   SCHOOLS. 


Perverting  Physiology  in  the  "Cause"  of  Total 

Abstinence. 

ACCORDING  to  the  proverb,  a  lie  has  more  lives 
than  a  cat.  This  would  seem  to  hold  especially 
true  of  the  scientific  lie,  or,  in  other  words,  the  mis- 
statement based  upon  false  science.  A  familiar  and 
notorious  example  is  provided  by  the  text-books  of 
physiology  generally  used  in  our  public  schools,  so 
far  as  these  relate  to  the  effects  of  alcohol  on  the 
human  system. 

The  Committee  of  Fifty,  headed  by  such  men  as 
Bishop  Potter,  Seth  Low,  President  Eliot  of  Harvard, 
Hon.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  Hon.  Charles  J.  Bonaparte, 
has  done  a  good  work  in  exposing  the  gross  errors,  the 
false  science  and  the  foolish  notions  generally  that 
have  gathered  about  the  liquor  question  in  its  physio- 
logical aspect.  The  volume  which  it  devotes  to  this 
branch  of  the  subject  ("Physiological  Aspects  of  the 
Liquor  Problem")  is  a  marvel  of  learning,  painstaking 
labor  and  intelligent  research;  in  fact,  the  most  not- 
able work  of  this  character  that  has  yet  appeared. 

The  Committee  points  out  that  much  of  the  method 
and  substance  of  the  so-called  scientific  temperance 
instruction  in  the  public  schools  is  unscientific  and  un- 
desirable. It  is  not  in  accord  with  the  opinions  of  a 
large  majority  of  the  leading  physiologists  of  Europe. 
It  should  not  be  taught,  urges  the  Committee,  that 
the  drinking  of  one  or  two  glasses  of  wine  or  beer  by  a 
grown-up  person  is  very  dangerous,  for  it  is  not  true, 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

and  many  children  know  by  their  home  experience 
that  it  is  not  true. 

Further,  it  is  pointed  out  that  the  lurid  pictures  of 
the  drunkard's  stomach  given  in  certain  popular  or 
pseudo-scientific  temperance  tracts  are  drawn  from 
the  imagination  and  not  from  nature. 

The  Committee  condemns  the  compulsory  so-called 
"scientific  temperance  education"  laws  that  have 
been  enacted  in  nearly  all  of  the  States  of  the  Union  at 
the  behest  of  a  powerful  temperance  organization — 
the  W.  C.  T.  U. 

After  citing  many  wildly  absurd  statements  from 
these  text-books,  alleging  the  deadly  character  of  all 
alcoholic  drinks  and  the  tenible  category  of  evils 
which  flow  from  their  use,  the  Committee  says: 

"The  books,  especially  those  intended  for  the  lower  grades, 
fairly  bristle  with  statements  of  a  character  to  work  upon 
the  fears  of  the  reader,  and  remind  one  in  this  respect  of 
patent  medicine  advertisements." 

Among  the  eminent  physiologists  and  scientific  men 
cited  by  the  Committee  as  sharing  its  disapproval  of 
this  text-book  temperance  physiology  are  many 
leaders  of  their  profession  both  in  Europe  and  Amer- 
ica. These  American  scientists  may  be  mentioned: 
Dr.  J.  S.  Billings,  director  of  the  Medical  Museum  and 
Library,  Washington,  D.  C;  Gen.  Francis  A.  Walker, 
president  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technol- 
ogy; Prof.  R.  H.  Chittenden,  director  of  the  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  of  Yale  University;  Prof.  H.  P.  Bow- 
ditch,  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  Boston;  Dr. 
W.  O.  Atwater,  Wesleyan  University;  Dr.  H.  G. 
Beyer,  New  Bedford,  Mass.;  Dr.  G.  W.  Fitz,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.;  Prof.  W.  H.  Howell.  Baltimore;  Prof. 
L.  B.  Mendel,  New  Haven. 

Among  the  European  authorities  may  be  cited  Sir 

253 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

T.  Lauder-Brimton,  London;  Prof.  T.  J.  Clouston, 
Edinburgh;  Sir  Michael  Foster,  Cambridge;  Prof. 
W.  D.  Halliburton,  London;  Prof.  H.  Kronecker, 
Berne;  Prof.  Arthur  Gamgee,  Montreux. 

The  Comrnittee  ascertained  by  a  thorough  canvass 
of  teachers  in  New  York,  Massachusetts  and  Wiscon- 
sin that  a  very  large  majority  were  opposed  to  the 
teaching  of  alcohol  physiology  as  promoted  by  the 
various  temperance  organizations,  especially  the 
W.  C.  T.  U.  It  points  out  as  an  irresitible  conclusion 
from  the  mass  of  evidence  collected  that  "under  the 
name  of  'Scientific  Temperance  Instruction'  there 
has  been  grafted  upon  the  public  school  system  of 
nearly  all  our  States  an  educational  scheme  relating 
to  alcohol  which  is  neither  scientific  nor  temperate 
nor  instructive." 

Commenting  upon  this  "false  science,"  Prof.  W.  O. 

Atwater,  of  Wesleyan  University,  wrote  in  Harper's 

Magazine  not  long  ago : 

"The  laws  of  all  our  States  but  two  require  that  physiology* 
with  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcohol,  shall  be  taught 
in  the  public  schools.  Here,  again,  there  is  an  unfortunate 
contrast  between  the  statements  of  many  of  our  school  phys- 
iologies and  the  consensus  of  scientific  authority.  The  gen- 
eral character  of  the  teaching  is  more  or  less  opposed  to 
scientific  fact." 

Mr.  W.  H.  Allen,  of  the  New  York  Association  for 
Improving  the  Condition  of  the  Poor,  decries  the  ex- 
aggeration in  text -books  on  hygiene,  with  their  charts 
picturing  in  purple,  green  and  black  the  alleged  effects 
of  alcoholic  stimulants  on  the  heart,  brain,  stomach, 
liver,  knees  and  eardrums  of  the  drinking  man.  He 
inveighs  against  texts  drawing  lessons  from  accidental 
and  exceptional  cases  of  the  excessive  use  of  alcohol 
and  classing  moderate  drinking  and  smoking  as  sins 
of  equal  magnitude  with  drunkenness,  while    "over- 

254 


Text- Book  of  True  Temperance. 

looking  grave  social  and  industrial  ills  that  threaten 
children  far  earlier  and  far  more  frequently  than 
tobacco  and  alcohol." 

The  Illinois  Teachers'  Association  recently  con- 
demned the  system  of  "Scientific  Temperance  Edu- 
cation" now  in  force  in  that  State,  urging  in  its  place 
a  course  of  general  physiology  and  hygiene. 

The  International  Temperance  Congress,  held  at 
Antwerp  some  years  ago,  rejected  the  proposition  that 
children  be  trained  to  total  abstinence  by  school-books 
teaching  that  alcohol  is  destructive  in  every  form 
except  when  used  for  medicinal  purposes. 

What  We  Should  Not  Teach  About  Alcohol. 

We  should  not  teach  that  it  is  a  food,  in  the  sense 
in  which  that  word  is  ordinarily  used.  If  we  are 
going  to  discuss  its  physiological  action  at  all,  we  can 
not  well  ignore  its  nutritive  value,  but  we  should  at 
the  same  time  emphasize  its  limitations.  When  we 
speak  of  it  as  food  or  nutriment,  we  should  explain  to 
what  extent  and  in  what  ways  it  can  and  cannot 
nourish  the  body.  So,  likewise,  if  we  speak  of  its 
effect  upon  digestion,  we  should  not  say  simply  that 
it  is  an  aid  or  that  it  is  a  hindrance,  but  that  it  may  be 
one  or  the  other,  or  both,  according  to  the  circum- 
stances. 

We  should  not  teach  that  it  is  a  poison,  in  the 
sense  in  which  that  word  is  ordinarily  used.  We  may 
say,  and  with  truth,  that  alcohol  in  large  quantities  is 
poisonous,  that  in  large  enough  doses  it  is  fatal,  and 
that  smaller  quantities  taken  day  after  day  will  ruin 
body  and  mind.  But  it  is  wrong  to  teach  our  boys 
that  alcohol  in  small  quantities,  or  in  dilute  forms  in 
which  it  occurs  in  such  beverages  as  wine  and  beer,  is  a 
poison  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word.     In  all  that 

255 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

we  say  on  this  point  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the 
intelligent  boy  knows  well,  and  as  a  man  he  will  know 
better,  that  people  have  always  been  accustomed  to 
moderate  drinking,  as  it  is  commonly  called,  and  yet 
live  in  excellent  health  to  good  old  age.  If  we  tell 
him  that  alcohol  in  small  quantities  is  poisonous  in 
the  sense  in  which  he  understands  the  word,  he  will 
see  that  we  are  exaggerating,  that  we  are  teaching  for 
effect,  and  he  will  instinctively  rebel  against  the 
teaching. 

We  may  say,  and  say  truthfully,  that  the  moderate 
use  of  alcohol  is  fraught  with  danger.  But  the  cases 
where  the  occasional  glass  leads  to  marked  excess  are 
the  exceptions.  If  we  present  them  to  the  thoughtful 
boy  as  a  rule,  he  will  detect  the  fallacy  and  distrust 
the  whole  doctrine. 

We  may  be  right  in  saying  that  alcohol  often  does 
harm  to  health  when  people  do  not  realize  it,  that  it 
prepares  the  system  for  inroads  of  disease,  that  there 
is  a  gradation  of  injury  from  forms  scarcely  percep- 
tible to  the  utter  ruin  of  body  and  soul.  But  to  pre- 
sent the  "horrible  examples"  as  a  common  result  of 
drinking  is  illogical  in  itself,  contrary  to  right  tem- 
perance doctrine,  and  hence  injurious  to  the  children 
whom  we  teach.  For  that  matter  I  believe  that  the 
picturing  of  the  frightful  results  of  vice  to  young  and 
innocent  children  is  more  harmful  than  useful. — Prof. 
W.  0.  Atwater,  Wesley  an  University. 

An  English  Commentary. 

In  this  connection  the  Board  of  Education's  Syl- 
labus on  Lessons  on  Temperance  for  scholars  attend- 
ing the  public  elementary  schools  of  Great  Britain  is 
most  interesting.  In  the  prefatory  note  to  the 
Syllabus,  the  editor  takes  up  the  matter  of  temperance 

256 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

teaching  in  the  schools,  having  reference,  no  doubt,  to 
many  of  the  text-books  that  have  been  in  use  both  in 
England  and  the  United  States.     He  says: 

"It  has  been  alleged  that  some  of  the  'Temperance'  teach- 
ing given  in  the  past,  which  was  represented  as  'scientific,' 
has,  in  fact,  fallen  short  of  a  scientific  standard  as  regards 
accuracy  in  stating  facts,  caution  in  drawing  inferences,  or 
methods  of  instruction.  Indeed,  in  some  cases  it  appears 
that  attempts  have  been  made  to  support  the  incontrovertible 
general  arguments  against  the  abuse  of  stimulants  by  sug- 
gesting that  alcohol  inevitably  and  invariably  has  deleterious 
consequences  when  taken  as  a  beverage  in  any  conditions 
whatever.  The  supposed  proof  of  this  proposition,  sometimes 
included  in  lectures  on  'Temperance'  given  in  public  elemen- 
tary schools,  occupied  time  that  might  have  been  better  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose  of  inculcating  'Temperance'  on  broad 
intelligible  grounds,  and  as  a  scientific  argument  rested  on 
somewhat  precarious  foundations.  The  teacher  will  know 
that  a  temperate  life  depends  mainly  on  good  habits  and  the 
appreciation  and  practice  of  a  few  simple  and  direct  rules  of 
health  and  conduct,  and  is  therefore  largely  a  matter  of  good 
training." 

The  Syllabus  itself  deals  both  with  eating  and  drink- 
ing, and  with  food  and  its  use.  The  emphasis  with 
regard  to  the  drinking  of  alcoholic  beverages  is  laid  all 
through  upon  the  personal  consequences  of  excessive 
drinking,  and  upon  the  social  evils  which  result  from 
alcoholic  excess. 


True  Functions  of  Alcohol. 

A    SYMPOSIUM    OF    THE    WORLD'S    MOST    EMINENT 

PHYSIOLOGISTS. 

Hoppi^-Syler: 

"Traces  of  alcohol  are  found  in  human  organs,  such  as  the 
brain,  muscles,  liver,  not  only  after  alcoholic  indulgence, 
but  even  without  this  they  seem  to  be  constantly  present." 

257 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Howell,  Am.  Text-Book,  1896: 

"It  may  perhaps  be  said  with  safety  that  in  small  quan- 
tities alcohol  is  beneficial  or  at  least  not  injurious." 

Practitioner's  Book  of  Treatment  (Fothergill) : 

"The  experiments  of  the  late  Dr.  Anstie  and  Dr.  Dupre 
have  placed  beyond  all  question  or  honest  doubt  the  fact  of 
the  oxidization  of  alcohol  within  the  organism.  If  alcohol 
is  oxidized  in  the  body,  then  alcohol  is  a  true  food  or  furnisher 
of  force." 

Wood's  Therapeutics,  1901 : 

"The  habitual  use  of  moderate  amounts  of  alcohol  does  not 
of  necessity  do  harm.  *  *  *  Wine  or  malt  liquors  are 
certainly  preferable  to  spirits." 

SirT.  Lauder-Brunton,  London,  Eng.: 

"Moderate  quantities  of  alcohol  may  be  used  as  a  food." 

Landois  &  Sterling,  Text-Book  of  Human  Physiology, 

1891 : 

"Alcohol  in  small  doses  is  of  great  use  in  conditions  of 
temporary  want  and  where  food  is  taken  insufficient  in  quan- 
tity." 

Prof.  McKendrick: 

"Alcohol  must  be  regarded,  in  the  scientific  sense,  as  a  food." 

Fothergill's  Practitioner's  Handbook  of   Treatment: 

"In  practice  we  find  that  in  many  persons  a  small  quantity 
of  alcohol  improves  digestion ;  and  that  a  meal  by  its  means 
can  be  digested  which  would  be  wasted." 

Prof.  Koenig: 

"Alcohol  in  moderate  doses  is  an  important  stimulant  to 
digestion." 

Prof.  Schmiedeberg: 

"The  conclusion  to  which  all  the  evidence  points  is  that 
alcohol  may  be  taken  daily  throughout  a  whole  lifetime 
without  producing  these  (injurious)  changes  in  the  tissues." 

258 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Dr.   W.    II.    R.    Rivers,    International    Congress    on 
Alcholism,  London,  1909: 

"In  the  Croonian  lectures  it  was  suggested  that  the  stim- 
ulating action  of  alcohol  on  muscular  work  was  combined 
with  a  depressing  action  on  the  capacity  for  mental  work. 
So  far  as  the  arithmetical  test  goes,  this  conclusion  is  not 
borne  out  by  our  new  work. ' ' 

Dr.    Henschen,    International   Congress    on  Alcohol- 
ism, London, 1909: 

"The  beer-drinking  Germans  did  not  seem  predisposed  to 
tuberculosis, -but,  according  to  statements  made,  the  abstinent 
Moslems  had  a  great  percentage." 

Wood's  Therapeutics: 

"Our  present  knowledge  strongly  indicates  that  alcohol  is 
formed  and  exists  in  the  normal  organism." 

Prof.  Dastre,  Paris: 

"I  believe  that  alcohol  used  in  weak  and  reasonable  doses 
in  good  wines,  at  meal  times,  is  an  excellent  thing,  very  agree- 
able, and  cannot  do  harm.  Bonutn  vinum  laetificat  cor 
hominum." 

Prof.  C.  von  Voit,  Munich: 

"A  moderate  use  of  light  alcoholic  beverages — as  for  in- 
stance, beer — is  not  injurious  to  health." 

Prof.  Kiihne: 

"When  one  sees  how  many  normal,  hard-working  people 
arrive  at  a  ripe  age  while  using  stimulants  with  discretion, 
among  which  I  include  the  moderate  use  of  alcohol,  one  does 
not  find  good  reasons  for  total  abstinence." 

Statement  formulated  by  Prof.  Foster,  of  London, 
Eng.,  and  signed  by  sixty-two  of  the  most  eminent 
physiologists  in  Europe,  delegates  to  the  Inter- 
national Physiological  Congress  held  in  Cambridge 
in  the  summer  of  1898 : 
"The  results  of    careful   experiments    show    that  alcohol 

259 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

so  taken  (in  moderate  quantities)  is  oxidized  within  the  body 
and  so  supplies  energy  like  common  articles  of  food,  and  that 
it  is  physiologically  incorrect  to  designate  it  as  a  poison — that 
is,  a  substance  which  can  only  do  harm  and  never  do  good  to 
the  body." 

Prof.  H.  P.  Bowditch,  Boston,  Mass.: 

"I  have  always  taught  that  alcohol,  since  it  is  in  moderate 
doses  almost  wholly  used  up  in  the  body,  must  be  regarded 
as  a  force-producer  or  a  food  in  the  same  sense  that  starch 
and  sugars  are  foods." 

Prof.  R.  H.  Chittenden,  New  Haven,  Conn. : 

"I  believe  we  have  abundant  evidence  that  alcohol  has  a 
certain  food  value.  *  *  *  Strictly  moderate  doses  of 
alcohol,  while  not  needed  by  the  healthy  individual,  are  not 
harmful  under  ordinary  conditions  of  life,  and  small  doses 
may  even  prove  beneficial.  *  *  *  As  a  stimulant  alcohol 
is  without  doubt  of  great  value  in  many  acute  diseases." 

Dr.  G.  W.  Fitz,  Cambridge,  Mass.: 

"As  to  the  value  of  alcohol  as  a  food,  I  believe  that  in  cer- 
tain conditions  it  has  a  distinct  food  value;  as  a  medicine  I 
believe  it  has  undoubted  value." 

Prof.  Lafayette  Mendel,  New  Haven,  Conn. : 

"Alcohol,  in  physiological  doses,  is  a  typical  stimulant,  and 
examples  readily  suggest  themselves  of  its  value  as  such." 

Prof.  T.  J.  Clouston,  Edinburgh: 

"Alcohol  is  a  food  and  may  in  a  diluted  form  be  a  very 
valuable  adjunct^to  ordinary  foods  by  exciting  appetite,  by 
improving  digestion  and  by  stimulating  certain  nutritive  proc- 
esses, e.g.,  the  laying  on  of  fat.  As  a  drug  it  is  essential  in 
medical  practice.  As  a  luxury,  a  producer  of  subjective 
feelings  of  happiness  and  organic  satisfaction,  it  seems  to  me 
to  be  perfectly  legitimate  if  it  is  used  in  strict  moderation 
and  its  dangers  are  kept  in  mind  and  avoided.  Many  human 
beings  have  none  too  many  sources  of  happiness,  and  are  en- 
titled to  run  some  risks  even  in  securing  it." 

Prof.  Arthur  Gamgee,  Montreux: 

"Subject  to   limitations  as  to  amount  and  manner  of  con- 

260 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

sumption,  it  appears  to  me  that  alcohol  is  a  valuable  constit- 
uent of  the  diet  of  man,  and  personally  I  have  no  doubt 
whatever  that  a  physician  cannot  properly  discharge  his 
duties  toward  his  sick  patients  if  he  systematically  and  uni- 
formly eliminates  alcohol  from  their  diet." 

Prof.  H.  Kronecker,  Berne: 

"What  great  things  have  our  apostles  of  abstinence  accom- 
plished in  comparison  with  the  great  friends  of  wine  such  as 
Byron,  Goethe,  Bismarck?  Helmholtz  and  Ludwig  were  also 
friends  of  a  good  drop. 

"The  Mohammedans  make  up  for  their  deprivation  of  wine 
by  the  use  of  hasheesh  and  opium.  Modem  abstainers  would 
take  up  morphine  injections,  cocaine  and  other  excitants, 
whereby  manufacturers  of  chemicals  would  gladly  enrich 
themselves  at  the  expense  of  the  vineyard  owner  and  the 
beer  brewer." 

Dr.  A.  J.  Starke: 

"The  moderate  use  of  alcohol  is  for  many  a  man  of  the 
present  day  a  very  important  hygienic  measure.  The  spe- 
cific effects  of  alcohol  are  indeed  a  useful  corrective  of  the 
modem  lack  of  muscular  activity,  combined  with  an  over- 
wrought nervous  system  and  with  a  sedentary  life. ' ' 

Before  the  Medical  Congress  at  Berlin,  in  April,  1907, 
Dr.  Schlosser  said: 

"That  after  five  years  of  experimenting,  he  had  found  that 
the  best  cure  for  neuralgia  was  the  injection  of  alcohol.  It 
had  proved  successful  in  202  cases  in  which  all  other  remedies 
had  failed." 

Ibid. : 

"The  moderate  use  of  alcohol  has  nothing  to  do  with 
drunkenness.  Neither  the  existence  of  notorious  topers  nor 
the  causes  that  lead  men  to  drunkenness  need  induce  a  mod- 
erate man  to  think  that  he  must  renounce  the  reasonable 
use  of  alcohol." 

Eminent  Medical  Men  Defend  Alcohol. 

In  the  Lancet,  of  March  30,  1907,  there  appeared  a 
document  signed  by  sixteen  eminent  medical    men, 

2(31 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

professors  and  others,  strongly  criticising  the  views 
of  the  anti-alcoholists  as  follows : 

"In  view  of  the  statements  frequently  made  as  to  the 
present  medical  opinion  regarding  alcoholic  beverages,  we, 
the  undersigned,  think  it  desirable  to  issue  the  following  short 
statement  which,  we  believe,  represents  the  opinions  of  the 
leading  clinical  teachers  as  well  as  of  the  great  majority  of 
medical  practitioners. 

"Recognizing  that  in  prescribing  alcohol  the  requirements 
of  the  individual  must  be  the  governing  rule,  we  are  convinced 
of  the  correctness  of  the  opinion  so  long  and  generally  held, 
that  in  disease  alcohol  is  a  rapid  and  trustworthy  restorative. 
In  many  cases  it  may  be  truly  described  as  life-preserving, 
owing  to  its  power  to  sustain  cardiac  and  nervous  energy, 
while  protecting  the  wasting  nitrogenous  tissues. 

"As  an  article  of  diet  we  hold  the  universal  belief  of  civil- 
ized mankind  that  the  moderate  use  of  alcoholic  beverages  is, 
for  adults,  usually  beneficial,  is  amply  justified. 

"We  deplore  the  evils  arising  from  the  abuse  of  alcoholic 
beverages.  But  it  is  obvious  that  there  is  nothing,  however, 
beneficial,  which  does  not,  by  excess,  become  injurious." 

Among  the  signatories  were  T.  M'Call  Anderson, 
M.D.,  Regius  Professor  of  Medicine,  University  of 
Glasgow;  Sir  Jaraes  Crichton-Brown,  Sir  Dyce  Duck- 
worth, Sir  Thos.  R.  Fraser,  Sir  W.  Gowers,  Mr.  Jona- 
than Hutchinson,  Sir  F.  T.  Roberts,  Sir  W.  Bennett. 


Without  Alcohol— What  Then? 

Considered  socially  and  hygienically,  it  is  an  inter- 
esting speculation  what  would  be  the  effect,  supposing 
alcohol  in  all  its  forms  were  abolished.  Inevitably 
something  would  be  required  to  take  its  place.  We 
are  not  mere  machines;  we  are  complicated  organ- 
isms. Owing  to  this  psychological  factor,  we  are  sub- 
ject to  a  feeling  of  exhaustion  after  prolonged  strain, 
either  physical  or  mental,  and  a  craving  is  excited,  a 
perfectly  physiological  and  normal  craving,  for  some 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

form  of  stimulation.  This  stimulation  takes  various 
forms.  Alcohol,  tea,  coffee,  cocoa,  or  failing  any  of 
these  legitimate  forms  of  stimulation,  some  drug  such 
as  opium  and  its  allies  is  taken. 

Take  away  alcohol  and  you  inevitably  invite  excess 
in  some  other  direction.  Deprive  the  workingman  of 
his  beer  and  he  will  probably  become  addicted  to 
chewing  strong  tobacco  in  large  quantities.  The  hard- 
working professional  or  business  man  debarred  from 
his  whiskey  and  soda  or  wine  would  probably  smoke 
more  and  stronger.  Possibly  he  would  consume  large 
quantities  of  strong  tea  or  coffee.  The  unfortunate 
class  of  individuals  who,  lacking  self-control,  must  get 
drunk  on  something,  would  get  drunk  on  opium  or 
some  other  drug. — From  ''Popular  Drugs,  Their  Use 
and  Abuse,''  by  Sidney  Hillier,  M.D. 

Alcohol  in  Drinks. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proportion,  by  weight, 
of  ethyl  alcohol  in  the  alcoholic  drinks  most  used  in 
the  United  States: 

Per  cent-  of  Alcohol 
Average  Range 

French  clarets 8.0  6—12 

French  claret  wine 10.3  9—1 2 

German  Rhine  wines,  Moselle,  etc 8.7  7—12 

Sherry 17.5  16—20 

Madeira 154  15—16 

Champagne i  o  .  o  8—1 1 

American  champagne 8.0  6—10 

American  red  wine 9.0  6—12 

Sweet  catawba 12.0  10—15 

American  lager  beer 3.8  1—7 

Vienna  lager  beer 4.7  3—5 

Munich  lager  beer 4.8  3-5 

English  ale  and  porter 5.0  3—7 

Hard  cider 50  4~  8 

Brandy 470  40-50 

Whiskey,  American,  best 43  o  41—48 

263 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Per  cent-  of  Alcohol 

Average  Range 

Whiskey,  American,  common 35-0  25—43 

Whiskey,  Scotch,  Irish 40 .0  36—43 

Rum 60 .0  40—80 

Gin 30.0  20—40 

Chartreuse 32.0 

Absinthe 5i-o 


Drinkers  and  Abstainers. 

We  have  no  trustworthy  data  as  to  the  proportion 
of  total  abstainers,  occasional  drinkers,  regular  mod- 
erate drinkers,  and  positive  intemperate  persons  in 
the  United  States.  From  such  information  as  we  have, 
it  seems  probable  that  of  the  adult  males  in  this  coun- 
try not  more  than  20  per  cent,  are  total  abstainers, 
and  not  more  than  5  per  cent,  are  positively  intem- 
perate in  the  sense  that  they  drink  to  such  excess  as 
to  cause  evident  injury  to  health.  Of  the  remaining 
75  per  cent,  the  majority,  probably  at  least  50  per 
cent,  of  the  whole,  are  occasional  drinkers,  while  the 
remaining  25  per  cent,  might,  perhaps,  be  classed  as 
regular  moderate  drinkers.  In  the  majority  of  these 
occasional  drinkers  and  in  many  of  the  regular  im- 
moderate drinkers,  such  as  those  whose  drinking  is 
limited  to  one  or  two  glasses  of  wine  at  dinner  or  of 
beer  at  the  end  of  the  day,  no  special  effect  upon 
the  health  seems  to  be  observed  either  by  themselves 
or  by  their  physicians. 

slf  *ig  *i*  «^  wif  «i> 

An  inquiry  into  the  use  of  alcoholic  drinks  among 
brain  workers  in  the  United  States,  including  the  lead- 
ing members  of  the  legal,  medical  and  clerical  profes- 
sions, distinguished  scientific  men  and  educators, 
managers  of  great  corporations,  etc.,  indicates  that 
the  percentage  of  total  abstainers,  out  of  892  replies, 

264 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

was  18  per  cent.;  being  1.4  for  physicians,  7.3  for 
lawyers,  19.2  for  business  men,  21.4  for  professors  and 
teachers,  and  54.0  for  clergymen.  Of  occasional 
drinkers,  the  percentage  was  64.9 ;  being  for  physicians, 
83.4;  for  lawyers,  71.6;  for  business  men,  53.7;  for 
professors  and  teachers,  67.4;  for  clergymen,  43.4. 
Of  regular  moderate  drinkers,  the  percentage  was 
16.3;  being  for  physicians,  15.1 ;  for  lawyers,  21.1 ;  for 
business  men,  26.5;  for  professors  and  teachers,  10.6; 
and  for  clergymen,  2 .6. — Committee  of  Fifty. 

Physiological  Effects  of  Alcohol. 

The  physiological  effects  of  moderate  quantities  of 
alcoholic  drinks  on  the  average  adult  depend  upon 
whether  they  are  taken  before  or  after  physical  or 
mental  work,  and  upon  whether  they  are  taken  with 
food  or  not. 

Alcohol  is  a  respiratory  stimulant  of  only  moderate 
power  for  human  beings.  Highly  flavored  wine  and 
other  alcoholic  drinks  which  contain  stimulating 
ethers  have  a  more  pronounced  stimulating  action 
than  pure  ethyl  alcohol,  and  the  stimulating  action  of 
alcohol  is  greater  in  the  case  of  fatigued  persons  than 
in  those  who  are  not  exhausted. 

The  presence  of  alcohol  in  the  stomach  does  not 
materially  interfere  with  the  digestive  action  of 
gastric  juice  when  the  content  of  alcohol  is  less  than 
5  per  cent,  of  absolute  alcohol.  When,  however,  the 
proportion  of  absolute  alcohol  in  the  stomach-contents 
becomes  equal  to  10  or  20  per  cent,  of  proof  spirit, 
retardation  of  gastric  digestion  becomes  noticeable, 
while  the  presence  of  15  per  cent,  of  absolute  alcohol 
may  reduce  the  digestive  action  one-quarter  or  one- 
third.  Strong  alcoholic  beverages,  such  as  whiskey, 
brandy,  rum,  and  gin,  ordinarily  containing  from  40  to 

265 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

50  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  have  an  action  upon  gastric 
digestion  practically  proportional  to  the  amount  of 
alcohol  present.  In  the  healthy  individual  these 
liquors  can  be  considered  to  impede  directly  gastric 
digestion  only  when  taken  immoderately  and  in  in- 
toxicating doses. 

Wines  in  small  quantities  do  not  retard  gastric 
digestion,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  appear  to  stimulate. 
Larger  quantities  of  wine,  however,  retard  gastric 
digestion  sometimes  in  a  very  marked  degree.  This 
retardation  is  due  in  large  measure  to  other  substances 
than  the  alcohol.  This  is  likewise  true  of  malt  liquors ; 
the  substances  other  than  alcohol,  such  as  the  extract- 
ives, exercising  a  very  decided  inhibitory  effect  when 
taken  in  large  quantities. 

Regarding  salivary  digestion,  alcohol  and  alcoholic 
beverages  when  taken  into  the  mouth  produce  a  direct 
stimulating  effect  upon  the  secretion  of  saliva,  in- 
creasing at  once  and  in  a  very  marked  degree  the  flow 
of  secretion.  This  acceleration,  however,  is  of  brief 
duration.  Pure  alcohol  has  no  very  marked  influence 
on  the  digestion  of  starchy  food  by  the  saliva.  Wines, 
as  a  class,  show  a  powerful  inhibitory  influence  upon 
the  digestion  of  starchy  foods  by  the  saliva,  due  en- 
tirely to  the  acid  properties  of  the  wines.  Alcohol, 
as  used  in  small  quantities,  dietetically,  does  not  inter- 
fere with  pancreatic  digestion. 

Alcohol  taken  in  moderate  quantities  produces 
effects  on  nutrition  similar  to  those  produced  by  the 
starches,  sugars,  and  fats  in  ordinary  food  in  that  it 
is  oxidized  in  the  body  and  yields  energy  for  warmth, 
and  possibly  for  muscular  work.  Roughly  speaking, 
four  grams  of  alcohol  will  yield  the  same  amount  of 
energy  as  seven  grams  of  sugar,  starch,  or  protein,  or 
as  three  grams  of  fat.     The  chief  service  of  the  fats, 

266 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Sugars,  and  starches  of  ordinary  food  is  as  fuel  to  sup- 
ply heat  and  muscular  energy.  Alcohol  in  moderate 
quantities  acts  in  the  same  way,  so  far  as  heat  pro- 
duction is  concerned,  and  may  be  substituted  for  an 
equivalent  quantity  of  starch  or  sugar  to  produce  the 
same  amount  of  energy. 

All  of  the  ordinary  nutrients  in  serving  as  fuel  pro- 
tect one  another  and  body  material  from  consumption. 
Alcohol  has  the  same  effect.  Alcohol  may,  therefore, 
be  considered  as  a  food  for  fuel  purposes,  but  it  does 
not  contribute  to  the  building  or  repair  of  tissue  and  is 
not  a  complete  food;  that  is  to  say,  it  cannot  alone 
support  life  permanently,  although  in  certain  forms 
of  disease  a  person  may  take  relatively  large  quan- 
tities of  alcohol  when  he  could  not  well  tolerate  any 
other  kind  of  food,  and  thus  be  able  to  survive  a  time 
of  special  stress. 

%1«  %^  *t*  *f*  ^£*  tJ^ 

^«  ^*  r^  *^  *y«  *^ 

No  one  would  maintain  that  a  cup  of  delicately 
flavored  tea  is  in  any  sense  injurious  or  poisonous  to 
the  average  healthy  adult,  and  yet  caffeine,  the  active 
principle  of  this  cup  of  tea,  is  a  poison  as  surely  as  is 
alcohol.  The  term  poison  belongs  with  equal  pro- 
priety to  a  number  of  other  food  accessories,  as  coffee, 
pepper,  ginger,  and  even  common  salt.  The  too 
sweeping  and  unrestricted  use  of  this  term  in  reference 
to  alcoholic  beverages  immediately  meets  with  the 
reply  that  if  alcohol  be  a  poison  it  must  be  a  very  slow 
poison,  since  many  have  used  it  up  to  old  age  with 
apparently  no  prejudicial  effects  on  health. — Phys- 
iological Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem:  Committee  of 
Fifty. 

Your  Body  Naturally  Produces  Alcohol. 

Dr.  John  L.  Billings,  of  the  Committee  of   Fifty, 

267 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

points  out  that  there  are  good  grounds  for  believing 
that  alcohol  itself  is  always  being  produced  in  small 
quantities  in  the  course  of  bacterial  fermentation  in 
the  intestinal  canal;  that  it  is,  in  fact,  normally 
present  in  the  healthy  organism. 

The  Best  Temperance  Beverages. 

Very  few,  if  any,  so-called  temperance  beverages 
can  compare  favorably  from  the  point  of  view  of  pala- 
tability  or  of  accept ableness  in  general,  with  malt  or 
grape  liquors.  And  it  is  curious  that  several  of  the 
temperance  beverages  which  enjoy  favor  with  teeto- 
talers contain  an  appreciable  amount  of  alcohol.  One 
of  the  best  so-called  temperance  drinks,  and  one  which 
is  quite  popular  with  the  non-alcohol  adherent,  is 
brewed  (or  **stone,"  as  it  is  called)  ginger-beer,  and 
this  contains,  of  course,  a  relatively  large  amount  of 
alcohol,  since  it  is  obtained  (and  its  palatable  qual- 
ities depend  upon  the  fact)  by  the  fermentation  of 
sugar.  We  have  examined  some  samples  of  brewed 
ginger-beer  which  proved  to  contain  more  alcohol  than 
light  beer  and  very  nearly  as  much  as  is  contained  in 
cider.  A  light  or  a  diluted  claret  would  be  less  ob- 
jectionable on  the  score  of  alcohol.  Some  teetotalers 
in  their  innocence,  while  aghast  at  the  idea  of  drinking 
a  light  hock  or  claret,  do  not  object  to  ginger-wine, 
which,  relatively  speaking,  is  highly  alcoholic. 

It  would  seem  to  be  a  question  of  nomenclature 
with  such  people.  If  a  beverage  is  called  ginger- wine 
or  ginger-beer  it  appeals  to  them  apparently  as  a 
preparation  of  ginger,  which  is  in  no  way  related  to 
things  alcoholic.  As  soon,  however,  as  such  classic 
names  as  claret,  hock,  moselle  are  mentioned,  then 
at  once  they  feel  that  they  are  confronted  with  some- 
thing that  is  overwhelmingly  alcoholic.    This  is  a  great 

268 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

mistake,  and  a  mistake  based  upon  an  inexcusable 
indifference  to  actual  facts.  We  are  convinced  that 
nothing  would  score  more  for  the  temperance  cause 
than  the  spreading  wide  the  fact  that  really  light  wines 
indulged  in  moderately  may  be  regarded  for  all  pur- 
poses as  inoffensive  from  the  point  of  view  of  alcohol. 
— From  the  London  ''Lancet,''  highest  medical  authority 
in  tlie  world. 

Great  Men  as  Moderate  Drinkers. 

There  is  a  question  that  irritates  the  prohibitionists, 
but  I  think  it  is  a  good  question  to  bear  in  mind  in 
order  to  show  the  help  that  moderate,  temperate 
drinking  has  been  to  the  ablest  men  in  history.  Ask 
the  prohibitionist,  what  man  is  there  among  your 
people  that  you  can  put  up  as  the  equal  of  the  late 
Pope  Leo?  At  ninety  he  wrote  a  poem  in  Latin  on 
right  living,  advocating  the  drinking  of  mild  wines  as 
a  matter  of  course— having  drunk  them  all  his  life,  and 
at  ninety  was  a  strong  man.  Whom  have  you  among 
prohibitionists  to  equal  Bismarck,  Gladstone,  Moltke? 
— I  used  to  see  him  walking  about  when  he  was  about 
ninety, — a  moderate  drinker; — and  Goethe — every- 
body knows  he  took  his  glass  of  wine.  Could  anybody 
imagine  Goethe  as  a  prohibitionist  ? 

There  is  in  the  human  being  a  force  driving  him  on. 
Occasionally  he  has  got  to  rest — to  relax.  A  sheep 
does  not  need  to  drink  for  stimulant  or  relaxation,  be- 
cause he  has  nothing  stirring  him  up.  But  man  is 
restless,  nervous,  in  need  of  relaxation  and  a  study  of 
men  of  ability  will  demonstrate  that  mild  stimulants 
have  been  a  benefit  to  them.  You  have  no  right  to 
take  away  from  those  who  use  it  legitimately,  a  nor- 
mal stimulant  that  a  few  poor  weak  ones  are  not  able 
to   use  normally.     One   man   may   have   a   diseased 

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heart,  and  if  he  were  to  run  up  stairs  or  play  baseball 
he  would  fall  dead  from  the  exertion.  Now,  would  it 
be  reasonable  to  say  that  because  one  man  cannot  run 
up  stairs,  nobody  must  run  up  stairs?  Because  exer- 
tion is  not  good  for  some  people,  must  all  people  re- 
frain from  it? — Arthur  Brisbane. 

Wine  the  Civilizer. 

Dr.  Guglielmo  Ferrero,  the  brilliant  Italian  his- 
torian who  recently  visited  this  country  and  lectured 
at  our  principal  institutions  of  learning,  has  been 
shaking  up  the  dry  bones  of  history  in  a  wonderful 
manner.  In  particular  he  has  made  havoc  with  ac- 
cepted views  and  moss-covered  prejudices.  Thus, 
lecturing  before  the  Lowell  Institute  in  Boston,  he 
declared  that  wine  makes  for  peace  between  nations 
and  contributes  to  their  growth.  Italy  first  became 
anxious  for  peace  when  her  hills  and  plains  were  over- 
grown with  vineyards.  The  Italian  people  were  as 
much  alarmed  at  the  petty  revolt  of  Spartacus  as 
were  the  simpler  Romans  over  the  invasion  of  Hanni- 
bal; for  in  Hannibal's  time  only  grain  crops  could  be 
destroyed,  and  these  might  spring  up  again  next  year. 
With  the  assurance  of  protection  to  viticulture  came 
a  growth  in  commerce  and  in  the  complex  wants  to 
which  commerce  ministers — the  national  interchange 
of  art  and  invention;  the  spread  of  prosperity  and 
culture.  The  social  virtues  were  imitated  and  emu- 
lated. Barbaric  Gaul,  which  prohibited  the  importa- 
tion of  wine,  is  to-day  at  the  head  of  the  wine-growing 
countries,  and  Paris  is  the  center  for  the  highest  types 
of  culture. 

France  is  modern  Italy,  declared  Dr.  Ferrero  in 
conclusion,  and  Paris  is  the  newer  Rome.  Wine  has 
contributed  to  the  elevation  of  the  former  no  less  than 

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to  the  ancient  grandeur  of  the  latter.  The  teaching 
of  Dr.  Ferrero  is  that  civiUzation  progresses  with  the 
broadening  of  naan's  capacity  for  rational  enjoyment — 
a  lesson  that  we  are  grievously  in  need  of  to-day  in 
this  country. 

The  Temperate  Man. 

Incidentally,  although  teetotalers  will  not  admit  it, 
the  health  of  the  total  abstainer,  whether  it  is  mental 
health  or  physical  health,  is  not  equal  to  that  of  the 
temperate  man.  The  nation  that  drinks  excessively 
will  go  down,  and  it  is  equally  true  of  the  nation  that 
does  not  drink  at  all.  While  the  teetotaler  is  much 
safer  than  the  hard  drinker,  he  is  rarely  a  healthy, 
thoroughly  normal  man.  I  have  talked  to  many  pro- 
hibitionists. I  admire  them,  but  they  are  thin,  ner- 
vous, white-haired,  and  usually  when  rather  young, 
they  have  dyspepsia.  They  do  not  enjoy  their  dinner, 
so  they  eat  it  as  quickly  as  they  can.  I  believe  that 
beer  and  light  wines  have  done  an  enormous  amount 
of  good  to  the  human  race,  if  only  because  they  have 
made  of  eating  leisurely  a  pleasure.  The  man  who  has 
his  beer  or  his  light  wine  with  his  evening  meal,  if 
temperate,  is  far  better  off  physically  than  the  total 
abstainer. — Arthur  Brisbane. 

Cornaro  the  Centenarian. 

Louis  Cornaro,  the  famous  Venetian  centenarian, 
who  lived  in  the  fifteenth-sixteenth  centuries,  found 
twelve  ounces  of  food  per  diem  sufficient  to  nourish 
the  body,  and,  of  course,  to  keep  it  in  health.  To  satisfy 
his  friends  Cornaro  increased  the  amount  to  fourteen 
ounces.  This  caused  a  serious  illness  from  which  he 
recovered  only  by  returning  to  his  previous  practice. 

Comaro's  diet,  as  given  by  himself,  and  which  pro- 

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longed  his  life  to  the  extraordinary  age  of  105  years, 
was  as  follows : 

Bread,  the  yolk  of  an  egg,  a  little  meat  and  soup- 
as  much  as  would  weigh  in  all  exactly  twelve  ounces — 
and  fourteen  ounces  of  wine. 

Obviously,  Cornaro  was  not  a  vegetarian.  He  was 
also  more  liberal  as  regards  the  dietary  practice  of 
others  than  some  "foodists"  of  the  present  day,  for 
he  said  expressly: 

"As  fruit,  fish  and  similar  foods  disagree  with  me,  I  do  not 
use  them.  Persons,  however,  with  whom  they  do  agree, 
may — nay,  should — partake  of  them;  for  to  such  they  are 
by  no  means  forbidden.  That  which  is  forbidden  to  them, 
and  to  everybody  else,  is  to  partake  of  food,  even  though  it  be 
of  the  kind  suited  to  them,  in  a  quantity  so  large  that  it  can- 
not be  easily  digested,  and  the  same  is  true  with  regard  to 
drink." 

Sanctioned  by  Religion. 

The  use  of  alcoholic  liquors  is  and  has  always  been 
considered  not  only  legitimate  as  a  beverage,  but  it  is 
consecrated  and  hallowed  in  the  most  solemn  and 
weighty  rite  of  the  Christian  Church.  Now  you  can- 
not, by  a  mere  law,  eradicate  a  sentiment  and  destroy 
an  institution  that  has  stood  for  ages,  and  that  is  so 
deeply  rooted  in  our  whole  social  life.  Prohibition 
condemns  the  conscience,  the  judgment  and  the  social 
habits  of  countless  generations  of  the  most  highly 
civilized,  progressive  and  moral  peoples.  Moreover, 
prohibition  passes  condemnation  on  a  great  branch 
of  industry  that  has  been  recognized  throughout  all 
ages  as  legitimate,  an  industry  in  which  some  of  the 
most  venerable  and  honored  religious  orders  of  the 
Christian  Church  have  been  and  are  to-day  engaged. 
Prohibition  necessarily  fails  because  it  makes  no  dis- 
crimination between  use  and  abuse.     It  arbitrarily 

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makes  a  legal  crime  of  an  act  which  is  neither  wrong 
in  itself  nor  contrary  to  the  rights  and  interests  of 
society. — Rev.  Wm.  A.  Wasson. 

Ancient  Jewish  and  Gentile  authors  attribute  good 
and  bad  effects  to  wine  according  to  its  proper  use  or 
abuse.  No  Christian  or  heathen  moralist  has  ever, 
in  condemning  wine  and  advocating  temperance,  al- 
luded to  a  wine  the  use  of  which  was  free  from  peril. 
In  fact,  the  theory  of  two  kinds  of  wine — the  one  fer- 
mented and  intoxicating  and  unlawful,  and  the  other 
unfermented,  unintoxicating  and  lawful — is  a  modern 
hypothesis  devised  during  the  present  century,  and 
has  no  foundation  in  the  Bible,  or  in  Hebrew  or 
classical  antiquity. — Schafj's '  'Religious  Encyclopedia' ' , 
1884. 

The  Lord  here  (the  Miracle  of  Cana)  most  effect- 
ually, and  once  for  all,  stamps  with  His  condemnation 
that  false  system  of  moral  reformation  which  would 
commence  by  pledges  to  abstain  from  intoxicating 
liquors. — Dean  Alford  (New  Testament  Commentary). 

The  Church  of  God  has  never  declared — because  the 
Word  of  God,  of  which  the  Church  is  at  once  the  keeper 
and  interpreter,  has  given  no  such  declaration — the 
moderate  use  of  alcohol  to  be  a  sin.  This  seems  to  be 
left,  with  other  things,  as  open  matter  of  Christian 
liberty. — The  Rev.  Canon  West. 

As  for  those  who  endeavor  to  enlist  Scripture  on 
their  side,  by  maintaining  that  the  wine  mentioned  in 
Scripture  was  not  an  intoxicating  liquor,  they  must 
either  be  themselves  very  ignorant  and  silly  if  they 
really  believe  it,  or  must  be  fostering  a  pious  fraud 
in  the  hope  of  deluding  the  simple  into  what  is  right, 
under  false  pretences.  And  pious  frauds  almost 
always  do  more  harm  than  good  to  the  cause  for  which 
they  are  employed. — Archbishop  Whately. 

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I  do  not  know  whether  Christ  would  be  a  total 
abstainer  or  not,  but  am  very  sure  that  he  would  not 
confound  total  abstinence  and  teraperance.  He 
would  not  think  that  total  abstinence  from  one  form 
of  indulgence  is  self-control.  He  would  not  teach 
that  a  man  who  eats  pie  until  his  face  is  as  soft  as 
pastry,  ought  to  be  called  a  temperance  man  because 
he  does  not  drink  beer. — Dr.  Lyman  Abbott. 

Drinking  Races  in  the  Lead. 

As  we  inquire  into  the  past  habits  of  the  Scotch  we 
find  among  them  a  strong  addiction  to  three  very 
powerful  stimulants — religion,  education  and  whis- 
key. If  any  reasonable  amount  of  drinking  destroyed 
a  people,  it  is  hard  to  say  where  the  Scots  would  be, 
but  as  it  is,  they  are  and  have  been  for  centuries  one 
of  the  most  noted  and  valuable  groups  in  the  whole 
human  family.  So  the  other  northern  people  of  Eu- 
rope— the  English,  Germans,  Scandinavians  and 
Russians — have  been  for  many  centuries  drinkers  of 
harder  liquor,  and  more  drunken  than  the  southern 
Europeans,  yet  the  hopes  of  civilization  still  rest  con- 
siderably on  those  northern  people.  The  most  ab- 
stinent people  in  the  world  nowadays — so  far  as 
alcohol  is  concerned — are  the  Mohammedans  (Turks, 
Arabs  and  the  rest)  and  the  peoples  of  India  and 
China.  Mohammed  proscribed  alcoholic  beverages. 
Christ  did  not.  The  Christian  nations,  as  a  rule,  have 
been  alcohol-consiuning  folks,  but  it  would  be  hard 
to  persuade  them  that  they  are  behind  the  Moham- 
medans and  Hindus  in  usefulness,  virtue  and  the 
essentials  of  civilization.  And  the  inexterminable 
Jews  are  a  drinking  people,  though  temperate.  Look 
at  Russia.  A  pretty  drunken  country,  very  ignorant, 
full  of  vodka  and  superstitution  and  stupidity,  but 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

also  full  of  strong  human  material.  Increased  tem- 
perance is  bound  to  come  in  Russia  with  increased 
intelligence,  a  better  scale  of  living,  education  and 
liberty.  But  there  is  better  hope  for  Russia,  vodka 
and  all,  than  for  abstemious  Turkey. — Harper's 
Weekly. 


Prohibition  Impracticable. 

Effective  prohibitive  legislation,  especially  amongst 
civilized  nations,  has  already  been  proved  impracti- 
cable. It  has  been  tried  by  scores  of  governments  on 
hundreds  of  occasions  during  thousands  of  years,  and 
has  invariably  failed,  except  in  the  case  of  some 
Mohammedans,  amongst  whom  it  has  teen  partially 
successful,  but  at  a  terrible  cost.  The  same  influence, 
religious  fanaticism,  which  has  rendered  them  tein- 
perate,  has,  by  limiting  intercourse  with  more  en- 
lightened, if  more  drunken  peoples,  rendered  them 
more  barbarous  also.  It  cannot  endure  forever. 
Moreover,  the  Mohammedans,  like  the  Buddhists,  have 
substituted  opium  for  alcohol. 

Amongst  all  modern  peoples  dwelling  under  the 
ordinary  conditions  of  civilized  life,  repressive  meas- 
ures not  only  fail,  but  worse  than  fail.  Vast  numbers 
of  people  combine  to  break  the  law  by  all  sorts  of  de- 
vices. Modem  civilized  society  is  so  complex,  means  of 
intercommunication  are  so  perfect ,  the  manufacture  and 
secret  sale  of  alcohol  are  so  easy  and  profitable,  the  de- 
sire to  obtain  it  so  fierce,  the  freedom  of  the  individual 
so  great,  that  an  illegal  traffic  is  organized  at  once, 
which  swiftly  grows  beyond  the  control  of  the 
authorities.  Secret  debauchery  is  substituted  for 
open  drinking.  —  Archdall  Reid,  ''Principles  of 
Heredity.'' 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  True  Path  of  Reform. 

By  all  means,  let  us  be  wide-awake  to  the  evils  of 
drunkenness  and  do  all  that  we  can  to  abolish  it,  but 
let  us  do  it  in  the  only  way  really  possible — along 
moral  lines.  Every  decent  person  to-day  is  a.  be- 
liever in  temperance,  but  every  decent  person  is  not 
necessarily  either  a  prohibitionist  or  a  total  abstainer. 
Excessive  drinking  is  recognized  as  being  indecent  and 
a  curse,  so  by  all  means,  let  us  insist  upon  the  cleaning 
up  of  all  that  is  depraved  in  the  saloon  or  in  the  liquor 
traffic.  But  let  us  be  quite  fair  and  recognize  what  is 
lawful,  and  let  us  admit  the  work  of  reform  that  is 
being  successfully  carried  on  to-day  by  the  great 
brewing  and  kindred  associations  which  insist  upon 
decency. 

The  liquor  trade  is  not  the  only  one  that  has  seen 
corruption — what  trade,  or  profession  for  the  matter 
of  fact,  has  not  seen  corruption?  So  long  as  human 
nature  is  what  it  is,  there  will  always  be  corrupt  and 
conscienceless  souls  in  every  walk  of  life,  from  the 
king  to  the  peasant,  the  high  ecclesiastic  to  the  hum- 
blest workman.  Every  trade,  every  profession,  has 
contributed  in  some  shape  or  form  to  creating  the 
pressing  problems  we  are  called  upon  to  face  to-day. 
A  frank  recognition  of  this  fact  would  relieve  us 
of  the  appearance  of  Phariseeism  in  our  search  for  a 
scapegoat;  it  would  save  us  from  the  ridiculous  and 
unjust  procedure  of  sweeping  all  the  evil  and 
misery  in  the  world  into  a  great  heap  and  piling  it 
up  against  the  doors  of  all  those  who  are  in  any  way 
connected  with  the  manufacture  or  sale  of  intoxicating 
drinks. 

Prohibition  will  never  prohibit.  This  is  above  all 
things  an  age  when  prohibition  has  no  special  mission, 
because  men  see  that  neither  its  ethics  nor  its  results 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

can  be  defended.  Where  it  has  been  tried,  it  has 
proved  farcical  and  morally  corrupting  in  the  artifi- 
ciality of  life  and  morals  it  has — unintentionally  and 
unconsciously,  no  doubt — fostered. 

The  reform  must  begin  not  only  with  the  individual, 
for  it  is  pre-eminently  true  of  moral  life  that  its  outside 
always  corresponds  and  measures  up,  or  down,  to  the 
inside.  Tear  down  every  saloon,  distillery  and  brew- 
ery and  anything  and  everything  outside  the  man 
that  you  argue  is  a  temptation  and  cause  of  defection, 
and  you  will  begin  a  campaign  of  destruction  that  will 
practically  empty  the  world  as  it  will  surely  empty 
manhood.  Single  out  the  distillery,  the  brewery,  the 
inn  and  the  saloon  alone  as  the  great  causes  of  moral 
defection  and  you  will  end  up  by  a  realization  of  a 
gross  injustice  done  and  by  a  knowledge  that  the  will 
of  the  supposed  victim  remains  untouched.  Continue 
to  find  every  excuse  that  mind  can  think  of  for  the 
drunkard  to  shift  responsibility  from  his  shoulders 
to  the  thing  abused;  send  him  here,  there,  every- 
where—  to  the  tiny  village,  dry  town,  hospital, 
home  or  cloister — that  he  may  escape  temptation, 
and  you  will  end  up  by  the  realization  of  that 
truth,  patent  now  to  every  thinker,  viz.:  that  your 
work  has  been  in  vain,  since  a  man  cannot  escape  from 
himself! 

Clearly  our  duty  then  is  individual.  It  lies  in 
organized  effort  to  reach  the  man  who  is  defective, 
first,  by  moral  remedies  to  release  the  weakened  will 
from  bondage;  and,  secondly,  by  the  educating  and 
strengthening  of  will  to  the  point  where  it  reaches 
self-control.  When  that  is  done  the  drink  problem 
is  a  problem  no  more;  the  question  has  been  solved. 
— Rev.  P.  Gavan  Duffy,  in  tlie  ''International,''  Dec, 
1910. 

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THE   DRUNKARD»S   CHILDREN. 


Sweeping  Results  of  a  Recent  Expert  Investigation. 

IT  has  hitherto  been  taken  for  granted  by  prohibition- 
ists and  others  concerned  in  what  is  comnaonly 
called  "teraperance  reform"  that  habitual  indulgence 
in  alcohol  must  always  have  an  evil  effect  upon  the 
second  generation,  that  the  children  of  the  heavy 
drinker  are  peculiarly  subject  to  mental  and  bodily 
infirmities,  and  that  in  the  race  for  life  they  inevi- 
tably start  out  with  a  heavy  handicap.  These  conse- 
quences have  not  been  hinted  at  or  put  forward  in  a 
speculative  way,  but  are  generally  accepted  offhand 
as  notorious  facts,  familiar  to  every  one,  and  long 
since  settled  beyond  all  controversy. 

For  the  first  time  a  careful  and  systematic  inquiry 
into  the  effect  of  alcoholism  on  offspring  was  lately 
undertaken  by  the  Francis  Galton  Laboratory  for 
National  Eugenics.  The  investigation  was  conducted 
by  Miss  Ethel  M.  Elderton,  Galton  Research  Scholar 
in  the  University  of  London,  with  the  assistance  of 
Prof.  Karl  Pearson,  and  more  than  3,000  children 
were  examined,  of  whom  about  one-half  were  the  off- 
spring of  drunken  parents. 

As  for  the  results,  they  were  ably  reviewed  as  fol- 
lows by  an  editorial  writer  in  the  New  York  Sun : 

"The  question  whether  such  children  are  more  subject  than 
others  to  become  alcoholics  is  not  touched  upon  in  the  report, 
though  it  is  hinted  that  there  will  be  a  further  report  on  this 
point,  but  as  far  as  bodily  and  mental  weaknesses  go  there  is 
nothing  to  show  that  the  popular  views  have  any  foundation 
in  fact.  In  a  word,  the  results  of  the  inquiry  indicate  that  the 
children  of  alcoholics  show  no  appreciable  inferiority  to  the 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

children  of  sober  parents  in  physical  development,  intellectual 
force,  or  sense-perception. 

"It  appears  to  be  a  fact  that  the  death  rate  among  the  off- 
spring of  alcoholic  parents  is  higher  than  among  those  of  the 
non-alcoholic.  This  is  attributed  in  part  to  gross  careless- 
ness and  negligence  and  perhaps  in  a  lesser  degree  to  a  toxic 
effect  on  nurslings  where  the  mother  is  the  alcoholic.  The 
mean  weight  and  height  of  the  children  of  alcoholics  were 
found  to  be  somewhat  greater  than  those  of  sober  parents,  but 
it  is  pointed  out  that,  with  due  corrections  for  age,  the  height 
and  weight  of  the  latter  proved  to  be  in  fact  slightly  greater. 
The  general  health  of  the  alcoholic  group  seemed  to  be  a  little 
better  than  that  of  the  non-alcoholic.  Tuberculosis  and  epi- 
lepsy were  less  frequent,  and  there  were  fewer  delicate  chil- 
dren. This  is  surprising  at  first  glance  and  quite  contrary  to 
common  opinion,  but  it  is  explained  that  the  higher  death 
rate  of  the  children  of  alcoholic  parents  probably  leaves  the 
fitter  to  survive,  that  the  stronger  members  of  the  community 
have  probably  the  greater  capacity  and  taste  for  alcohol,  and 
that  epilepsy  and  tuberculosis  combined  with  alcoholism  may 
be  incompatible  with  long  life  and  large  families.  It  is  there- 
fore unsafe  to  say  more  than  this  at  the  most,  that  alcoholism 
in  the  parent  has  no  notable  effect  on  the  health  of  the  child. 

"It  has  been  alleged  that  40  per  cent,  of  idiots  and  imbeciles 
owe  their  condition  to  alcoholism  in  one  or  both  of  the  parents, 
yet  the  investigations  of  Miss  Elderton  and  Prof.  Pearson  tend 
rather  to  show  that  alcoholism  is  not  a  source  of  mental  defect 
in  offspring.  If  there  be  any  relation  between  parental  alco- 
holism and  filial  intelligence  it  is  so  slight  that  no  sign  of  it  can 
be  found  in  the  material  here  classified.  Moreover,  no  rela- 
tion between  defects  of  vision  and  parental  alcoholism  was 
established  by  the  investigators,  errors  of  refraction  and 
other  visual  defects  being  indeed  rather  more  common  among 
the  children  of  sober  parents.  As  to  diseases  of  the  eye  and 
lids,  they  were  found  to  be  equally  frequent  in  both  classes. 

"To  sum  up:  the  investigators  failed  to  establish  any  rela- 
tion whatever  between  the  drinking  habits  of  parents  and  the 
intelligence,  physique  and  health  of  the  children." 


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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Fair  Play  for  the  Inebriate. 

PROTEST    BY    A    HUMANE    AND    ENLIGHTENED    JUDGE. 

My  attempt  to  bring  about  a  change  in  Chicago's 
method  of  deaHng  with  intoxicated  persons  found 
upon  the  streets  "who  are  not  acting  in  a  disorderly 
manner  or  committing  a  breach  of  the  peace,"  came 
from  a  conviction  that  the  present  practice  of  arrest- 
ing and  committing  such  persons  to  the  workhouse 
is  not  only  injurious  to  them  and  to  their  families  in 
the  great  majority  of  cases,  but  is  entirely  unneces- 
sary and  is  an  extravagant  method  of  procedure 
which  ought  never  to  be  resorted  to  unless  the  indi- 
vidual is  imperatively  in  need  of  the  medical  treat- 
ment which  our  shortsighted  policy  has  provided  only 
at  our  house  of  correction.  This  present  practice, 
moreover,  is  scandalously  illegal  inasmuch  as  our 
ordinances  nowhere  make  drunkenness,  either  in  pub- 
lic or  private,  an  offense,  and  yet  so  many  arrests  are 
made  for  this  cause  every  year  that  our  criminal 
statistics  are  thoroughly  vitiated. 

Chicago  suffers  from  the  reputation  of  making 
about  seventy  thousand  arrests  annually,  but  if  the 
illegal  practice  of  arresting  for  drunkenness  was 
stopped  these  figures  would  be  greatly  reduced,  or  at 
least  the  police  would  have  time  to  arrest  more  real 
criminals.  One  branch  court  tried  upward  of  5,000 
persons  for  this  alleged  offense,  which  was  not  in  any 
sense  made  lawful  by  the  discharge  of  4,900.  If, 
as  has  been  computed,  our  citizens  are  required  to 
obey  approximately  16,000  laws  which  have  been 
enacted  by  our  numerous  lawmaking  bodies,  they 
should  not  be  compelled  to  obey  any  which  have 
never  been  enacted  except  by  the  imagination  of 
courts,  prosecuting  attorneys  and  police  officers. 

It  is  true  we  have  a  State  law  making  intoxication 

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in  a  public  place  a  misdemeanor,  but  these  wholesale 
prosecutions  are  rarely  under  this  statute.  It  is 
probable,  moreover,  that  this  statute  is  invalid  and 
would  not  be  upheld  if  directly  attacked.  As  Mr. 
F.  H.  Wines  has  lately  expressed  it  in  a  letter  to  the 
writer:  "If  intoxication  in  private  is  not  a  criminal 
offense,  then  intoxication  is  not  a  crime  per  se  and 
public  intoxication  does  not  constitute  a  crime  unless 
accompanied  by  acts  which  are  a  menace  to  public 
order  or  safety."  It  seems  apparent  that  the  Legisla- 
ture has  no  power  to  make  an  offense  out  of  what  is 
merely  a  physical  disability.  Intoxication  is  nothing 
more  or  less  than  temporary  illness  which  a  person 
brings  upon  himself  in  exactly  the  same  way  as  he 
brings  many  other  ills  of  the  flesh — by  overindulgence. 
Gout  is  usually  produced  by  overeating  and  in  severe 
cases  renders  the  victim  helpless,  and  ice-water  con- 
sumed immoderately  has  been  known  to  render  a 
person  unconscious;  but  laws  which  would  make 
criminals  out  of  such  unfortunates  could  hardly  be 
sustained.  The  power  has  not  been  confirmed  upon 
the  Legislature  to  say  what  we  may  or  may  not  eat  or 
drink.  Therefore  a  person  has  the  right  to  eat  plum- 
pudding  or  drink  ice-water  or  whiskey  as  he  may 
prefer,  and  the  mere  physical  results  to  himself  of  so 
doing  can  no  more  make  him  a  criminal  than  can  the 
smoking  of  a  cigar  or  the  eating  of  a  cascaret. 

It  is  apparent  that  this  absurd  and  unlawful  prac- 
tice of  dealing  with  intoxicated  persons  is  merely  a 
logical  development  of  our  national  craze  for  arresting 
people,  which  is  rapidly  becoming  the  disgrace  of  our 
times.  Unless  this  craze  is  itself  arrested,  it  will  soon 
have  put  in  the  shade  the  Tulip  Craze  and  the  Missis- 
sippi Bubble,  and  every  other  hallucination  which  has 
ever  bewitched  the  human  race.     Under  the  spell  of 

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this  amazing  delusion  the  warrant  has  been  made  the 
panacea  for  well-nigh  every  human  ill.  Ignorance, 
poverty,  mental  deficiency,  hereditary  taint,  lack  of 
parental  training,  hunger,  defective  vision,  adenoids, 
two-room  flats  and  the  hundred  other  causes  which 
make  people  criminal,  vicious,  sullen  or  stupid,  may 
all  be  cured  by  thirty  days  or  thirty  years  in  jail. 
To  be  sure,  no  one  has  ever  been  able  to  point  out  just 
why  the  coarse,  brutal,  unnatural  process  of  locking  a 
man  up,  humiliating  him,  breaking  his  spirit,  destroy- 
ing his  self-respect,  ruining  his  good  reputation,  and 
herding  him  with  vile  criminals  should  supply  or  cure 
his  deficiencies;  but  many  people,  including  a  large 
majority  of  judges  and  legislators,  apparently  believe 
that  it  has  this  effect.  Therefore,  we  place  the  war- 
rant within  reach  of  all  and  police  officers  are  em- 
powered to  hold  curbstone  court  in  which  they  are  the 
judge,  jury  and  executioner,  and  to  send  citizens  to 
jail  or  the  necessity  of  furnishing  bail. — McKenzie 
Cleland,  Judge  of  the  Municipal  Court  of  Chicago,  in 
''Journal  of  the  American  Institute  of  Criminology," 

Dr.  Eliot  Favors  License. 

The  general  position  of  Massachusetts  in  regard  to 
the  sale  and  use  of  alcohol  is  in  favor  of  local  option, 
and  I  am  glad  that  in  this  she  leads  all  the  States. 
More  and  more  I  am  persuaded  that  it  is  the  wisest 
and  most  successful  policy  in  the  cause  of  temperance. 
We  hear  a  good  deal  about  compelling  men  to  be  good 
— forcible  collective  action  to  improve  the  individual 
— and  many  of  these  forces  are  wise  and  good.  But 
freedom  is  the  greatest  privilege  of  man — the  right  to 
work  out  his  own  destiny.  It  is  also  best  for  the 
general  public. — Ex-Pres't  Chas.  W.  Eliot,  of  Harvard. 

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Lincoln  No  Prohibitionist. 

Austere  invective  is  hurled  at  us  by  the  National 
Prohibitionist  because  we  accuse  the  prohibition  party 
of  practical  forgery  in  circulating  what  purports  to  be 
a  verbatim  account  of  Abraham  Lincoln's  stand  in 
favor  of  prohibition.  Their  only  defense  is  that  one 
old  man  alleges  that  Lincoln  made  this  statement  to 
him  just  before  he  died — a  flimsy  enough  foundation, 
even  if  we  had  no  real  knowledge  on  the  subject. 
From  boyhood  to  age  Lincoln  was  interested  in  tem- 
perance, and  yet  he  is  nowhere  on  record,  either  in  his 
own  writing  or  in  any  authentic  history,  as  speaking 
one^word  favorable  to  prohibition.  Look,  moreover, 
at  what  actual  evidence  we  have.  There  is  his  famous 
speech  in  Illinois,  explaining  how  much  better  than 
violence  are  education  and  persuasion.  There  is  the 
liquor  license  which  his  own  store  took  out.  There  is 
the  ill-concealed  impatience  of  his  reply  to  the  clergy- 
men who  bothered  him  about  the  drinking  habits  of 
General  Grant.  There  is  also  something  much  more 
conclusive.  Our  sweet  friends  on  the  National  Pro- 
hibitionist, who  call  us  such  ugly  names,  have  only 
to  examine  the  records  of  the  Legislature  of  Illinois. 
On  December  19,  1840,  it  was  moved  to  enact  by 
amendment  that  "no  person  shall  be  licensed  to  sell 
vinous  or  spirituous  liquors  in  this  State."  Abraham 
Lincoln  moved  to  lay  this  amendment  on  the  table. 
A  week  later  an  attempt  was  made  to  pass  a  provision 
that  a  liquor  license  could  be  refused  if  a  majority  of 
the  voters  in  the  town,  district  or  ward  protested. 
Abraham  Lincoln  voted  against  this  restriction.  On 
January  13  he  voted  again  to  the  same  effect.  We 
shall  await  calaily  the  National  Prohibitionist' s  reply. 
*  *  *  The  present  is  not  bound  by  our  dead 
statesman's  views.     It  is  bound,  however,  not  to  state 

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those  views  falsely;  and  we  hope,  therefore,  never  to 
see  circulated  by  the  prohibitionists  another  docu- 
ment citing  Abraham  Lincoln  as  an  upholder  of  their 
creed. — Collier's  Weekly. 

The  Lonely  Drinker. 

The  secret  story  is  much  more  alarming.  What  is 
the  effect  ?  As  far  as  the  health  of  the  nation  and  its 
mental  training  in  self-control  and  in  regulation  of 
desires  are  concerned,  the  result  must  be  dangerous, 
because,  on  the  whole,  it  eliminates  the  mild  beverages 
in  favor  of  the  strong  drinks  and  substitutes  lonely 
drinking  for  drinking  in  social  company.  Both  are 
psychologically  and  physiologically  a  turn  to  the 
worse.  It  is  not  the  mild  beer  and  light  wine  which 
are  secretly  imiported;  it  is  much  easier  to  transport 
and  hide  whiskey  and  rum,  with  their  strong  alcoholic 
power  and  stronger  effect  on  the  nerve  cells  of  the 
brain.  And  of  all  forms  of  drinking  none  is  more 
ruinous  than  the  solitary  drink ;  as  soon  as  the  feeling 
of  repugnance  has  been  overcome  there  is  no  limit  and 
no  inhibition.  If  I  look  back  over  the  last  years  in 
which  I  have  studied  the  effects  of  suggestion  and 
hypnotism  on  habitual  drinkers,  I  do  not  hesitate  to 
say  that  it  was  in  most  cases  an  easy  thing  to  cure  the 
social  drinker  of  the  large  cities,  but  very  hard  to 
break  the  lonely  drinker  of  the  temperance  town. 
— Prof.  Munsterherg. 

A  Fallacy  Refuted. 

It  is  not  just  to  say  that  because  a  high  percentage 
of  alcohol  is  harmful,  a  less  percentage  of  alcohol  must 
be  harmful  and  dangerous  in  proportion.  That  is  not 
true. 

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Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Millions  of  people  in  America  drink  coffee  without 
hurting  themselves,  as  millions  drink  beer  in  Germany 
and  America  and  other  millions  light  wines  in  Italy 
and  France  without  hurting  themselves. 

But  if  you  take  that  same  coffee  and  concentrate  it, 
you  get  caffeine,  which  will  kill  instantly  the  man  who 
takes  a  few  grains  of  it.     The  same  with  cocoa. 

If  you  take  the  grape  or  the  barley  and  concentrate 
highly  the  alcoholic  product,  you  get  an  alcoholic 
poison  less  deadly  than  caffeine,  but  as  destructive  in 
the  end. — Arthur  Brisbane. 

Truth  from  a  Man  of  Science. 

At  a  recent  dinner  of  the  British  Medico-Physio- 
logical Association,  Sir  James  Crichton-Brown  said: 

"We  have  at  this  table  many  of  the  highest  authorities 
in  the  country  on  the  alcohol  question.  Medical  superin- 
tendents of  lunatic  asylums  see  much  of  the  evils  of  alcohol. 
They  are  strenuous  advocates  of  temperance,  and  have  sup- 
plied the  teetotalers  with  some  of  their  strongest  arguments. 
It  is,  therefore,  interesting  to  ascertain  how  far  they  adopted 
extreme  views  on  the  alcohol  question.  There  are  at  this 
table  eighty-four  members  of  the  association,  and  just  five 
or  six  per  cent,  have  declined  alcohol  altogether.  The  re- 
mainder, or  ninety-four  per  cent.,  have  partaken  of  alcohol 
in  some  form,  and  a  large  majority  in  several  different  forms. 
I  dined  a  fortnight  ago  at  Sir  Andrew  Noble's  table  with 
eighteen  leading  men  of  science  of  the  day,  from  the  venerable 
Lord  Kelvin  downward,  and  not  one  of  them  declined  al- 
cohol. It  is  a  farce,  a  gross  hyperbole,  to  speak  of  alcohol 
as  a  deadly  poison.  Those  who  declare  alcohol  a  deadly 
poison  should  also  state  that  we  constantly  carry  it  about. 
Our  bodies  have  more  deadly  poisons  or  toxins,  but  these 
human  poisons  are  harmless  and  may  be  beneficial  as  long 
as  they  are  kept  in  their  right  place.  Our  great  aim  should 
be  to  keep  alcohol  in  its  right  place." 


285 


WINE   WHEN  IT  IS  RED. 


A  Characteristic  Essay  by  Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton. 

I  SUPPOSE  that  there  will  be  some  wigs  on  the  green 
in  connection  with  the  recent  manifesto  signed  by 
a  string  of  very  eminent  doctors  on  the  subject  of 
what  is  called  "alcohol."  "Alcohol"  is,  to  judge  by 
the  sound  of  it,  an  Arabic  word,  like  "algebra"  and 
"Alhambra,"  those  two  other  unpleasant  things.  The 
Alhambra  in  Spain  I  have  never  seen ;  I  am  told  that 
it  is  a  low  and  rambling  building;  I  allude  to  the  far 
more  dignified  erection  in  Leicester  Square.  If  it  is 
true,  as  I  surmise,  that  "alcohol"  is  a  word  of  the 
Arabs,  it  is  interesting  to  realize  that  our  general  word 
for  the  essence  of  wine  and  beer  and  such  things 
comes  from  a  people  which  has  made  particular  war 
upon  them.  I  suppose  that  some  aged  Moslem 
chieftain  sat  one  day  at  the  opening  of  his  tent  and, 
brooding  with  black  brows  and  cursing  in  his  black 
beard  over  wine  as  the  S5mibol  of  Christianity,  racked 
his  brains  for  some  word  ugly  enough  to  express  his 
racial  and  religious  antipathy,  and  suddenly  spat  out 
the  horrible  word  "alcohol."  The  fact  that  the  doctors 
had  to  use  this  word  for  the  sake  of  scientific  clearness 
was  really  a  great  disadvantage  to  them  in  fairly  dis- 
cussing the  matter.  For  the  word  really  involves  one 
of  those  beggings  of  the  question  which  make  these 
moral  matters  so  difficult.  It  is  quite  a  mistake  to 
suppose  that  when  a  man  desires  an  alcoholic  drink 
he  necessarily  desires  alcohol. 

Let  a  man  walk  ten  miles  steadily  on  a  hot  summer's 
day  along  a  dusty  English  road,  and  he  will  soon  dis- 

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cover  why  beer  was  invented.     The  fact  that  beer  has 
a  very  sUght  stimulating  quaUty  will  be  quite  among 
the  smallest  reasons  that  induce  him  to  ask  for  it. 
In  short,  he  will  not  be  in  the  least  desiring  alcohol; 
he  will  be  desiring  beer.     But,  of  course,  the  question 
cannot  be  settled  in  such  a  simple  way.     The  real 
difficulty    which    confronts    everybody,    and    which 
especially  confronts  doctors,  is  that  the  extraordinary 
position  of  man  in  the  physical  universe  makes  it  prac- 
tically impossible  to  treat  him  in  either  one  direction  or 
the  other  in  a  purely  physical  way.     Man  is  an  excep- 
tion, whatever  else  he  is.  If  he  is  not  the  image  of  God, 
then  he  is  a  disease  of  the  dust.     If  it  is  not  true  that  a 
divine  being  fell,  then  we  can  only  say  that  one  of  the 
animals  went  entirely  off  its  head.     In  neither  case 
can  we  really  argue  very  much  from  the  body  of  man 
simply  considered  as  the  body  of  an  innocent  and 
healthy  animal.     His  body  has  got  too  much  mixed 
up  with  his  soul,  as  we  see  in  the  supreme  instance  of 
sex.     It  may  be  worth  while  uttering  the  warning  to 
wealthy  philanthropists  and  idealists  that  this  argu- 
ment from  the  animal  should  not  be  thoughtlessly 
used,  even  against  the  atrocious  evils  of  excess;   it  is 
an   argument   that   proves  too   little   or  too   much. 
Doubtless  it  is  unnatural  to  be  drunk.     But  then  in  a 
real  sense  it  is  unnatural  to  be  human.     Doubtless  the 
intemperate  workman  wastes  his  tissues  in  drinking; 
but  no  one   knows  how  much  the    sober  workman 
wastes  his  tissues  by  working.     No  one  knows  how 
much  the  wealthy  philanthropist  wastes  his  tissues  by 
talking;    or,  in  much  rarer  conditions,  by  thinking. 
All  the  hiiman  things  are  more  dangerous  than  any- 
thing that  affects  the  beasts — sex,  poetry,  property, 
religion.     The  real  case  against  drunkenness  is  not 
that  it  calls  up  the  beast,  but  that  it  calls  up  the  devil. 

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It  does  not  call  up  the  beast,  and  if  it  did  it  would  not 
matter  much,  as  a  rule;  the  beast  is  a  harmless  and 
rather  amiable  creature,  as  anybody  can  see  by  watch- 
ing cattle.  There  is  nothing  bestial  about  intox- 
ication; and  certainly  there  is  nothing  intoxicating 
or  even  particularly  lively  about  beasts.  Man  is  al- 
ways something  worse  or  something  better  than  an 
animal;  and  a  mere  argument  from  animal  perfection 
never  touches  him  at  all.  Thus,  in  sex  no  animal  is 
either  chivalrous  or  obscene.  And  thus  no  animal 
ever  invented  anything  so  bad  as  drunkenness — or 
so  good  as  drink. 

The  pronouncement  of  these  particular  doctors  is 
very  clear  and  imcompromising ;  in  the  modem  at- 
mosphere, indeed,  it  even  deserves  some  credit  for 
moral  courage.  The  majority  of  modem  people,  of 
course,  will  probably  agree  with  it  in  so  far  as  it  de- 
clares that  alcoholic  drinks  are  often  of  supreme  value 
in  emergencies  of  illness;  but  many  people,  I  fear, 
will  open  their  eyes  at  the  emphatic  terms  in  which 
they  describe  such  drink  considered  as  a  beverage; 
but  they  are  not  content  with  declaring  that  the  drink 
is  in  moderation  harmless,  they  distinctly  declare 
that  it  is  in  moderation  beneficial.  But  I  fancy  that, 
in  saving  this,  the  doctors  had  in  mind  a  truth  that 
runs  somewhat  counter  to  the  common  opinion.  I 
fancy  that  it  is  the  experience  of  most  doctors  that 
giving  any  alcohol  for  illness  (though  often  necessary) 
is  about  the  most  morally  dangerous  way  of  giving  it. 
Instead  of  giving  it  to  a  healthy  person  who  has  many 
other  forms  of  life,  you  are  giving  it  to  a  desperate 
person,  to  whom  it  is  the  only  form  of  life.  The 
invalid  can  hardly  be  blamed  if  by  some  accident  of 
his  erratic  and  overwrought  condition  he  comes  to 
remember  the  thing  as  the  very  water  of  vitality  and 

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to  use  it  as  such.  For  in  so  far  as  drinking  is  really  a 
sin  it  is  not  because  drinking  is  wild,  but  because 
drinking  is  tanae ;  not  in  so  far  as  it  is  anarchy,  but  in 
so  far  as  it  is  slavery.  Probably  the  worst  way  to 
drink  is  to  drink  medicinally.  Certainly  the  safest 
way  to  drink  is  to  drink  carelessly;  that  is,  without 
caring  much  for  anything,  and  especially  not  caring 
for  the  drink. 

The  doctor,  of  course,  ought  to  be  able  to  do  a  great 
deal  in  the  way  of  restraining  those  individual  cases 
where  there  is  plainly  an  evil  thirst,  and  beyond  that 
the  only  hope  would  seem  to  be  in  some  increase,  or 
rather,  some  concentration  of  ordinary  public  opinion 
on  the  subject.  I  have  always  held  consistently  my 
own  modest  theory  on  the  subject.  I  believe  that  if 
by  some  method  the  local  public-house  could  be  as 
definite  and  isolated  a  place  as  the  local  post-office  or 
the  local  railway  station,  if  all  types  of  people  passed 
through  it  for  all  types  of  refreshment,  you  would  have 
the  same  safeguard  against  a  man  behaving  in  a  dis- 
gusting way  in  a  tavern  that  you  have  at  present 
against  his  behaving  in  a  disgusting  way  in  a  post- 
office:  simply  the  presence  of  his  ordinary  sensible 
neighbors.  In  such  a  place  the  kind  of  lunatic  who 
wants  to  drink  an  unlimited  number  of  whiskies 
would  be  treated  with  the  same  severity  with  which 
the  post-office  authorities  would  treat  an  amiable 
lunatic  who  had  an  appetite  for  licking  an  unlimited 
number  of  stamps.  It  is  a  small  matter  whether,  in 
either  case,  a  technical  refusal  would  be  officially 
employed.  It  is  an  essential  matter  that  in  both 
cases  the  authorities  could  rapidly  communicate  with 
the  friends  and  family  of  the  mentally  afflicted  person. 
At  least  the  postmistress  would  not  dangle  a  strip  of 
tempting   sixpenny   stamps   before   the   enthusiast's 

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eyes  as  he  was  being  dragged  away  with  his  tongue 
out.  If  we  made  drinking  open  and  official  we  might 
be  taking  one  step  towards  making  it  careless.  In 
such  things  to  be  careless  is  to  be  sane:  for  neither 
drunkards  nor  Moslems  can  be  careless  about  drink. 


Dr.  Eliot  on  Rational  Pleasures. 

Sensuous  pleasures,  like  eating  and  drinking,  are 
sometimes  described  as  animal,  and  therefore  un- 
worthy. It  must  be  confessed,  however,  that  men 
are  in  this  life  animals  all  through — whatever  else 
they  may  be — and  that  they  have  a  right  to  enjoy 
without  reproach  those  pleasures  of  animal  existence 
which  maintain  health,  strength,  and  life  itself. 
Familiar  ascetic  and  pessimistic  dogmas  to  the  con- 
trary notwithstanding,  these  pleasures,  taken  natu- 
rally and  in  moderation,  are  all  pure,  honorable,  and 
wholesome.  Moreover,  all  attempts  to  draw  a  line 
between  bodily  satisfactions  on  the  one  hand  and 
mental  or  spiritual  satisfactions  on  the  other,  and  to 
distinguish  the  first  as  beastly  indulgences  and  the 
second  as  the  only  pleasures  worthy  of  a  rational  be- 
ing, have  failed  and  must  fail;  for  it  is  manifestly 
impossible  to  draw  a  sharp  line  of  division  between 
pleasures,  and  to  say  that  these  are  bodily  and  those 
intellectual  or  moral.  *  *  *  Taking  food  and 
drink  is  a  great  enjoyment  for  healthy  people,  and 
those  who  do  not  enjoy  eating  seldom  have  much 
capacity  for  enjoyment  or  usefulness  of  any  sort. 
Under  ordinary  circumstances  it  is  by  no  means  a 
purely  bodily  pleasure.  We  do  not  eat  alone,  but  in 
families  or  sets  of  friends  and  comrades ;  and  the  table 
is  the  best  center  of  friendships  and  of  the  domestic 
affections. — Ex.-President  Chas.  W.  Eliot,  of  Harvard. 

290 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Kaiser  for  True  Temperance. 

HAS    NEVER   ENDORSED   TOTAL  ABSTINENCE HIS 

FAVORITE    DRINKS. 

Emperor  William  of  Germany  is  a  strong  and  con- 
sistent advocate  of  true  temperance,  that  is,  modera- 
tion, in  all  things.  In  his  occasional  addresses  to 
student  bodies  he  is  always  careful  to  warn  the  young 
men  against  excesses  of  any  kind.  The  anti-alco- 
holists  are  quick  to  invert  his  words  into  a  warrant 
for  their  extreme  views,  but  the  Kaiser  has  never 
uttered  even  a  qualified  endorsement  of  total  absti- 
nence and  has  never  made  use  of  the  expression  in  the 
addresses  referred  to. 

The  Associated  Press  cable  on  Dec.  i,  1910,  states 
the  Emperor's  position  as  follows: 

"Of  late  the  total  abstinence  leaders  of  Germany  have  been 
making  much  capital  out  of  the  Kaiser's  frequent  speeches  in 
which  he  deplored  drunkenness. 

"They  have  been  particularly  crowing  over  his  speech  to  the 
army  recruits,  in  which  he  declared  the  nation  with  the 
smallest  liquor  bills  would  be  the  victor. 

"The  semi-official  press  was  to-day  instructed  by  the  Kaiser 
to  say  that  he  recognizes  the  impossibility  of  securing  total 
abstinence  either  from  the  army  or  the  navy. 

"The  Kaiser's  attitude  is  that  while  he  dislikes  excessive 
drinking,  he  does  not  intend  to  combat  excessive  drinking  by 
excessive  abstinence.  He  is  equally  hostile  to  'teetotalism' 
and  'alcoholism.'  " 

THE    kaiser's    DRINKS. 

Not  only  what  the  German  Emperor  drinks,  but 
how  he  drinks  it,  is  the  subject  of  an  article  in  the 
Strassburger  Post,  and  at  Strassburg  they  ought  to 
know,  for  the  Emperor  occasionally  takes  an  "Ehren- 
trunk"  in  public  when  he  is  staying  at  the  queer, 
brand-new-looking  palace  of  his  which  stands  in  a  sun- 
baked square  near  the  university  at   Strassburg,  or 

291 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

when  he  passes  through  on  his  way  to  the  magnificent 
old  Koenigsburg  crowning  the  highest  of  the  Alsatian 
hills. 

William  II.,  says  the  Post,  agreeing  with  Prince 
Buelow's  famous  mot  in  the  Reichstag,  is  no  Philistine 
in  his  manner  of  drinking,  for  whether  he  drains  a 
golden  cup  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine  or  a  Roemer  in  a 
Bremen  cave,  or  a  Hungarian  crystal  beaker  at  a 
hunting  box,  he  acquits  himself  equally  well  and 
drinks  with  frankly  boyish  enjoyment.  But  though 
he  is  no  apostle  of  total  abstinence,  he  is  a  convinced 
adept  of  moderation  who  never  cared  for  much  alcohol, 
and  has  of  late  years  taken  less  and  ever  less. 

As  every  caller  at  a  German  house  knows,  some  sort 
of  more  or  less  alcoholic  drink  is  offered  as  a  matter  of 
course  and  at  any  hour  of  the  day.  The  Post  says 
that  at  the  Emperor's  Potsdam  residence,  the  new 
palace,  strawberry  liquor  and  cider  are  always  offered, 
and  the  Emperor,  whose  favorite  beverages  these  are, 
often  urges  his  visitors  to  partake  of  them.  A  cu- 
cumber liquor  is  another  specialty  at  Potsdam.  Here 
is  the  recipe:  "Peel  and  slice  the  cucumber,  sprinkle 
sugar  over  it  and  let  it  stand  on  ice  for  an  hour.  Pour 
a  light  red  wine  over,  strain  and  serve."  The  Emperor 
never  takes  wine  without  mineral  water,  which  he  adds 
even  to  French  champagne  or  German  sekt,  and  it  is 
this  fact,  the  Post  declares,  which  enables  him  at  pub- 
lic banquets  to  drink  dozens  of  healths  and  come  out 
unharmed.  At  night  before  retiring  he  drinks  a  large 
glass  of  orangeade. 

Brewers  as  Patriots. 

One  of  the  first  men  to  land  in  this  country  from  the 
good  ship  "Pilgrim"  was  John  Alden  of  "The  Court- 
ship of  Miles  Standish"  fame,  a  brewer's  cooper. 

292 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

William  Penn,  founder  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Roger  Williams,  founder  of  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island,  were  both  interested  in  the  brewing  industry. 

Samuel  Adams,  who  threw  overboard  the  first  chest 
of  tea  into  Boston  Harbor,  was  a  Boston  brewer. 

Seven  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
were  brewers  or  indirectly  interested  in  breweries. 

George  Washington,  the  father  of  our  country,  had 
a  brew  house  in  Virginia. 

Patrick  Henry  assisted  his  father-in-law  in  the  bar 
of  his  tavern. 


During  my  twenty-five  years'  work  J.  have  received 
less  aid  from  total  abstainers  than  from  any  other  class. 
All  the  best  and  most  useful  help  I  have  obtained  has 
come  from  the  strictly  moderate  drinker.  —  Dr.  R.  W. 
Branthwaite,  International  Congress  on  Alcoholism, 
London,  1909. 


John  Redmo^td,  the  famous  Irish  leader,  commenting 
upon  the  increased  consumption  of  beer  by  the  Irish 
people,  calls  it  "a  real  temperance  wave,'' 


And  you  call  this  a  free  country,  where  a  man  who 
likes  a  drink  can't  take  one  because  someone  else  feels 
that  he  should  not.  Why,  even  when  I  cante  in  they 
asked  me  whether  I  was  a  male  or  female,  and  if  I  had 
ever  been  in  prison.  Upon  answering  the  question 
satisfactorily  that  I  was  not  a  female  and  had  never  been 
sentenced  to  prison,  permission  was  granted  for  me  to 
land.  We  know  no  such  ridiculous  questioning  or 
restrictions  in  England,  yet  you  call  America  ''free!" — 
Sir  William  Treloar,  former  Lord  Mayor  of  London, 
during  his  recent  visit  in  America. 

293 


BLUE   LAWS. 


Stem  Enforcement   of   Puritan  Statutes  Has  Always 

Had  Its  Reaction. 

IF  anyone  is  sighing  for  the  freedom  of  the  good 
old  days,  he  may  find  a  sharp  reminder  of  their 
limitations  in  that  respect  in  the  report  that  the 
Connecticut  Legislatiire  has  just  repealed  one  of  the 
"blue  laws"  that  has  been  on  the  statute  books  of  that 
Commonwealth  since  the  year  of  grace  1722.  It  re- 
ferred to  the  observance  of  Sunday,  and  imposed  the 
most  rigid  restrictions  upon  secular  activity  on  the 
Lord's  Day. 

It  has  been  replaced  by  a  new  bill  defining  Sunday, 
that  allows  such  pursuits  and  sports  as  are  "for  the 
general  welfare  of  the  community."  Ardent  advo- 
cates of  the  national  game  are  strong  in  their  insistence 
that  baseball  comes  within  the  proper  interpretation 
of  this  new  law. 

Those  who  hold  that  good  and  evil  are  relative 
terms  will  find  much  to  support  their  arguments  when 
the  things  then  put  tmder  the  ban  are  compared  with 
the  privileges  now  readily  allowed  by  the  most  strait- 
laced  among  those  who  still  demand  tithes  of  rue  and 
mint  and  cummin.  As  against  those  early  settlers, 
the  most  legal  observer  of  to-day  would  appear  a 
common  roysterer. 

They  were  a  solemn  people,  much  given  to  the  mak- 
ing of  laws.  Hell  to  them  was  a  very  real  place,  and 
the  devil  lurked  in  a  laugh.  A  young  woman  was 
threatened  with  being  sent  out  of  the  country  as  a 
common   vagabond   because   she   smiled   in   church. 

294 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Any  thought  about  clothes  was  a  sign  of  worldliness, 
and  whalebones  in  the  bodice  were  an  abomination 
unto  the  Lord.  An  old  woman,  half  blind  with  age, 
entertained  a  clergyman.  When  he  was  about  to  de- 
part, she  felt  of  his  band;  finding  it  stiffened  with 
starch,  she  reproved  him  sharply,  and  feared  God 
would  not  prosper  his  journey. 

Profane  cursing  and  swearing  was  fined  ten  shillings; 
and,  if  there  were  more  than  one  oath  at  a  time, 
twenty  shillings.  Bad  days,  indeed,  for  such  as  old 
Sowberry  Hagan,  who,  it  was  said,  could  beat  Huck 
Finn's  pap  at  the  art  of  forceful  expression.  Idle 
people  and  tobacco-takers  were  brought  at  once  be- 
fore the  magistrate  for  punishment.  Any  person  who 
walked  in  the  streets  or  fields  on  the  Sabbath  was 
fined  ten  shillings. 

Various  reasons  have  been  assigned  for  the  severity 
of  the  old  Puritan  laws.  Perhaps  the  best  explanation 
is  found  in  the  principle  known  as  human  nature. 
These  men  had  fled  from  persecution;  they  had  suf- 
fered for  righteousness'  sake  at  the  hands  of  godless 
ones  much  given  to  oaths  and  fine  clothes.  Small 
wonder  they  should  have  coupled  the  two,  or 
that  they  should  have  persecuted  in  turn.  Fur- 
ther proof  that  old  himaan  nature  was  at  work  is 
found  in  the  fact  that  the  pillory,  which  was  soon  set 
up,  was  seldom  without  an  occupant.  Also  that  it 
was  better  even  then  to  do  one's  courting  first  hand 
than  by  proxy,  as  bold  Miles  Standish  discovered  to 
his  cost  when  the  fair  Priscilla  would  have  none  of 
such  wooing. 

Quite  as  natural,  too,  that  in  course  of  time  the 
pendulum  should  have  swung  full  the  other  way. 
The  section  that  once  discoursed  on  such  subtle  theo- 
logical problems  as  how  many  souls  of   the  wicked 

295 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

could  be  placed  in  a  mustard  seed,  now  leads  the  way 
in  the  higher  thought. 

Phariseeism,  with  its  literal  observances,  is  but  the 
opposite  pole  of  the  sadduceeism  that  recognizes 
neither  angel  nor  spirit.  The  stem  imposition  of  the 
letter  of  the  law  has  always  had  its  reaction.  It  is 
hard  to  keep  the  golden  mean,  and  the  rigorous  pro- 
hibition laws  of  the  present,  like  the  old  blue  laws, 
will  find  their  way  to  the  ash-heap. 


The  Weekly  professes  itself  to  be  in  sympathy  with 
the  regulation  and  taxation  of  liquor-selling,  in  sym- 
pathy with  much  of  the  legislation  that  aims  to  keep 
liquor  out  of  unfit  hands,  but  it  also  understands  the 
attitude  of  those  who  hold  that  the  future  of  the 
American  people  would  not  be  much  affected  if  every 
law  relating  to  alcoholic  drinks  were  wiped  out  of  the 
statute-books.  In  that  case  the  destruction  of  the 
unfit  and  the  irresponsible  would  be  more  rapid,  but 
there  would  still  be  a  great  residue  capable  of  self- 
restraint  and  wise  enough  to  live  and  thrive  in  a 
world  without  restriction  as  to  the  sale  or  use  of 
alcoholic  drink. — Harper's  Weekly. 

'Tis  not  the  drinking  that  is  to  he  blamed^  hut  the 
excess. — Selden,  1689. 

The  laws  now  on  the  statute  hooks  of  most  States  are 
sufficient  for  the  proper  regulation  of  the  liquor  traffic, 
hut  in  many  instances  these  laws  have  not  heen  enforced, 
have  heen  winked  at,  or  have  heen  enforced  in  a  hap- 
hazard manner.  Consequently,  new  legislation  is  the 
almost  universal  cry,  hut  to  my  mind,  this  fever  for  new 
legislation,  however  honestly  it  may  he  seeking  to 
remedy  the  evil,  jar  overshoots  the  mark. — Bishop 
LiLLis,  of  Kansas. 

296 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 
Religious  Status  of  the  States. 

FIGURES    WHICH    PROVE    THAT    PROHIBITION    DOES    NOT 
PROMOTE    CHURCH    MEMBERSHIP. 

Mr.  George  MuUer,  of  Philadelphia,  the  well-known 
publicist,  declares  that  prohibition  is  not  a  promoter 
of  piety,  and  goes  on  to  sustain  his  position  as  follows: 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  government  there 
has  been  prepared  a  full  report  of  denominational  religious 
statistics  for  the  United  States. 

The  complete  report  is  being  printed,  but  for  advance  in- 
formation the  Census  Department  has  issued  a  bulletin  (No. 
103)  from  which  we  glean  certain  items  that  ought  to  illumi- 
nate the  darkened  understanding  of  our  prohibition  contem- 
poraries, and  take  some  of  the  kinks  out  of  the  crooked  tongues 
of  prohibition  agitators. 

We  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  Kansas,  which  adopted 
prohibition  in  1880,  and  Maine,  which  has  been  subject  to 
statutory  and  Constitutional  prohibition  for  over  sixty  years, 
give  no  evidence  of  the  Christianizing  effect  of  that  policy. 

Kansas  belongs  to  the  political  division  known  as  the  North 
Central,  and  has  the  lowest  percentage  of  church  members  in 
ratio  to  population  of  any  of  the  twelve  States  in  that  divi- 
sion, or  28.4  per  cent.,  the  average  for  the  twelve  States  being 
37.3  per  cent.  The  highest  is  Wisconsin  with  44.3  per  cent., 
and  yet,  "Wisconsin  brews  the  beer  that  made  Milwaukee 
famous." 

There  were  only  three  prohibition  States  when  this  census 
was  taken,  and  it  may  be  well  to  note  that  North  Dakota, 
one  of  these,  in  the  same  division  with  Kansas,  had  only  34.3 
per  cent,  of  her  population  in  the  churches,  or  the  third  lowest 
among  the  twelve  States;  the  order  being  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
North  Dakota. 

In  the  East,  Old  Maine,  the  mother  of  this  noxious  political 
nostrum,  has  only  29.8  per  cent,  of  her  population  holding 
membership  in  the  churches,  she  being  the  lowest  of  the  nine 
States  comprising  the  North  Atlantic  division.  The  average 
for  these  States  is  44.1  per  cent.  Rhode  Island  is  the  highest 
in  church  membership. 

The  gist  of  the  whole  matter  is  that  prohibition  does  not 
promote  the  evangelization  of  our  people.  If  it  did,  Kansas 
and  Maine  should  give  indubitable  proof. 

297 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Following  is  an  extract  from  the  table  to  which  Mr. 
Muller  refers: 

PROPORTION     OF     POPULATION     HOLDING     MEMBERSHIP     IN 

CHURCHES  (united  STATES  CENSUS  REPORT  OF  CHURCH 

STATISTICS    IN    1906). 

Church 
State  Population         Membership     Per  cent. 

Continental  United  States.  84,246,252  32,936,445  39-i 

North  Atlantic  Division ..  .  23,388,682  10,306,946  44.1 

Maine 714,494  212,988  29.8 

New  Hampshire 432,624  190,298  44.0 

Vermont 35o»373  147.223  42.0 

Massachusetts 3,043,346  1,562,621  51 -3 

Rhode  Island 490,387  264,712  54 -o 

Connecticut 1,005,716  502,560  50.0 

New  York 8,226,990  3.591, 974  43-7 

New  Jersey 2,196,237  857,548  39.0 

Pennsylvania 6,928,515  2,977,022  43 .0 

North  Central  Division.  .  .  .  28,628,813  10,689,212  Zl  -Z 

Ohio 4,448,677  1,742,873  39.2 

Indiana 2,710,898  938,405  34.6 

Illinois 5,418,670  2,077,197  38.3 

Michigan 2,584,533  982,479  38.0 

Wisconsin 2,260,930  1,000,903  44-3 

Minnesota 2,025,615  834,442  41.2 

Iowa 2,205,690  788,667  35-8 

Missouri 3.363,153  1.199,239  35-7 

North  Dakota 463.784  i59,o53  34-3 

South  Dakota 465,908  161,961  34-8 

Nebraska 1,068,484  345,803  32 .4 

Kansas 1,612,471  458,190  28.4 

Books  on  the  Liquor  Question. 

INVESTIGATIONS    OF  THE  COMMITTEE  OF   FIFTY — LIST  OF 

PERTINENT  WORKS. 

Many  allusions  are  made  in  this  book  to  the  Com- 
mittee of  Fifty,  and  liberal  quotations  from  the  works 
published  under  their  direction  are  given.  The  fol- 
lowing facts  with  reference  to  this  distinguished  body 
of  investigators  are  therefore  of  interest  and  will  be 
helpful  to  all  students  of  the  liquor  question. 

298 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

The  Committee  of  Fifty  for  the  Investigation  of  the 
Liquor  Problem  was  organized  in  1893.  Following  is 
a  declaration  of  its  intention: 

"This  Committee,  made  up  of  persons  representing  different 
trades,  occupations,  and  opinions,  is  engaged  in  the  study 
of  the  Liquor  Problem,  in  the  hope  of  securing  a  body  of 
facts  which  may  serve  as  a  basis  for  intelligent  public  and 
private  action.  It  is  the  purpose  of  the  Committee  to  collect 
and  collate  impartially  all  accessible  facts  which  bear  upon 
the  problem,  and  it  is  their  hope  to  secure  for  the  evidence 
thus  accumulated  a  measure  of  confidence  on  the  part  of  the 
community  which  is  not  accorded  to  personal  statements." 

This  plan  was  carried  out  with  the  assistance  of 
experienced  workers. 

The  Committee  has  published  the  following  books: 

1.  The  Physiological  Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem.  In- 
vestigations made  by  Prof.  W.  O.  Atwater,  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity; John  S.  Billings,  Astor  Library;  Prof.  H.  P.  Bowditch, 
Harvard  Medical  School;  Prof.  R.  H.  Chittenden,  Sheffield 
Scientific  School  (Yale);  Dr.  W.  H.  Welch,  Johns  Hopkins 
Hospital. 

2.  The  Liquor  Problem  in  its  Legislative  Aspects.  An  in- 
vestigation made  under  the  direction  of  Charles  W.  Eliot, 
President  of  Harvard  University;  Seth  Low,  former  President 
of  Columbia  University;  Hon.  James  C.  Carter,  of  New  York. 

3.  Economic  Aspects  of  the  Liquor  Problem.  An  investi- 
gation made  under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Henry  W.  Famam, 
of  Yale  University,  by  John  Koren,  with  the  co-operation  of 
the  representatives  of  thirty-three  charity  organization  so- 
cieties, sixty  almshouses,  and  seventeen  prisons  and  reforma- 
tories. 

4.  Substitutes  for  the  Saloon.  An  investigation  made 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  Francis  G.  Peabody,  of  Harvard 
University ;  Dr.  Elgin  R.  L.  Gould,  of  New  York ;  and  Prof. 
W.  M.  Sloane,  of  Columbia  University,  by  Raymond  Calkins, 
with  the  co-operation  of  many  teachers,  students,  settlement 
workers  and  other  investigators. 

5.  The  Liquor  Problem.  A  summary  of  investigations  con- 
ducted by  the  Committee  of  Fifty,  1 893-1903.     Prepared  for 

299 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

the  Committee  by  John  S.  Billings,  Charles  W.  Eliot,  Henry 
W.  Famam,  Jacob  L.  Greene  and  Francis  G.  Peabody. 

These  books  represent  the  only  earnest,  sane  and 
liberal  attempt  ever  made  in  this  country  to  examine 
the  liquor  problem  in  all  its  bearings.  It  is  unlikely 
that  any  inquiry  of  equal  value  and  comprehensive- 
ness will  be  attempted  for  years  to  come. 

The  Committee  of  Fifty,  it  should  be  said,  are  not 
always  infallible  and  not  invariably  free  from  bias  or 
prejudice;  but  their  work,  as  a  whole,  remains  a 
model  for  similar  investigations. 

Besides  the  books  of  the  Committee  of  Fifty  al- 
ready mentioned,  the  following  are  well  worthy  the 
attention  of  impartial  students  of  the  liquor  question 
in  all  its  phases: 

Alcohol,  the  Sanction  for  its  Use;  scientifically  established 
and  popularly  expounded  by  a  Physiologist.  Translated  from 
the  German  of  Dr.  J.  Starke.  Putnam,  New  York.    1907. 

Alcoholism:  A  Study  in  Heredity.  By  G,  Archdall  Reid, 
CM.,  F.R.S.E.    William  Wood,  Publisher,  New  York.    1903. 

The  Principles  of  Heredity;  with  Some  Applications.  By 
G.  Archdall  Reid.    Balliere,  Tindall  &  Co.,  London.     1906. 

"The  Drink  Problem  will  be  solved  by  Nature,  if  not 
by  us — and  even  in  spite  of  us." 

Year  Book  of  the  United  States  Brewers'  Association  for 
1909:  A  review  of  recent  Liquor  Legislation,  with  a  digest  of 
matters  chiefly  concerning  the  Brewing  Industry.  U.  S.  B.  A., 
New  York.  1909.  Contains  a  chapter  on  "Some  Social 
Aspects  of  the  Drink  Question." 

"We  have  aimed  to  make  the  Year  Book  a  valu- 
able reference  book,  not  only  for  the  brewers,  but  for 
all  serious  students  of  the  liquor  question,  adhering  to 
our  established  policy  of  presenting  only  such  facts 
and  figures  as  will  bear  the  light  of  unbiased  scrutiny." 

Year  Book  of  the  United  States  Brewers'  Association  for 
1910:  Including  a  Study  of  Local  Option  in  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Michigan  and  Massachusetts.     U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.     19 10. 

300 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"The  purpose  of  publishing  this  Year  Book  is  to  present 
reliable  information  in  regard  to  the  beer  business  and 
to  elucidate  certain  aspects  of  the  liquor  question  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public." 

American  Beer;  Glimpses  of  its  History  and  Description 
of  its  Manufacture.     U.  S.  B.  A,,  New  York.     1909. 

"The  phenomenal  growth  of  brewing  throughout  the 
world  during  the  past  fifty  years  has  given  rise  to  many 
speculations  as  to  the  future  of  malt  liquors,  and  many 
very  able  writers  do  not  hesitate  to  call  beer  the  universal 
drink  of  the  future." 

The  Rule  of  Not  Too  Much.  A  collection  of  articles  dealing 
with  the  principle  of  temperance;  with  special  reference  to 
the  use  of  fermented  beverages.  By  H.  E.  O.  Heinemann, 
145  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago.     1908. 

Drugs  and  the  Drug  Habit.  By  Harrington  Saintsbury, 
M.D.,  F.R.C.P.    Button,  New  York.    1909. 

"In  the  first  place  we  must  recognize  that  drunkenness 
arises  in  chief  part  from  the  use  of  the  stronger  alcoholic 
drinks.  *  *  *  j^  two  directions,  therefore,  the 
State  may  help  in  this  matter: — 

"i.  By  watching  over  the  purity  of  the  alcoholic 
supplies. 

"2.  By  controlling  the  fortification  of  fermented  liq- 
uors, and  by  encouraging  the  trade  in  the  lighter  beers 
and  wines." 

Licensing  and  Temperance  in  Sweden,  Norway  and  Den- 
mark.    By  Edwin  A.   Pratt.     Murray,  London.     1907. 

"I  would  call  the  special  attention  of  my  readers  to  the 
account  I  give  of  the  conditions  in  Denmark,  and  more 
particularly  to  the  remarkable  work  which  is  being  car- 
ried on  by  the  Danish  temperance  societies  on  the  basis  of 
allowing  their  members  to  regard  beer  of  low  alcoholic 
strength  as  a  temperance  beverage.  With  the  policy  thus 
adopted  I  have  complete  sympathy." — The  Author. 

History  of  Liquor  Licensing  in  England  principally  from 
1700  to  1830.  By  Sidney  and  Beatrice  Webb.  Longmans, 
London.     1903. 

301 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

Beverages,  Past  and  Present.  By  Edward  R.  Emerson. 
2  vols.    Putnam,  New  York.    1908. 

The  Taxation  of  the  Liquor  Trade.  By  Joseph  Rowntree 
and  Arthur  Sherwell.    Vol.  I.    Macmillan,  London.     1906. 

This  is  the  first  volume  of  a  series  of  three  volumes  to  be 
published.  This  volume  treats  of  the  taxation  of  the  "pub- 
lican" in  the  United  States  and  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
The  matter  is,  of  course,  discussed  from  the  English  view- 
point. 

The  Temperance  Problem  and  Social  Reform.  By  Joseph 
Rowntree  and  Arthur  Sherwell.  Hodder  &  Stoughton,  Lon- 
don.    1 90 1. 

One  of  the  writers  visited  the  United  States  and  Canada 
in  1899  for  the  purpose  of  examining,  on  the  spot,  the  oper- 
ation of  the  more  important  legislative  experiments  in  force 
for  the  regulation  or  suppression  of  the  drink  trade.    They  say : 
"In  the  larger  towns  and  cities  we  have  seen  that  prohi- 
bition has  been  found  impracticable." 

Stage-Coach  and  Tavern  Days.  By  Alice  Morse  Earle. 
Macmillan,  New  York.    1905. 

"The  early  taverns  were  not  opened  wholly  for  the  con- 
venience of  travelers;  they  were  for  the  comfort  of  the 
townspeople,  for  the  interchange  of  news  and  opinions, 
for  the  sale  of  solacing  liquors,  and  the  incidental  socia- 
bility    *     *     * 


>» 


Taverns  and    Turnpikes    of    Blandford,    1 733-1 833.      By 
Sumner  Gilbert  Wood.    Blandford,  Mass.     1908. 

"For  good  or  ill — one  may  say  for  good  and  ill — the 
tavern  has  been  a  fundamental  institution  in  the  develop- 
ment of  New  England  society.  It  should  be  classed 
perhaps  third  with  the  church  and  the  school  as  forma- 
tive and  expressive  of  the  life  and  institutions  of  the 
people     *     *     *" 

Inns,  Ales,  and  Drinking  Customs  of   Old  England.      By 
Frederick  W.  Hackwood.    Unwin,  London.    1909. 

Prohibition,   the  Enemy    of    Temperance.      By   Rev.  J.  A. 
Homan.     Cincinnati.      19 10. 

"An  exposition  of  the  Liquor  Problem  in  the  light  of 

302 


Text-Book  of  True  Temper  mice. 

the  Scripture,  Physiology,  Legislation  and  Political  Econ- 
omy. Defending  the  strictly  moderate  drinker  and 
advocating  the  License  System  as  a  restrictive  measure." 

Glimpses  of  Europe.  By  Randolph  Churchill.  Compilation 
of  articles  published  in  the  Milwaukee  ''Sentinel"  (1909)  and 
dealing  generally  with  phases  of  the  liquor  question  in  the 
several  European  countries.    U.  S.  B.  A.,   New  York. 

Nineteen  Centuries  of  Drink  in  England.  By  Richard  V. 
French.    Longmans,  London.     1884. 

Popular  Drugs,  their  Use  and  Abuse.  By  Sidney  Hillier, 
M.D.  The  author  devotes  considerable  space  to  the  alcohol 
question,  especially  as  bearing  upon  longevity,  health  and 
insanity.  A  liberal  and  authoritative  study.  London.  T. 
Werner  Laurie. 

Liquor  Legislation  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  By 
E.  L.  Fanshawe.  Cassell  &  Co.,  London.  1892.  Report  of  a 
non-partisan  Inquiry  on  the  spot  into  the  Laws  and  their 
Operation,  undertaken  at  the  request  of  W.  Rathbone,  M.P. 

Law:  Its  Origin,  Growth  and  Function.  By  James  C. 
Carter.  Putnam,  New  York.  1907.  Being  a  course  of  lec- 
tures prepared  for  delivery  before  the  Law  School  of  Harvard 
University. 

The  Drink  Problem  in  Modern  Life.  By  Rt.  Rev.  Henry 
C.Potter.  Cro  well.  New  York.  1905.  This  little  book  is  the 
substance  of  a  Charge  originally  delivered  at  a  Convention  of 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Diocese  of  New  York. 

If  not  the  Saloon — What  f  The  Point  of  View  and  the 
Point  of  Contact.  By  Rev.  James  E.  Freeman.  Baker  & 
Taylor,  New  York.     1903. 

"The  remedies  we  suggest  are  the  outcome  of  a  calm 

and  deliberate,  but  dispassionate,  consideration  of   the 

problem,  as  we  understand  it." 

Four  Aspects  of  Civic  Duty.  By  William  Howard  Taft. 
Scribners,  New  York.  1908.  Four  lectures  delivered  at 
Yale  on  the  "Responsibilities  of  Citizenship." 

Civics  and  Health.  By  William  H.  Allen.  Ginn  &  Co., 
New  York.     1901. 

303 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"The  chief  purpose  of  school  hygiene  has  hitherto  been 
not  to  promote  personal  and  community  health,  but  to 
lessen  the  use  of  alcohol  and  tobacco.  *  *  *  Alcohol 
and  tobacco  really  occupy  but  a  very  small  share  of  the 
interest  and  attention  of  even  those  men  and  women  by 
whom  they  are  habitually  used." 

Democracy  and  Liberty.  By  William  E.  H.  Lecky.  2  vols. 
Longmans,  New  York.  1903.  Vol.  II,  chapter  7,  pages 
134-168  contains  a  discussion  of  the  Liquor  Problem. 

"Among  the  most  difficult  class  of  questions  in  the 
whole  range  of  practical  politics  are  those  connected 
with  the  sale  of  intoxicating  drink.  They  affect  in  the 
highest  degree  the  pleasures,  the  comforts,  the  liberty, 
the  morals,  and  the  fortunes  of  the  poor,  and  they  affect 
in  very  different  ways  vast  material  as  well  as  moral 
interests." 

Wage-earners'  Budgets;  A  study  of  standards  and  cost  of 
living  in  New  York  City.  By  Louise  Bolard  More.  Holt, 
New  York.     1907. 

A  remarkably  interesting  report  of  investigations  con- 
ducted under  the  Greenwich  House  Committee  on  Social  In- 
vestigations. Contains  tables  giving  expenditures  of  fam- 
ilies, for  living  expenses,  including  amounts  spent  for  Drink. 

Reports  of  the  President' s  Homes  Commission.  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  Washington.     1909. 

Contains  a  valuable  chapter  on  the  Alcohol  Question. 

The  Standard  of  Living  Among  Workingmen's  Families  in 
New  York  City.  By  Robert  Coit  Chapin.  Charities  Publi- 
cation Committee,  New  York.     1909. 

This  book  gives  the  result  of  an  investigation  undertaken 
under  the  auspices  of  the  New  York  State  Conference  of 
Charities  and  Correction,  to  report  upon  the  essentials  and  the 
cost  of  a  normal  standard  of  living  in  the  cities  and  towns  of 
the  State. 

Has  tables  showing  amounts  s'pent  on  alcoholic  drinks. 

Proceedings  of  the  Pittsburgh  Conference  for  good  City 
Government  and  the  Fourteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  tlie 
National  Municipal  League.  Held  November,  16,  17,  18,  19. 
igo8,  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.     National  Municipal  League,   1908. 

304 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Clinton  Rogers  Woodruff,  editor.  Has  a  chapter  by  Prof.  A. 
R.  Hatton,  of  Western  Reserve  University,  on  "Liquor  Traf- 
jfic  and  City  Government." 

Long  Life  and  How  to  Attain  it.  By  Pearce  Kintzing, 
M.D.    Funk  &  Wagnalls,  New  York.     1908. 

"Our  prospective  centenarian  must  be  a  moderate 
eater  *  *  *,  he  must  use  little  alcohol.  Candidly, 
it  does  not  appear  from  statistics  that  total  abstainers 
enjoy  any  great  advantages." 

Governmental  Action  for  Social  Welfare.  By  Jeremiah  W. 
Jenks.    Macmillan,  New  York.    19 10. 

"jf  *  *  *  the  people  pass  extreme  measures, 
after  the  wave  of  excitement  is  over  and  their  reason  has 
returned,  the  laws  are  likely  either  to  fall  into  disuse  or 
be  repealed." 

Misery  and  its  Causes.  By  Edward  T.  Devine.  Macmillan, 
New  York.    1909. 

Punishment  and  Reformation:  an  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  rise  of  the  Penitentiary  System.  By  Frederick  H.  Wines. 
Crowell,  New  York.     1895. 

Stimulants  and  Narcotics;  their  mutual  relations,  with 
special  researches  on  the  action  of  Alcohol,  Ether,  and  Chloro- 
form on  the  vital  organism.  By  Francis  E.  Anstie,  M.D. 
Lindsay  &  Blakiston,  Philadelphia.    1865. 

"One  of  the  most  powerful  remedies  which  can  be  used 

for  the  relief  of  pain  is  Alcohol." 

The  Case  for  Alcohol,  or  the  Action  of  Alcohol  on   Body 
and  Soul.    By  Robert  Park,  M.D.    Rebman,  London.     1909. 
"Alcohol  is  an  aliment  superior  to  sugar;   the  reason 
for  that  being  that  for  the  same  weight  it  contains  more 
aliment." 

The  Ramrodders.  By  Holman  Day.  Harper  Bros.,  New 
York.     19 10. 

A  romance  of  Maine.  There  is  no  taking  sides  over  the 
issue — prohibition — in  the  story.  It  simply  tells  an  exciting 
tale  naturally,  truthfully,  humorously. 

A  Soldier's  Trial,  an  episode  of  the  Canteen  Crusade.  By 
General  Charles  King.     Hobart  Co.,  New  York.    1905. 

305 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Connection  of  Disease  with  Habits  of  Intemperance.  Com- 
piled by  I  sambard  Owen,  M.D.    U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.   1888. 

Reports  of  the  Collective  Investigation  Committee  of  the 
British  Medical  Association. 

The  Two-Wine  Theory,  discussed  by  Two  Hundred  and 
Eighty- six  Clergymen  on  the  basis  of  "Communion  Wine." 
By  Rev.  E.  H.  Jewett.  U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.     1890. 

Federal  Laws  governing  Licensed  Dealers.  Compiled  by 
John  G.  Capers.    Criterion  Publishing  Co.,  Chicago.     19 10. 

Mida's  Digest  of  State  Laws,  and  their  salient  features,  and 
Court  Decisions  affecting  the  liquor  interests.  Published  by 
the  Criterion  Publishing  Co.,  Chicago.    1908. 

Liquor  Laws  of  the  United  States;  their  spirit  and  effect. 
By  G.  Thomann.    U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.    1885. 

Colonial  Liquor  Laws;  Part  2  of  "The  Liquor  Laws  of  the 
United  States,"  By  G.  Thomann.  U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York. 
1887. 

Laws  of  New  Jersey,  relating  to  the  regulation  and  traffic 
in  intoxicating  liquors,  including  statutes  and  decisions. 
Compiled  by  Peter  Backes.    Soney&  Sage,  Newark.    19 10. 

Liquor  Laws  of  Pennsylvania,  with  annotations  to  January 
1st,  1907.  By  R.  A.  B.  Hausman.  Allentown,  Pa.  Has  a 
classified  index. 

Intoxicating  Liquors;  the  Law  relating  to  the  traffic  in 
intoxicating  liquors  and  drunkenness.  By  W.W.  Woollen  and 
W.  W.  Thornton.  2  vols.  W.  H.  Anderson  Co.,  Cincinnati. 
1910. 

The  South  Carolina  Dispensary;  a  brief  history  of  the 
famous  experiment  in  State  control  of  the  Liquor  Traffic. 
By  G.  Thomann.    U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.     1905. 

Real  and  Imaginary  Effects  of  Intemperance.  By  G. 
Thomann.    U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.    1884. 

"A  statistical  sketch,  containing  letters  and  statements 
from  the  Superintendents  of  Insane  Asylums,  etc.,  together 
with  a  review  of  the  operations  of  prohibitory  and  re- 
strictive laws,  and  the  Gothenburg  System." 

306 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

Up  to  Date.  A  review  of  some  important  phases  of  the 
Drink-Question,  1888  to  i8g2.  ByG.Thomann.  U.  S.  B.  A., 
New  York.      1892. 

Mistakes  of  Prohibitionists.  By  John  Mudie.  U.  S.  B.  A., 
New  York.    1889. 

The  Eye-Opener,  or  the  Evil  Fruits  of  the  Prohibitory  Law 
in  Kansas.     By  Charles  Willsie.    Wellington,  Kansas.    1890. 

Intemperance  in  the  light  of  Cosmic  Laws.  By  Henry  I. 
Bowditch.    U.  S.  B.  A.,  New  York.    1888. 

On  Liberty.    By  John  Stuart  Mill.  Alden,  New  York.     I885. 

A  First  Study  of  the  Influence  of  Parental  Alcoholism  on 

the  Physique   and   Ability   of   the   Offspring.  By  Ethel    M. 

Elderton,  with  the  assistance  of  Karl  Pearson.  University  of 
London.     19 10. 

Prohibitory  Legislation  in  the  United  States.  By  Justin 
McCarthy.  Tinsley  Bros.,  Publishers,  London.  1872.  This 
book  was  written  after  a  trip  through  the  U.S. 

"What  I  saw  in  the  United  States  convinced  me,  first, 
of  the  necessity  and  feasibility  of  regulation,  and  next, 
of  the  inevitable  inefficiency  of  all  attempts  at  repres- 
sion." 

Local  Option  in  Massachusetts.  By  Amy  F.  Acton,  LL.B. 
A  collection  of  significant  facts  which  contribute  to  clear  think- 
ing on  the  subject  of  license  and  no-license.  Published  by 
the  New  York  Charities  Publication  Committee,  under  aus- 
pices   of    the  Russell  Sage  Foundation.      191 1. 

Drink,  Temperance  and  Legislation.  By  Arthur  Shadwell, 
M.A.,  M.D.,  Oxon.  An  excellent  and  authoritative  work. 
Longmans,  Green  and  Company,  New  York  and  London. 

MAGAZINE    ARTICLES. 

"Prohibition,  the  Obstacle  to  Real  Reform."  By  Rev.  W.  A. 
Wasson.     Reprinted  from  Pearson's  Magazine,    August,   19 10. 

"How  North  Dakota  Seeks  to  Enforce  Prohibition."  By 
Robert  D.  Heinl.  Reprinted  from  Lestie's  Weekly,  March  3, 
1910. 

"Is  Prohibition  the  Remedy?"  Dr.  Henry  Smith  Williams, 
Ladies'  Home  Journal,  January,  191 1. 

307 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

"Maine  Faces  Bitter  Facts."  By  Holman  Day.  Reprinted 
from  Appleton's  Magazine,  February,  1909. 

"Prohibition  in  Georgia:  Its  Failure  to  Prevent ' Drinking 
in  Atlanta  and  other  Cities."  By  S.  Mays  Ball.  Reprinted 
from  Putnam's  Magazine,  March,  1909. 

"Prohibition  and  Social  Psychology."  By  Hugo  Mlinster- 
berg.     Reprinted  from  McClure's  Magazine,  August,  1908, 

"Some  Salient  Weaknesses  of  Prohibition  in  the  Light  of 
Christian  Ethics."  By  Rev.  P.  Gavan  Duffy.  Reprinted  from 
the  North  American  Review,  December,  1908.  N.  A.  R.  Pub- 
lishing Co.,  New  York.    1908. 

"Prosperity  of  the  Brewing  Industry."  By  Hugh  F.  Fox. 
Reprinted  from  the  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  of  Po- 
litical and  Social  Science,  Philadelphia,  November,  1909. 

"Alcoholism  as  a  Cause  of  Insanity."  By  Charles  L.  Dana, 
M.D.  Reprinted  from  the  Annals  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Political  and  Social  Science,  July,  1909. 

"Legal  Righteousness  and  Christian  Ethics."  By  Rev.  P. 
Gavan  Duffy,     Twentieth  Century  Magazine^  February,  19 n. 


I  shall  ever  repeat  it,  that  mankind  are  governed, 
not  by  extremes,  but  by  principles  of  moderation. — De 
Montesquieu. 


/  do  not  believe  in  prohibition  as  a  restrictive  measure, 
or  as  a  means  of  reform.  I  am  entirely  committed  to 
local  option  with  a  high  license  and  careful  police 
supervision. — Cyrus  Townsend  Brady. 


Let  us  resist  these  tendencies  which  threaten  human 
freedom  of  action,  even  though  they  clothe  themselves 
in  forms  which  promise  the  finest  social  results.  It  was 
a  bold  saying  of  Archbishop  Maggee,  himself  an  ab- 
stainer and  a  wearer  of  the  white  ribbon:  "7  would 
rather  see  my  country  free  than  see  it  sober.'' — Prof. 
Robert  Ellis  Thompson. 

308 


THE  SUMMING  UP. 

Mankind  in  its  saner,  better  moods,  has  always 
welcomed  and  blessed  anything  that  tended  to  in- 
crease the  general  stock  of  cheerfulness  and  well- 
being.  True,  there  have  been  periods  when,  possessed 
by  a  harsh  religious  conception,  it  put  innocent  diver- 
sion under  the  ban,  slew  or  persecuted  its  real  bene- 
factors and  preferred  the  house  of  mourning  to  the 
house  of  mirth.  But  such  aberrations  have  never 
lasted  long  and  they  must  be  regarded  as  exceptional 
in  the  history  of  every  people.  The  pendulum  has 
never  failed  to  swing  back:  from  the  gloomiest  ex- 
cesses of  fanatical  repression  the  human  spirit  has 
constantly  reacted  with  fresh  joyousness;  there  has 
never  been  forged  an  efficient  fetter  for  the  mind. 

If  it  were  necessary  to  plead  any  justification  of 
temperate  indulgence  in  wine  and  the  fermented 
liquors — which  we  by  no  means  concede — we  might 
rest  our  case  with  this  incontrovertible  proposition: 
that  no  other  agent  in  the  world  so  effectively  pro- 
motes the  social  virtues  both  in  the  individual  and  the 
community;  no  other  so  largely  contributes  to  the 
common  stock  of  well-being  and  happiness. 

Hence,  temperate  indulgence  is  justly  entitled  to 
rank  with  the  unquestioned  blessings  of  mankind, 
and  we  have  shown  that  it  has  been  so  esteemed  in 
some  of  the  most  fortunate  periods  of  history  and  by 
the  foremost  thinkers  and  teachers  of  all  ages.  It  is 
commended  to  us  by  the  highest  warrant — by  Apos- 
tolic lips  and  by  the  sacred  sanction  of  Him  whose 
simple  word  changed  water  into  wine  at  the  feast  of 
Cana.     It  is  affirmed  by  the  voice  of  human   expe- 

309 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

rience  and  the  sure  promptings  of  the  heart.  The  sum 
of  all  this  concurrent  testimony  is  that  wine  should  be 
accepted  as  a  precious  gift  of  God ;  to  be  used  and  not 
abused,  like  any  other  Divine  bounty,  according  to  the 
need  of  man. 

That  there  is  such  a  need  of  the  fortifying  and  con- 
soling spirit  of  wine,  what  sane  man  will  deny?  The 
human  lot  has  not  changed  essentially  since  these 
words  were  penned  by  the  Inspired  writer: 

"Man  that  is  bom  of  woman  is  of  few  days  and  full  of 
trouble. 

"He  cometh  forth  like  a  flower  and  is  cut  down;  he  fleeth 
also  as  a  shadow  and  continueth  not." 

There  is  doubtless  more  happiness  in  the  world  than 
ever  before;  the  sentiment  of  human  brotherhood 
widens  and  strengthens  with  every  age,  the  earth  is 
increasingly  a  better  place  for  the  children  of  men. 
But  this  ameHoration,  though  sure,  is  yet  slow — it  is 
only  by  looking  back  and  contrasting  the  past  with 
the  present  that  we  may  affirm  the  steady  advance. 
The  Golden  Age  of  the  poets  and  dreamers  is  yet  un- 
realized; men  still  walk  with  doubtful  steps,  proving 
every  inch  of  the  way ;  the  portions  of  joy  and  sorrow 
are  ever  unequal;  the  earth  is  still  a  scene  of  universal 
struggle  in  which  the  sacrifice  of  the  weak  proceeds 
without  end,  a  place  of  hard  probation  for  the  strong- 
est, a  vale  of  tears.  Complete  happiness  yet  remains 
a  dream — ^the  ideal  toward  which  humanity  has 
slowly  climbed  up  out  of  the  fear-painted  shadows  of 
the  past ;  toward  which  it  is  perhaps  ever  destined  to 
strive  in  vain. 

He  is  bUnd  indeed  who  cannot  see  the  part  of  a  true 
philosophy  here. 

Since  it  is  written  that  men  may  not  expect  to  be 
entirely  happy  in  this  life,  they  will  do  wisely  to  take 

310 


Text- Book  of  True  Temperance. 

the  best  that  the  common  lot  offers;  they  will  not 
refuse,  in  a  journey  which  no  human  foot  has  ever 
pressed  without  hardship  and  sorrow,  a  staff  for  the 
hand  and  a  cordial  for  the  heart. 

This  staff,  this  cordial  is  the  blessing  of  temperate 
indulgence. 

While  human  nature  remains  as  at  present  con- 
stituted, we  must  expect  to  see  drunkards  and  glut- 
tons, but  happily  the  number  of  these  is  constantly 
diminishing,  with  the  advance  of  reason  and  knowl- 
edge and  the  ever  wider  diffusion  of  the  lessons  of 
moderation.  Men  are  learning  more  and  more  to  par- 
take with  seemliness  and  temperance  at  the  banquet 
of  life.  In  our  day  there  are  few  repetitions  of  the 
saturnalia  of  old.  The  difference  between  him  that 
eateth  and  drinketh  to  live  and  him  that  eateth  and 
drinketh  to  die,  is  ever  more  marked.  Appetite  is 
being  more  and  more  subordinated  to  the  nobler  fac- 
ulties of  man. 

This  great  change  for  the  better  in  the  habits  of  the 
people,  this  general  perception  and  observance  of  the 
laws  of  true  temperance,  which  is  in  a  large  degree 
peculiar  to  our  own  time — ^is  to  be  ascribed  chiefly  to 
the  greatly  increased  use  of  the  mild  fermented 
beverages,  lager  beer,  ale  and  wine. 


311 


Index  of  Names  and  Authorities. 


PAGE 

Abbott,  Rev.  Lyman 1 16,  274 

Acton,  A.  F 307 

Adams,  J.  Q 82 

Adams,  Samuel 293 

Alabama 98,  133,  136,  139,  218,  223 

Alden,  John 292 

Alford,  Dean 273 

Allen,  W.  H 254-5,  303-4 

American,  (N.  Y.  City) 60-2 

American,  (Baltimore,  Md.) 164 

American,  (Boston,  Mass.) 56 

American  Academy  Political  &  Social  Science.  .130,  308 

American  Magazine 135-6 

Andrew,  Gov.  J.  A 148-50 

Anstie,  Dr.  F.  E 305 

Appleton's  Magazine 142-3,  307 

Arizona 98,  225,  228 

Arkansas 133,  224—5 

Army  &  Navy  Life 248 

Ashley,  Mayor 147 

Atwater,  Prof.  W.  O 26,  254,  255-6 

Axford,  Dk.  S.  L 156 

Backes,  Peter 306 

Baden  (Germany) 219 

Ball,  S.  M 307 

Barnard   H.  E 19-20 

Bashford,  Bishop 115 

Bavaria 201,  219 

Belgium 21,  38-40,  42,  71,  255 

Biblical  Encyclopedia 54 

Biddle,  Dr.  T.  C 1 54-5 

Billings,  Dr.  J.  L 267-8 

Blackie.  Prof.  J.  S 41 

Blanchard,  Rev 115,  130 

Blease,  Gov 235 

Board  of  Education  (Eng.) 256-7 

313 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Board  of  Health  (Mass.) 32 

Board  of  Health  (N.  Y.  State.) 13 

BoHMERT,  Dr 205 

Booth,  Charles 205-6 

BouTELL,  Congressman 46-8,  235 

BowDiTCH,  Dr.  I.  H 32-4,  260,  307 

Brady,  C.  T 308 

Bradley,  Rev.  D.  F 172 

Bramwell,  Lord 197 

Brant,  Bishop,  C.  H 166-7 

Branthwaite,  Dr.  R.  W 202,  293 

Brauer-Union  (Deutsche) 73-4 

Briesen,  Arthur  von 130-1 

Bright,  J.  P 197 

Brisbane,  Arthur 35,  62-5,  193,  269-70,  271,  284-5 

Bryce,  Dr.  Alexander 29 

Burgess,  Bishop 116 

Burke,  Edmund 65 

Burke,  John 55 

Cadman,  Rev.  S.  P 117 

California 221,  223 

Canada 231 

Capers,  J.  G 306 

Carswell,  Dr 204 

Carter,  J.  C 303 

Chamberlain,  Joseph 88,  197 

Chapin,  R.  C 304 

Charles,  H.  W 156 

Chesterton,  G.  K 286-290 

Chittenden,  Prof.  R.  H 260 

Churchill,  Randolph 303 

Clark,  Bishop 114 

Cleland,  Judge  McKenzie 280-2 

Clouston,  Prof.  T.  J 260 

Cobb,   Gov 129 

Codding,  J.  K 152-3 

Collier's  Weekly 283-4 

Collins,  C.  W 165 

Colorado 221,  225,  228 

Committee  of  Fifty.. 44,   102,   150,   205,   206,   243-4,   245, 

252-4,  264-5,  265-7,  298-300. 
Committee  of  Fourteen 240-1 

314 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Connecticut.  .51,   97,    101,    105,    ro6,    198,    207,    221,    222, 
225-6,  298. 

Constitution,  (Atlanta,  Ga.) 163-4 

CoRBiN,  Lieut.  Gen.  H.  C 247 

CoRNARO,  Louis 271-2 

CouGHLiN,  Mayor 146 

Courier-Journal  (Louisville,  Ky.) 21,  11 9-21 

Coxe,  Tench 52 

Crichton-Brown,  Sir  James 285 

Cristy,  Rev.  A.  B 194 

Crum,  Mayor,  E.  H 146 

Currier  Commission 165 

Dalrymple,  James 43 

Dana,  C.  L 308 

Darrow,  Clarence 89-91 

Dastre,  Prof 259 

Davidson,  Governor 147 

Davies,  Dr.  York 48 

Davy,  Dr.  Henry 26,  28-9 

Day,   Holman.  ..  .129-30,    142-3,    144,    MS.    ^79.   305.   3^7 

Day,  John 165 

Delaware 133.  222,  223-4 

Dendy,  Mary 201-3 

Denmark 67-8,  220 

Devine,  E.  T 305 

Dickens,  Charles 41.  196-7 

Dickson,  Judge  Harris 165-6 

DoNOHUE,  Bishop 114 

Dow,  Neal 124 

Duffy,  Rev.  P.  G 200,  276-7,  308 

DuvALL,  Maj.-Gen 250-1 

Earle,  a.  M 302 

Eastern  Argus  (Portland,  Me.) i43-4,  19 1-2 

Ebbetts,  C.  H 55 

Eissfeldt,  Rev.  Carl 170-1 

Elderton,  E.  M 278,  279,  307 

Eliot,  C.  W 282,  290 

Emerson,  E.  R 302 

Emerson,  R.  W 118 

Emperor  William 291-2 

England 14,  26-8,  35,  8t,  94-5.  "3.  219.  256-7 

Epictetus 93 

315 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Erasmus 197 

Evans,  Admiral 144-S 

Evening  Post  (N.  Y.  City.) 44-5 

Everyday  Life 165 

Fanshawe,  E.  L 303 

Farnam,  Prof.  H.  W 43-4 

Farrar,  Archdeacon 41 

Ferrero,  Dr.  Guglielmo 270-1 

Finnish  Commission 143-4 

FisK,  Mayor,  C.  J 192-3 

FiTz,  Dr.  G.  W 260 

Flanagan,  T.  C 57-8 

Florida .  86,  98,  133,  139,  224,  228 

Foster,  Prof 259-60 

Fothergill 258 

Fox,  H.  F 7,  308 

France 35,  36,  40,  58,  60,  64,    113,  285 

Franklin,  Benjamin 45 

Freeman,  Rev.  J.  E 245-6,  303 

French,  R.  V 303 

Gaertner,  Prof 25 

Gailor,  Bishop 117 

Galen 2 

Galton  Laboratory 278 

Gambrinus 30 

Gamgee,  Prof.  Arthur 260-1 

Garcelon,  W.  F 55-6 

Georgia 51,  98,  133,  136,  139,  163-5,  183,  223, 

Germany.  .14,  21,  35,  36,  40,  59,  64,  73,  81,  113,  201,  205,  215, 
285.  291-2. 

Gibbons,  Cardinal 114 

Gill,  Dr 202-3 

Gladstone,  W.  E 81 

Gordon,  Gov 50 

Grafton,  Bishop 1 14 

Granville,  Dr.  J.  M 197 

Grinnell,  Dr.  A.  P 176-7 

Hackwood,  F.  W 302 

Haliburton,  Judge 198 

Hall,  Bishop 114 

Hamilton,  Alexander 52-3,  104 

Hampton's  Magazine 165-6 

316 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Harkins,  Mgr 115 

Harper's  Magazine 254 

Harper's  Weekly.  ...  137-8,  174,  194-6,  250-1,  274-5,  296 

Harrison,  Frederic 251 

Hartley,  Rev.  D.  J 115 

Hatton,  Prof.  A.  R 230 

Hausman,  R.  a.  B 306 

Heinemann,  H.  E.  O 66-8,  91-2,  209-1 1,  301 

Heinl,  R.  D 307 

Helt,  Rev.  W.  C 132-4,  167 

Hemphill,  J.  C 71 

Henry,  Patrick 293 

Henschen,  Dr 259 

Herald,  (Augusta,  Ga.) 1 64 

Hillier,  Dr.  Sidney 26,  31,  262-3,  303 

Hirsch,  Rabbi 11 5-6 

HiRSCH,  Edward 87-8 

HocH,  Gov 157-8 

Holland 42,  67 

Holman  (Representative) 53 

HoMAN,  Rev.  J.  A 251,  302-3 

Homer 2 

Hospital,  (The)  (London,  Eng.) 27-8 

Hopp^-Syler 257 

House,  Mayor 147 

Howell,  (Amer.  Text  Book.) 258 

Howell,  John 30 

Illinois.  ..  .47,    98,    loi,    198,    211,    226,    255,    280-2,    298 

India 64 

Indiana 19,  47,  84,  97,  123,  218,  221,  230,  298 

Insurance  Critic 2 14-5 

Internal  Revenue  Reports.  .  .42,  46-8,   132-3,  137-9,   ^41 

International  (The) 267-7 

International  Congress  on  Alcoholism 259 

International  Physiological  Congress 258 

International  Temperance  Congress 255 

Iowa 70,  98,  loi,  161-3,  198,  223,  298 

Ireland 293 

Isenhart,  Dr 215-6 

Italy 35,  40,  64,  219,  270,  285 

Jefferson,  Thomas 53,  104,  141,  172 

Jenks,  Prof.  J.  W 305 

317 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Jerome,  J.  K 12 

Jewett,  Rev.  E.  H 306 

Johnson,  N.  W 164 

Johnston,  Bishop 222 

Journal,  (N.  Y.  City) 62-5 

Journal,  (Eve.  Ed.,  N.  Y.  City) 54-7 

Journal  of  History  &  Politics  (Iowa) 161-3 

JoYNER,  Mayor  W.  R 164-5 

Juvenal 10 

Kaiser  (The) 291-2 

Kansas. 59,  70,  98,  106,  133-4,  15^-8,  182,  190,  196,  223, 
297-8. 

Keane,  Bishop 117 

Kelvin,  Lord 285 

Kentucky 25,  47,  109,  133-4,  218,  226,  228 

King,  Gen.  Charles 305 

Kintzing,  Dr.  Pearce 216,  305 

Knaust,  Heinrich 30 

Koenig,  Prof 258 

Kronecker,  Prof.  H 261 

Kuhne,  Prof 259 

Labor  Organizations: 

Central  Federated  Union  (Greater  N.  Y.) 86 

Central  Labor  Union  (Brooklyn) 85-6 

Central  Trades  &  Labor  Union  (St.  Louis) 85 

Cigarmakers'  Union  (Michigan) 86 

Federation  of  Labor  (Baltimore) 87-8 

State  Federation  of  Labor,  (Indiana) 84-5 

State  Federation  of  Labor,  (Missouri) 86 

State  Federation  of  Labor  (Wisconsin) 84 

Trade  Union,  (South  Dakota.) 85 

Ladie's  Home  Journal 107-10,  307 

Lancet,  (The)  (Lond.,  Eng.) 261-2,  268-9 

Landois  &  Sterling 258 

Lankester,  Prof 204 

Laquer,  Dr.  B 215 

Lauder-Brunton,  Sir  T 258 

Lecky,  W.  E.  H 31,45,92,  304 

Legal  Aid  Review 130-1 

Lehmann,  Hon.  F.  W 88,  92,  no 

Leslie's  Weekly 159-60,  241,  307 

Life 249-50 

318 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

LiLLis,  Bishop 296 

Lincoln,  Abraham 228-9,  283-4 

Lines,  Bishop 193 

Llangattock,  Lord 197 

Louisiana 86,  226 

Lutherans 170,171 

Macaulay,  T.  B 31,  94-5,  199-200 

McCarthy,  Justin 198,  307 

McClure's  Magazine 308 

McCuMBER,   Senator 13-4 

Mackay,  Rev.  T.  G 173 

McKendrick,  Prof 258 

McLaughlin,  Dr.  J.  J 217 

Madison,  James 51-2,  65,  104 

Maine..  59,    64,    70,   97,    104,    105,    106,    126-8,    129,    130, 

130-1.    ^33,    142-3.    144,    145.    ^66,    167,    178-9,    180, 

1S2-3,    190,     196,    203-4,    207,    220-1,    222,    223,    297-8 

Manning,  Cardinal 31 

Mansfield,  E.  R 36-8 

Maryland 86,  87,  221,  223 

Massachusetts  .  .49-50,    97,    105,    133,    146,    147,    148-50, 
188-92,  196,  221,  222,  226,  254,  282,  298. 

Massachusetts,    (State  Board  Analyst) 175-6 

Medical  Association  (British.) 26,  212-3 

Medical  Congress  (Berlin) 261 

Medical  Journal,  (British) 205 

Mendel,  Prof.  Lafayette 260 

Michigan 86,  97,  loi,  123,  198.  221,  224,  228,  230,  298 

Mida's  Digest 306 

Mill,  J.  S 198,  307 

Milliet,  Dr.   E.  W 38,  215 

Minnesota 226,  298 

Mississippi 47.98,  133.  223 

Missouri 85,  86,  98,  99-100,  133,  218,  224,  228,  298 

MoNTAN.\ 106,  224,  228 

Montesquieu,  De 308 

More,  L.  B 304 

Morrill,  (Representative) 53 

Mudie,  John 307 

Muller,  George 297-8 

MiJNSTERBERG,  PrOF.   HuGO 82,  I99,  284,  308 

Murphy,  Francis 216 

319 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance, 

PAGE 

National  Municipal  League 304 

National  Prohibitionist 160-1,  283-4 

Nebraska.  .  98,  loi,  123,  124,  133,  173,  198,  218,  223,  298 

Neely,  Bishop 122 

Nevada 223 

New  Hampshire  .  .97,  loi,  105,  132-3,  198,  207,  217,  221, 

222,  226,  228,  298. 

New  Jersey.. 104,   105,    123,   178-9,   192-3,   207,   221,   222, 

223,  298. 

New  Mexico 47,  98,  223 

New  York.  .  47,  50,  85,  86,  97,  105,  17S-9,  196,  221,  222, 

226-7,  228,  239,  240,  254,  298. 

News  (Bangor,  Me.) 105 

News-Democrat  (Providence,  R.  I.)   194 

News  Leader  (Richmond,  Va.)   168-70,  179-80,  184-7 

Nicetas,  Bishop 208 

North  American  Review 103,  308 

North  Carolina 98,  133,  139,  218,  223 

North  Dakota 47,  98,  106,  133-4,  182,  196,  223,  298 

Norway 66-7 

Ohio 47.  97.  172,  224,  228,  230,  238,  239,  241,  242,  298 

Oklahoma 98,  133-4,  159-60,  171-2,  196 

Oregon 98,  146,  218,  227,  228 

O'Rell,  Max 58,  1 2 1 

Owen,  Dr.  Isambard 212-3,  3°^ 

Paley 93 

Park,  Dr.  Robert 305 

Parkhurst,  Rev.  C.  H 115,  141 

Pascal,  Blaise 41 

Pasteur,  Louis 25 

Patterson.  Gov.  M.  R 111-3,  i47 

Pavy,  Dr.  F.  W 25 

Pearson,  Prof.  Karl 278,  279,  307 

Pearson's  Magazine 307 

Penn,  William 293 

Pennsylvania.  .  47,  50-51,  52,  101,  105,  178-9,  198,  221,  222, 

223,  239,  298. 

Pereira,  Dr.  Jonathan 197 

Peters,  Rev.  John 240-1 

Petrie,  Dr.  Flinders 208 

Petronius 10 

Philippines 249,  250-1 

320 


Text-Book  oj  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

PiLCHER,  Dr.  J.  E 25-6 

Plato 2 

Post    (Strassburger) 291-2 

Post  (Washington,  D.  C.) 141 

Post  Dispatch    (St.  Louis,  Mo.) 99-100 

PoTHiER,  Gov 147 

Potter,  Bishop 303 

Potts,  Brig. -Gen 249 

Practitioner's   Bk,  of  Treatment 258 

Pratt,  E.  A 301 

President's  Homes  Commission 304 

Press  (N.  Y.  City) 128-9 

Printzing,  Dr 219 

Prohibition  Year  Book 44 

Prussia 219 

Putnam's  Magazine 307 

Rainsford,   Dr 114 

Redmond,  John 293 

Reedy,  W.  M 174 

Reid,  Dr.  Archdall 204-5,  275,  300 

Religious  Encyclopedia 273 

Rhode  Island  .  .51,  97,  loi,  105,  147,  194,  198,  208,  221,  222, 
227,  297-8. 

Ridley,  Sir  M.  W 197 

Rivers,  Dr.  W.  H.  R 259 

Roosevelt,  Theodore 145 

Rose,  Mayor  D.  A 83-4,  183-4 

Rowntree,  Joseph 302 

Rush,  Dr.  Benjamin 52 

Russell,  Lord  Chief  Justice 196 

Russia 40,  60-2,  274-5 

Saintsbury,  Dr.  Harrington 301 

Sanitary  Commission  (Civil  War)  Rept.  of 53-4 

Savage,  Dr 205 

SCHLOSSER,  Dr 261 

Schmiedeberg,  Prof 258 

Scotland -'19,  274 

ScovEL,  Prof.  M.  A 25 

Seaman   Major  L.  L 24  7-8 

Secretary  of  War  Report 248-9 

Selden 296 

Sentonius 9 

321 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Shadwell,  Arthur 307 

Sherwell,  Arthur ^ 302 

Skarzynski,  Count  Louis 60-1 

Smith,  Rev.  Sidney 100 

South  Carolina 98,  139,  223,  235 

South  Dakota 85,  98,  loi,  198,  221,  227,  298 

Starke,  Prof.  A.  J 261,  300 

Strong,  Rev.  Josi ah 21 6-7 

Sun,  (N.  Y.  City) 43,  105,  136,  140-1,  278-9 

Sweden 40,  42,  66-7 

Switzerland 34,  36-8,  42,  67,  69-70.  219 

Tacitus 9 

Taft,  Pres.  W.  H 118,  303 

Talbot,  Dr.  E.  S 203 

Teachers'  Association,  (Illinois) 255 

Temperance  Congress,  International 255 

Temperance  League,  (Nat.  Eng.) 26,  28 

Tennessee 98,  120,  139,  146,  147-8,  218,  223 

Texas 98,  133,  218,  227,  228,  240 

Thomann,  Gallus 306,  307 

Thompson,  Mayor 147 

Thompson,  Prof.  R.  E 308 

Thornton,  W.  W 306 

Times  (N.  Y.  City) 139-40,  248 

Times  Dispatch,  (Richmond,  Va.) 187 

Tocqueville,  de,  Alexis 65 

Tolstoy,  Count 187 

Treloar,  Sir  William 293 

Tribune,  (N.  Y.  City.) 72 

Turkey 12,  64,  275 

Tuttle,  Bishop 117 

Twentieth  Century  Magazine 308 

United  Charities  (Chicago) 211 

United  Kingdom 21,  40 

United  States 14,  15,  20,  40,  42-3,  75-8,  103,  107-10, 

264-5. 
U.  S.  Census  Bulletin...  .75-80, 178-9, 181-3,  206-8,  217-9, 

222,  297-8. 

U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture 177-8 

U.  S.  Supreme  Court 69-71 

Utah 98,  223 

322 


Text-Book  of  True  Temperance. 

PAGE 

Vermont..  .47,  97,  loi,  105,  124,  132-3,  176-7,  198,  207,  217, 

221,  222,  227,  29S. 
Virginia.  .  .50,  120,   133,   136,   139,   179-80,   1S4-7,  227,  228 

VoiT,  Prof.  C.  von 259 

Warner,  Prof 206 

Washington,  George 293 

Wasson,  Rev.  W.  A.  .115,  123-6,  176,  200,  221,  232-3,  272-3, 

307- 
Watterson,  Henry 21,  81,  87,  104,  1 19-21 

Webb,  Bishop 116 

Webb,  S.  &  B 301 

Weeden,  W.   B 233-5 

West,  Rev.  Canon 196,  273 

West  Virginia 133,  218,  223 

Whately,  Archbishop 58,  273 

White,   Hon.  A.  D 35-6 

Whitlock,   Mayor  Brand 31,  106,  117 

Wiley,  Dr.  H.  W 25,  29-30 

Williams,  Bishop  CD 116 

Williams,  Dr.  H.  S 107-110,  307 

Williams,    Roger 293 

Willsie,  Charles 307 

Wines,  F.  H 281,  305 

Wisconsin.  ..47,  84,  98,  123,  147,  171,  182,  183-4,  208,  228, 

240,  254,  298. 

Wood,  Maj.-Gen 249 

Wood,  S.  G 302 

Wood's  Therapeutics 258,  259 

Woollen,  W.  W 306 

World,  (N.  Y.  City.) 43.  ^44-5 

World's  Work 38-40 

Wright,  Dr.  H.  E 166 

Wyckoff,  Prof 244-5 

Wyoming 47f  223 


323 


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